1
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Helsen C, Nguyen T, Vercruysse T, Wouters S, Daelemans D, Voet A, Claessens F. The T850D Phosphomimetic Mutation in the Androgen Receptor Ligand Binding Domain Enhances Recruitment at Activation Function 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031557. [PMID: 35163481 PMCID: PMC8836279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several key functions of the androgen receptor (AR) such as hormone recognition and co-regulator recruitment converge in the ligand binding domain (LBD). Loss- or gain-of-function of the AR contributes to pathologies such as the androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer. Here, we describe a gain-of-function mutation of the surface-exposed threonine at position 850, located at the amino-terminus of Helix 10 (H10) in the AR LBD. Since T850 phosphorylation was reported to affect AR function, we created the phosphomimetic mutation T850D. The AR T850D variant has a 1.5- to 2-fold increased transcriptional activity with no effect on ligand affinity. In the androgen responsive LNCaP cell line grown in medium with low androgen levels, we observed a growth advantage for cells in which the endogenous AR was replaced by AR T850D. Despite the distance to the AF2 site, the AR T850D LBD displayed an increased affinity for coactivator peptides as well as the 23FQNLF27 motif of AR itself. Molecular Dynamics simulations confirm allosteric transmission of the T850D mutation towards the AF2 site via extended hydrogen bond formation between coactivator peptide and AF2 site. This mechanistic study thus confirms the gain-of-function character of T850D and T850 phosphorylation for AR activity and reveals details of the allosteric communications within the LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Helsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, ON I, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16377388
| | - Tien Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (T.N.); (S.W.); (A.V.)
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.D.)
| | - Staf Wouters
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (T.N.); (S.W.); (A.V.)
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.V.); (D.D.)
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (T.N.); (S.W.); (A.V.)
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, ON I, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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2
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Crowley F, Sterpi M, Buckley C, Margetich L, Handa S, Dovey Z. A Review of the Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Res Rep Urol 2021; 13:457-472. [PMID: 34235102 PMCID: PMC8256377 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s264722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy or ADT is one of the cornerstones of management of locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, alongside radiation therapy. However, despite early response, most advanced prostate cancers progress into an androgen unresponsive or castrate resistant state, which hitherto remains an incurable entity and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in the US. Recent advances have uncovered multiple complex and intermingled mechanisms underlying this transformation. While most of these mechanisms revolve around androgen receptor (AR) signaling, novel pathways which act independently of the androgen axis are also being discovered. The aim of this article is to review the pathophysiological mechanisms that help bypass the apoptotic effects of ADT to create castrate resistance. The article discusses castrate resistance mechanisms under two categories: 1. Direct AR dependent pathways such as amplification or gain of function mutations in AR, development of functional splice variants, posttranslational regulation, and pro-oncogenic modulation in the expression of coactivators vs corepressors of AR. 2. Ancillary pathways involving RAS/MAP kinase, TGF-beta/SMAD pathway, FGF signaling, JAK/STAT pathway, Wnt-Beta catenin and hedgehog signaling as well as the role of cell adhesion molecules and G-protein coupled receptors. miRNAs are also briefly discussed. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer is paramount to the development of targeted agents to overcome these mechanisms. A number of targeted agents are currently in development. As we strive for more personalized treatment across oncology care, treatment regimens will need to be tailored based on the type of CRPC and the underlying mechanism of castration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala Crowley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Sterpi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Conor Buckley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Margetich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shivani Handa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zach Dovey
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Wen S, Niu Y, Huang H. Posttranslational regulation of androgen dependent and independent androgen receptor activities in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2019; 7:203-218. [PMID: 33024699 PMCID: PMC7525085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in western countries. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays key roles in the development of PCa. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard therapy for advanced PCa. In addition to its ligand androgen, accumulating evidence indicates that posttranscriptional modification is another important mechanism to regulate AR activities during the progression of PCa, especially in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To date, a number of posttranscriptional modifications of AR have been identified, including phosphorylation (e.g. by CDK1), acetylation (e.g. by p300 and recognized by BRD4), methylation (e.g. by EZH2), ubiquitination (e.g. by SPOP), and SUMOylation (e.g. by PIAS1). These modifications are essential for the maintenance of protein stability, nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of AR. This review summarizes posttranslational modifications that influence androgen-dependent and -independent activities of AR, PCa progression and therapy resistance. We further emphasize that in addition to androgen, posttranslational modification is another important way to regulate AR activity, suggesting that targeting AR posttranslational modifications, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) of AR, represents a potential and promising alternate for effective treatment of CRPC. Potential areas to be investigated in the future in the field of AR posttranslational modifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
