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Shao L, Wang W, Gong X, Yu Y, Xue J, Zeng X, Liu J. The Toxicity Differences of Fluralaner against the Red Imported Fire Ant ( Solenopsis invicta) at Different Developmental Stages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15627. [PMID: 37958611 PMCID: PMC10649654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta, is an invasive pest that causes damage to agricultural and ecological environments worldwide. Fluralaner is a new isoxazoline pesticide with the potential to become a control agent against RIFA. However, it is not clear whether S. invicta responds the same way to fluralaner at different reproductive stages. The present study firstly evaluated the toxicity of fluralaner to S. invicta at different developmental stages, finding that fourth instar larvae (LD50, 1744.23 mg/kg) and worker ants (LD50, 8.62 mg/kg) were differently susceptible to fluralaner, while the mortality rate of fourth instar larvae was significantly lower at the same concentration of 10 mg/L (5.56 ± 3.14%) than that of worker ants (62.22 ± 3.14%), demonstrating a greater tolerance to fluralaner. Subsequently, the metabolic responses of worker and larval ants to fluralaner stress (10 mg/L) were investigated using non-targeted metabolomics, which indicated that the amount of differential metabolites and the KEGG metabolic pathways enriched were different between workers and larvae when exposed to the same dose (10 mg/L) of fluralaner. Differential metabolites of larvae and worker ants under fluralaner stress were mainly concentrated in organic acids and their derivatives, lipids and lipid-like molecules, nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues, combined with the enriched metabolic pathways, revealed that the differential metabolic responses of larvae and worker ants were mainly in energy metabolism, detoxification metabolism, and neurotransmitter ligands. Workers consumed more substrates in the arginine synthesis pathway (l-glutamic acid, l-aspartic acid, and fumaric acid) to provide energy for the detoxification (glutathione) of pesticides when exposed to fluralaner stress, and the high accumulation of l-aspartic acid induced excitotoxicity in the worker ants. Larval ants consumed more arachidonic acid to synthesize PG D2, and changes in the metabolism of antioxidants such as catechins, hesperidin, and l-ascorbic acid suggested that larvae were more capable of scavenging the ROS response than worker ants. The results of non-targeted metabolomics successfully revealed differences in the sensitivity of larvae and workers to fluralaner agents, providing insights into the fluralaner control of Solenopsis invicta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiali Liu
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.S.); (W.W.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.); (J.X.); (X.Z.)
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2
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Baach F, Meyer B, Oh J, Lezius S, Böger R, Schwedhelm E, Choe CU, Neu A. Developmental dynamics of homoarginine, ADMA and SDMA plasma levels from birth to adolescence. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1381-1388. [PMID: 37648945 PMCID: PMC10689515 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Guanidino compounds such as dimethylarginines (SDMA, ADMA) and L-homoarginine ((L-)hArg) can interfere with bioavailability and function of the main NO-donor L-arginine (L-Arg). High ADMA and SDMA but low L-hArg concentrations have been associated with cardio- and cerebrovascular events and mortality in adults. The role of guanidino compounds in paediatric patients remains less clear. We, therefore, compared guanidino compound levels in plasma samples of 57 individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 141 individuals without CKD from the age of 0 to 17 years, including patients with different comorbidities by correlation and regression analyses. We found highest hArg, SDMA and ADMA concentrations in neonates (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.001 for all). From the age of 1 year on, hArg levels increased, whereas SDMA und ADMA levels further decreased in children. SDMA and ADMA are higher in children with CKD independent of GFR (mean factor 1.92 and 1.38, respectively, p < 0.001 for both), and SDMA is strongly correlated with creatinine concentration in children with CKD (Spearman's rho 0.74, p < 0.001). We provide guanidino compound levels in a large sample covering all paediatric age groups for the first time. Our data can be used to assess the role of guanidino compounds such as hArg in disease states, i.e. cerebro- and cardiovascular disorders in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Baach
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boglarka Meyer
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jun Oh
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Lezius
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Böger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edzard Schwedhelm
