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Zorrilla JG, Rial C, Cabrera D, Molinillo JMG, Varela RM, Macías FA. Pharmacological Activities of Aminophenoxazinones. Molecules 2021; 26:3453. [PMID: 34200139 PMCID: PMC8201375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminophenoxazinones are degradation products resulting from the metabolism of different plant species, which comprise a family of natural products well known for their pharmacological activities. This review provides an overview of the pharmacological properties and applications proved by these compounds and their structural derivatives during 2000-2021. The bibliography was selected according to our purpose from the references obtained in a SciFinder database search for the Phx-3 structure (the base molecule of the aminophenoxazinones). Compounds Phx-1 and Phx-3 are among the most studied, especially as anticancer drugs for the treatment of gastric and colon cancer, glioblastoma and melanoma, among others types of relevant cancers. The main information available in the literature about their mechanisms is also described. Similarly, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic activities are presented, including species related directly or indirectly to significant diseases. Therefore, we present diverse compounds based on aminophenoxazinones with high potential as drugs, considering their levels of activity and few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francisco A. Macías
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), Campus CEIA3, School of Science, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; (J.G.Z.); (C.R.); (D.C.); (J.M.G.M.); (R.M.V.)
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Węglarz-Tomczak E, Talma M, Giurg M, Westerhoff HV, Janowski R, Mucha A. Neutral metalloaminopeptidases APN and MetAP2 as newly discovered anticancer molecular targets of actinomycin D and its simple analogs. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29365-29378. [PMID: 30034623 PMCID: PMC6047675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potent transcription inhibitor Actinomycin D is used with several cancers. Here, we report the discovery that this naturally occurring antibiotic inhibits two human neutral aminopeptidases, the cell-surface alanine aminopeptidase and intracellular methionine aminopeptidase type 2. These metallo-containing exopeptidases participate in tumor cell expansion and motility and are targets for anticancer therapies. We show that the peptide portions of Actinomycin D and Actinomycin X2 are not required for effective inhibition, but the loss of these regions changes the mechanism of interaction. Two structurally less complex Actinomycin D analogs containing the phenoxazone chromophores, Questiomycin A and Actinocin, appear to be competitive inhibitors of both aminopeptidases, with potencies similar to the non-competitive macrocyclic parent compound (Ki in the micromolar range). The mode of action for all four compounds and both enzymes was demonstrated by molecular modeling and docking in the corresponding active sites. This knowledge gives new perspectives to Actinomycin D's action on tumors and suggests new avenues and molecules for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Węglarz-Tomczak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland.,Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michał Talma
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mirosław Giurg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Janowski
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Artur Mucha
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Helios K, Maniak H, Sowa M, Zierkiewicz W, Wąsińska-Kałwa M, Giurg M, Drożdżewski P, Trusek-Hołownia A, Malik M, Krauze K. Silver(I) complex with 2-amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazin-3-one (Phx-1) ligand: crystal structure, vibrational spectra and biological studies. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1384822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Helios
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - H. Maniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Sowa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - W. Zierkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Wąsińska-Kałwa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Giurg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - P. Drożdżewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - M. Malik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - K. Krauze
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Yu Q, Zhang S, Li L, Xiong L, Chao K, Zhong B, Li Y, Wang H, Chen M. Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species as a Potential Causative Factor in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1773. [PMID: 26559250 PMCID: PMC4912244 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Helicobacter species in the gut microbiota comprise Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) and enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS), which can colonize the intestinal mucosa. However, it is unclear whether EHS are associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to examine the association between EHS and IBD.PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases, as well as abstracts from conference proceedings were searched to identify studies that used polymerase chain reaction to detect Helicobacter species in intestinal samples from patients with IBD.After screening, we carefully reviewed 20 of the 2955 identified studies, and performed a meta-analysis of the findings from 14 studies (11 adult studies and 3 pediatric studies) using STATA v12.0. These studies evaluated 1407 individuals, including 433 patients with Crohn's disease, 306 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 668 controls. The prevalence of Helicobacter species was higher among the patients with IBD, compared to that among the controls, which corresponded to a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.59 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-2.27). The RRs for adult and pediatric patients with IBD were 1.61 (95% CI: 1.03-2.52) and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.17-2.64), respectively. Compared to the controls, the patients with IBD tended to have a higher prevalence of EHS in the intestinal mucosa (RR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.36-2.98), although the prevalence of H pylori was not significantly higher (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.77-1.95). Compared to the controls, the RRs for EHS in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis were 1.72 (95% CI: 1.20-2.47) and 3.27 (95% CI: 0.93-11.44), respectively.It appears that EHS was associated with IBD, while intestinal H pylori infection was not significantly associated with IBD. Further studies are needed to determine the involvement of EHS in the microbiological etiology of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yu
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HHB, Elhassan GO, Ibrahim ME, David Polo Orozco J, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ, Harguindey S. Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question. Oncoscience 2014; 1:777-802. [PMID: 25621294 PMCID: PMC4303887 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire an unusual glycolytic behavior relative, to a large extent, to their intracellular alkaline pH (pHi). This effect is part of the metabolic alterations found in most, if not all, cancer cells to deal with unfavorable conditions, mainly hypoxia and low nutrient supply, in order to preserve its evolutionary trajectory with the production of lactate after ten steps of glycolysis. Thus, cancer cells reprogram their cellular metabolism in a way that gives them their evolutionary and thermodynamic advantage. Tumors exist within a highly heterogeneous microenvironment and cancer cells survive within any of the different habitats that lie within tumors thanks to the overexpression of different membrane-bound proton transporters. This creates a highly abnormal and selective proton reversal in cancer cells and tissues that is involved in local cancer growth and in the metastatic process. Because of this environmental heterogeneity, cancer cells within one part of the tumor may have a different genotype and phenotype than within another part. This phenomenon has frustrated the potential of single-target therapy of this type of reductionist therapeutic approach over the last decades. Here, we present a detailed biochemical framework on every step of tumor glycolysis and then proposea new paradigm and therapeutic strategy based upon the dynamics of the hydrogen ion in cancer cells and tissues in order to overcome the old paradigm of one enzyme-one target approach to cancer treatment. Finally, a new and integral explanation of the Warburg effect is advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cyril Rauch
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Unizah Pharmacy Collage, Qassim University, Unizah, AL-Qassim, King of Saudi Arabia
- Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
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