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4
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McClurg UL, Cork DMW, Darby S, Ryan-Munden CA, Nakjang S, Mendes Côrtes L, Treumann A, Gaughan L, Robson CN. Identification of a novel K311 ubiquitination site critical for androgen receptor transcriptional activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1793-1804. [PMID: 27903893 PMCID: PMC5389688 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is the main driver of prostate cancer (PC) development and progression, and the primary therapeutic target in PC. To date, two functional ubiquitination sites have been identified on AR, both located in its C-terminal ligand binding domain (LBD). Recent reports highlight the emergence of AR splice variants lacking the LBD that can arise during disease progression and contribute to castrate resistance. Here, we report a novel N-terminal ubiquitination site at lysine 311. Ubiquitination of this site plays a role in AR stability and is critical for its transcriptional activity. Inactivation of this site causes AR to accumulate on chromatin and inactivates its transcriptional function as a consequence of inability to bind to p300. Additionally, mutation at lysine 311 affects cellular transcriptome altering the expression of genes involved in chromatin organization, signaling, adhesion, motility, development and metabolism. Even though this site is present in clinically relevant AR-variants it can only be ubiquitinated in cells when AR retains LBD suggesting a role for AR C-terminus in E2/E3 substrate recognition. We report that as a consequence AR variants lacking the LBD cannot be ubiquitinated in the cellular environment and their protein turnover must be regulated via an alternate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula L McClurg
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David M W Cork
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Steven Darby
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Claudia A Ryan-Munden
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sirintra Nakjang
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.,Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Leticia Mendes Côrtes
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Achim Treumann
- Newcastle University Protein and Proteome Analysis, Devonshire Building, Devonshire Terrace, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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5
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Hu J, Wang G, Sun T. Dissecting the roles of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspectives. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692259. [PMID: 28475016 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor plays a pivotal role in prostate cancer progression, and androgen deprivation therapy to intercept androgen receptor signal pathway is an indispensable treatment for most advanced prostate cancer patients to delay cancer progression. However, the emerging of castration-resistant prostate cancer reminds us the alteration of androgen receptor, which includes androgen receptor mutation, the formation of androgen receptor variants, and androgen receptor distribution in cancer cells. In this review, we introduce the process of androgen receptor and also its variants' formation, translocation, and function alteration by protein modification or interaction with other pathways. We dissect the roles of androgen receptor in prostate cancer from molecular perspective to provide clues for battling prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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6
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Wadosky KM, Koochekpour S. Molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:64447-64470. [PMID: 27487144 PMCID: PMC5325456 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most widely diagnosed male cancer in the Western World and while low- and intermediate-risk PCa patients have a variety of treatment options, metastatic patients are limited to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). This treatment paradigm has been in place for 75 years due to the unique role of androgens in promoting growth of prostatic epithelial cells via the transcription factor androgen receptor (AR) and downstream signaling pathways. Within 2 to 3 years of ADT, disease recurs-at which time, patients are considered to have castration-recurrent PCa (CR-PCa). A universal mechanism by which PCa becomes resistant to ADT has yet to be discovered. In this review article, we discuss underlying molecular mechanisms by which PCa evades ADT. Several major resistance pathways center on androgen signaling, including intratumoral and adrenal androgen production, AR-overexpression and amplification, expression of AR mutants, and constitutively-active AR splice variants. Other ADT resistance mechanisms, including activation of glucocorticoid receptor and impairment of DNA repair pathways are also discussed. New therapies have been approved for treatment of CR-PCa, but increase median survival by only 2-8 months. We discuss possible mechanisms of resistance to these new ADT agents. Finally, the practicality of the application of "precision oncology" to this continuing challenge of therapy resistance in metastatic or CR-PCa is examined. Empirical validation and clinical-based evidence are definitely needed to prove the superiority of "precision" treatment in providing a more targeted approach and curative therapies over the existing practices that are based on biological "cause-and-effect" relationship.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/adverse effects