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK E.V.), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chi-Un Choe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Itzehoe, Robert-Koch-Strasse 2, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Axel Neu
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- VAMED Klinik Geesthacht, Johannes-Ritter-Strasse 100, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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Schwieren L, Jensen M, Schulz R, Lezius S, Laxy E, Milatz M, Thomalla G, Böger R, Gerloff C, Magnus T, Schwedhelm E, Choe CU. Homoarginine Associates with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Atrial Fibrillation and Predicts Adverse Events after Stroke. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1590. [PMID: 37511965 PMCID: PMC10381763 DOI: 10.3390/life13071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Homoarginine is associated with cardio- and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying pathomechanisms remain elusive. Here, we evaluated the association of homoarginine with adverse events (i.e., death, stroke, and myocardial infarction) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in stroke patients. In the prospective bioMARKers in STROKE (MARK-STROKE) cohort, patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) were enrolled. Plasma homoarginine concentrations were analyzed and associated with clinical phenotypes in cross-sectional (374 patients) and prospective (273 patients) analyses. Adjustments for possible confounders were evaluated. A two-fold increase in homoarginine was inversely associated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission, cIMT, and prevalent atrial fibrillation (mean factor -0.68 [95% confidence interval (CI): -1.30, -0.07], -0.14 [95% CI: -0.22, -0.05]; and odds ratio 0.57 [95% CI: 0.33, 0.96], respectively). During the follow-up (median 284 [25th, 75th percentile: 198, 431] days), individuals with homoarginine levels in the highest tertile had fewer incident events compared with patients in the lowest homoarginine tertile independent of traditional risk factors (hazard ratio 0.22 [95% CI: 0.08, 0.63]). A lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation and a reduced cIMT pinpointed potential underlying pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schwieren
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Märit Jensen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schulz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Lezius
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena Laxy
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Magalie Milatz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Böger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edzard Schwedhelm
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.) Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chi-Un Choe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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High-Throughput Metabolomics Integrated Network Pharmacology Reveals the Underlying Mechanism of Paeoniae Radix Alba Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27207014. [PMID: 36296605 PMCID: PMC9609690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The mechanism of action and potential targets of Paeoniae RadixAlba (Baishao, B) in the treatment of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats are explained using metabolomics and network pharmacology techniques, and the research evidence for the development of anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) drugs is enriched. Methods: The rats were injected with Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA) to induce arthritis. We then measured the general physical characteristics, examined their X-rays and histopathology to evaluate the pathological condition of the inflammation models, and conducted metabolomics studies on the change in urine metabolism caused by CFA. The lyophilized powder of B at a dose of 2.16 g/kg was orally administered to the rats continuously for 28 days, and the therapeutic effect was evaluated. Network pharmacology prediction shows that B contains the target action of the ingredient, and the simulation of the target molecular docking, in combination with the metabolomics analysis results, shows that B has a potential role in the treatment of AIA rats. Results: B can reduce the paw swelling and pathological changes in rats caused by CFA, reverse the levels of 12 urine biomarkers, and regulate histidine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, arginine, proline metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, etc. The prediction of the active ingredient target in B indicates that it may act as an inflammatory signaling pathway in anti-RA, among them being paeoniflorin, palbinone, beta-sitosterol, kaempferol, and catechin, which are the significant active ingredients. Conclusion: The metabolomics results revealed the markers and metabolic mechanisms of urinary metabolic disorders in rats with AIA, demonstrated the efficacy of the therapeutic effect of B, and identified the key ingredients in B, providing theoretical support for the subsequent development and utilization of B.