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Kallikreins/blood
- Male
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Staging
- Phosphorylation
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Wadosky
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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7
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Shih JW, Wang LY, Hung CL, Kung HJ, Hsieh CL. Non-Coding RNAs in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Regulation of Androgen Receptor Signaling and Cancer Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28943-78. [PMID: 26690121 PMCID: PMC4691085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone-refractory prostate cancer frequently relapses from therapy and inevitably progresses to a bone-metastatic status with no cure. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to androgen deprivation therapy has the potential to lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for type of prostate cancer with poor prognosis. Progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is characterized by aberrant androgen receptor (AR) expression and persistent AR signaling activity. Alterations in metabolic activity regulated by oncogenic pathways, such as c-Myc, were found to promote prostate cancer growth during the development of CRPC. Non-coding RNAs represent a diverse family of regulatory transcripts that drive tumorigenesis of prostate cancer and various other cancers by their hyperactivity or diminished function. A number of studies have examined differentially expressed non-coding RNAs in each stage of prostate cancer. Herein, we highlight the emerging impacts of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs linked to reactivation of the AR signaling axis and reprogramming of the cellular metabolism in prostate cancer. The translational implications of non-coding RNA research for developing new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for CRPC are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Shih
- Integrated Translational Lab, The Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chiu-Lien Hung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Integrated Translational Lab, The Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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8
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Kontos CK, Adamopoulos PG, Scorilas A. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1567-76. [PMID: 26548550 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer death among males, especially in more developed countries. Diagnosis is often achieved at an early stage of the disease with prostate biopsy, following a screening test showing elevated serum levels of prostate-specific antigen or a positive digital rectal examination. Early detection of PCa has led to a substantial decline in the number of metastatic patients. However, the prostate-specific antigen screening test has proved to be a double-edged sword so far, as it also accounts for PCa overdiagnosis. Due to the variability of PCa features, accurate prognosis of PCa patients is very important for determining treatment options. Therefore, this review focuses on the most promising prognostic and predictive biomarkers in PCa, which are likely to play a pivotal role, alone or in panels, in the personalized medicine era that has recently emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos K Kontos
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | | | - Andreas Scorilas
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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9
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a critical oncogene in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. In this study, we demonstrate cell-cycle-dependent regulation of AR activity, localization, and phosphorylation. We show that for three AR-target genes, androgen-stimulated AR transactivation is highest during the G1 phase, decreased during S-phase, and abrogated during G2/M. This change in AR transactivation parallels changes in AR localization and phosphorylation. A combination of imaging techniques and quantitative analysis reveals nuclear AR localization during interphase and the exclusion of the majority, but not all, AR from chromatin during mitosis. Flow cytometry analyses using a phospho-S308 AR-specific antibody in asynchronous and chemically enriched G2/M PCa cells revealed ligand-independent induction of S308 phosphorylation in mitosis when CDK1 is activated. Consistent with our flow cytometry data, IP-western blotting revealed an increase in S308 phosphorylation in G2/M, and the results of an in vitro kinase assay indicated that CDK1 was able to phosphorylate the AR on S308. Pharmacological inhibition of CDK1 activity resulted in decreased S308 phosphorylation in PCa cells. Importantly, using a combination of anti-total AR and phospho-S308-specific antibodies in immunofluorescence experiments, we showed that the AR is excluded from condensed chromatin in mitotic cells when it was phosphorylated on S308. In summary, we show that the phosphorylation of the AR on S308 by CDK1 during mitosis regulates AR localization and correlates with changes in AR transcriptional activity. These findings have important implications for understanding the function of AR as an oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Koryakina
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Jordan Hall Room 2-16, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USASidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USACancer Center MemberUniversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Jordan Hall Room 2-16, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USASidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USACancer Center MemberUniversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Jordan Hall Room 2-16, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USASidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USACancer Center MemberUniversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Jordan Hall Room 2-16, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USASidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USACancer Center MemberUniversity of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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10
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Smith KP, Gifford KM, Waitzman JS, Rice SE. Survey of phosphorylation near drug binding sites in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and their effects. Proteins 2015; 83:25-36. [PMID: 24833420 PMCID: PMC4233198 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While it is currently estimated that 40 to 50% of eukaryotic proteins are phosphorylated, little is known about the frequency and local effects of phosphorylation near pharmaceutical inhibitor binding sites. In this study, we investigated how frequently phosphorylation may affect the binding of drug inhibitors to target proteins. We examined the 453 non-redundant structures of soluble mammalian drug target proteins bound to inhibitors currently available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We cross-referenced these structures with phosphorylation data available from the PhosphoSitePlus database. Three hundred twenty-two of 453 (71%) of drug targets have evidence of phosphorylation that has been validated by multiple methods or labs. For 132 of 453 (29%) of those, the phosphorylation site is within 12 Å of the small molecule-binding site, where it would likely alter small molecule binding affinity. We propose a framework for distinguishing between drug-phosphorylation site interactions that are likely to alter the efficacy of drugs versus those that are not. In addition we highlight examples of well-established drug targets, such as estrogen receptor alpha, for which phosphorylation may affect drug affinity and clinical efficacy. Our data suggest that phosphorylation may affect drug binding and efficacy for a significant fraction of drug target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P Smith
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
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11
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Mass spectrometric analysis revealing phosphorylation modifications of periostin. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-4317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Koryakina Y, Ta HQ, Gioeli D. Androgen receptor phosphorylation: biological context and functional consequences. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:T131-45. [PMID: 24424504 PMCID: PMC4437516 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. In addition to regulation by steroid, the AR is also regulated by post-translational modifications generated by signal transduction pathways. Thus, the AR functions not only as a transcription factor but also as a node that integrates multiple extracellular signals. The AR plays an important role in many diseases, including complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, prostate and breast cancer, etc. In the case of prostate cancer, dependence on AR signaling has been exploited for therapeutic intervention for decades. However, the effectiveness of these therapies is limited in advanced disease due to restoration of AR signaling. Greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in AR action will enable the development of improved therapeutics to treat the wide range of AR-dependent diseases. The AR is subject to regulation by a number of kinases through post-translational modifications on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. In this paper, we review the AR phosphorylation sites, the kinases responsible for these phosphorylations, as well as the biological context and the functional consequences of these phosphorylations. Finally, what is known about the state of AR phosphorylation in clinical samples is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Koryakina
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USADepartment of MicrobiologyImmunology, and Cancer BiologyUVA Cancer CenterUniversity of Virginia, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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13
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Daniels G, Pei Z, Logan SK, Lee P. Mini-review: androgen receptor phosphorylation in prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2013; 1:25-29. [PMID: 25374897 PMCID: PMC4219286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), and is the primary therapeutic target for PCa treatment. AR activity can be regulated via phosphorylation at multiple phosphorylation sites within the protein. Modifications by phosphorylation alter AR function, including its cellular localization, stability and transcriptional activity, ultimately leading to changes in cancer cell biology and disease progression. Here we present a brief overview of AR phosphorylation sites in PCa, focusing on functional roles of phospho-AR (p-AR) species, relevance in PCa disease progression, and potential as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets through the use of kinase inhibitors. Additionally, recent evidence has shown the important role of AR activity in the cancer associated stroma on PCa growth and progression. The phosphorylation status of epithelial and stromal AR may be distinct; however, the current data available on stromal AR phosphorylation is limited. Further research will determine global view on the synergistic effects of phosphorylation across multiple AR sites in both epithelial and stromal cells and validate whether together they can be used as prognostic markers and/or effective therapeutic targets for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Daniels
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Susan K Logan
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Lee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New YorkNY, USA
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
- New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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