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Fernandez KX, Fischer C, Vu J, Gheblawi M, Wang W, Gottschalk S, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortés C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Metabolically stable apelin-analogues, incorporating cyclohexylalanine and homoarginine, as potent apelin receptor activators. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1402-1413. [PMID: 34458742 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure and consequential cardiovascular diseases are among the top causes of death worldwide. The apelinergic (APJ) system has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of cardiovascular issues, especially prevention of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury after a heart attack or stroke. However, rapid degradation of the endogenous apelin peptides in vivo limits their use as therapeutic agents. Here, we study the effects of simple homologue substitutions, i.e. incorporation of non-canonical amino acids l-cyclohexylalanine (l-Cha) and l-homoarginine (l-hArg), on the proteolytic stability of pyr-1-apelin-13 and apelin-17 analogues. The modified 13-mers display up to 40 times longer plasma half-life than native apelin-13 and in preliminary in vivo assay show moderate blood pressure-lowering effects. The corresponding apelin-17 analogues show pronounced blood pressure-lowering effects and up to a 340-fold increase in plasma half-life compared to the native apelin-17 isoforms, suggesting their potential use in the design of metabolically stable apelin analogues to prevent IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleinberg X Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jennie Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Mahmoud Gheblawi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Samantha Gottschalk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM 1050 Paris F-75005 France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France Paris F-75005 France.,CNRS UMR 7241 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortés
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM 1050 Paris F-75005 France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France Paris F-75005 France.,CNRS UMR 7241 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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Transport of L-Arginine Related Cardiovascular Risk Markers. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123975. [PMID: 33302555 PMCID: PMC7764698 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine and its derivatives, asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA) and L-homoarginine, have emerged as cardiovascular biomarkers linked to cardiovascular outcomes and various metabolic and functional pathways such as NO-mediated endothelial function. Cellular uptake and efflux of L-arginine and its derivatives are facilitated by transport proteins. In this respect the cationic amino acid transporters CAT1 and CAT2 (SLC7A1 and SLC7A2) and the system y+L amino acid transporters (SLC7A6 and SLC7A7) have been most extensively investigated, so far, but the number of transporters shown to mediate the transport of L-arginine and its derivatives is constantly increasing. In the present review we assess the growing body of evidence regarding the function, expression, and clinical relevance of these transporters and their possible relation to cardiovascular diseases.
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Asymmetric dimethylarginine and l-homoarginine prospectively relate to carotid wall thickness in a South African cohort. Amino Acids 2020; 52:965-973. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Bollenbach A, Cordts K, Hanff E, Atzler D, Choe CU, Schwedhelm E, Tsikas D. Evidence by GC-MS that lysine is an arginase-catalyzed metabolite of homoarginine in vitro and in vivo in humans. Anal Biochem 2019; 577:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Serum free amino acid levels in rheumatoid arthritis according to therapy and physical disability. Cytokine 2018; 113:332-339. [PMID: 30337216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In presented study the amino acid analysis was performed in serum derived from rheumatoid arthritis patients (RA) according to undertaken therapy and classification of physical disability. The results were compared with previously published data. METHODS The levels of 31 free amino acids were determined in 50 serum samples derived from RA subjects and 51 controls. The RA patients were divided into two groups according to the therapy (methotrexate/leflunomide, infliximab/adalimumab/etanercept/tocilizumab, prednisolone/NSAID) and classification of physical disability of the patients. Levels of amino acids were measured by LC-MS/MS. The obtained results were subjected to multivariate statistical tests. RESULTS According to the therapy that was being used, threonine differentiated RA patients treated with methotrexate/leflunomide - infliximab/adalimumab/etanercept/tocilizumab (p = 0.00954) and infliximab/adalimumab/etanercept/tocilizumab - prednisolone/NSAID (p = 0.03109), while tryptophan differentiated RA patients treated with methotrexate/leflunomide - infliximab/adalimumab/etanercept/tocilizumab (p = 0.01723). In the functional classification, arginine differentiated RA samples between class III and IV (p = 0.02332), while glycine differentiated them between class I+II and III of the Steinbrocker functional classification (p = 0.03366). CONCLUSIONS An analysis of the metabolome profile requires the use of validated bioanalytical methods that are strictly dedicated for this purpose. The obtained results are not accidental (p value less than 0.05), and all of the selected amino acids play an important role in inflammation and immune response. It is suggested that studied amino acids can be considered as a markers for diagnosis of RA and monitoring pharmacotherapy of the disease.
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Ersoy B, Eroğlu N, Çetin M, Onur E, Özkol M, Coşkun Ş. Asymmetric dimethylarginine levels and diabetes duration: Relationship with measures of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiac function in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2018; 15:196-203. [PMID: 29498294 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118757921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to evaluate asymmetric dimethylarginine levels in young patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus according to diabetes duration and to examine the relationship between these levels and measures of atherosclerosis and myocardial function. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 83 patients (8.5-22 years) with Type 1 diabetes mellitus were stratified by diabetes duration: 12-60 months (Group 1, n = 27), >60-120 months (Group 2, n = 29) and >120 months (Group 3, n = 27). Asymmetric dimethylarginine levels were assessed. Carotid intima-media thickness was measured. Myocardial function was assessed by M-mode, conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS Asymmetric dimethylarginine level was significantly higher in Group 1, while carotid intima-media thickness was significantly greater in Group 3 ( p < 0.05). Tissue Doppler echocardiography showed the ratio of peak early to peak late diastolic myocardial annular velocity decreased significantly in Groups 2 and 3 with a negative correlation with duration (r: -0.310, p = 0.004) and HBA1c levels (r = -0.391, p < 0.001). Myocardial performance index in all groups and isovolumic relaxation time in Group 3 increased significantly. Asymmetric dimethylarginine levels were negatively correlated with carotid intima-media thickness and isovolumic relaxation time ( p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In contrast to adult diabetics, asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration decreases as diabetes duration increases in young Type 1 diabetic patients and is associated with worsening measures of cardiovascular risk and poorer diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Ersoy
- 1 Department of Endocrinology of Children, Celal Bayar Universitesi, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Nilgün Eroğlu
- 2 Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karadeniz Teknik Universitesi, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mecnun Çetin
- 3 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Celal Bayar Universitesi, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ece Onur
- 4 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Celal Bayar Universitesi, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Mine Özkol
- 5 Department of Pediatric Radiodiagnostic, Celal Bayar Universitesi, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Şenol Coşkun
- 3 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Celal Bayar Universitesi, Manisa, Turkey
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The role of L-arginine/L-homoarginine/nitric oxide pathway for aortic distensibility and intima-media thickness in stroke patients. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1111-1121. [PMID: 28285332 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and L-homoarginine (hArg) are L-arginine (Arg) metabolites derived from different pathways. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase (PRMT) and subsequent proteolysis of proteins containing methylarginine residues release ADMA. Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) converts Arg to hArg and guanidinoacetate (GAA). While high concentrations of ADMA and low concentrations of hArg in the blood have been established as cardiovascular risk markers, the cardiovascular relevance of GAA is still unexplored. Arg and hArg are substrates and ADMA is an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS). The cardiovascular effects of ADMA and hArg have been related to NO, a potent endogenous vasodilator. ADMA and hArg are considered to exert additional, not yet explored, presumably NO-unrelated effects and to act antagonistically in the renal and cardiovascular systems. Although the physiological role of Arg, ADMA, hArg and NO for endothelial function in small- and medium-sized arteries has been intensively studied in the past, the clinical relevance of aortic wall remodeling still remains unclear. Here, we evaluated potential relation between aortic distensibility (AD) or aortic intima-media thickness (aIMT) and circulating ADMA, hArg, GAA, and the NO metabolites nitrite and nitrate in the plasma of 78 patients (24 females, 54 males; aged 59 ± 14 years) with recent ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). All biochemical parameters were determined by stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AD and aIMT were measured by transesophageal echocardiography. Arg, hArg, ADMA and GAA median plasma concentrations (µM) were determined to be 61, 1.43, 0.50 and 2.16, respectively. hArg, ADMA and GAA correlated closely with Arg. Nitrite, nitrate and creatinine median plasma concentrations (µM) were 2.49, 48.7, and 84.1, respectively. Neither AD (2.61 vs. 1.85 10-6 × cm2 × dyn-1, P = 0.064) nor aIMT (1.25 vs. 1.13 mm, P = 0.596) differed between females and males. The hArg/ADMA molar ratio (r = -0.351, P = 0.009), nitrate (r = 0.364, P = 0.007) and nitrite (r = 0.329, P = 0.015) correlated with aIMT but not with AD. Arg, hArg, ADMA and GAA correlated with aIMT but not with AD. The results demonstrate a strong relation between the Arg/NO pathway and aortic atherosclerosis but not with AD suggesting different mechanisms underlying the two aspects of aortic wall remodeling.
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Comprehensive analysis of the L-arginine/L-homoarginine/nitric oxide pathway in preterm neonates: potential roles for homoarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine in foetal growth. Amino Acids 2017; 49:783-794. [PMID: 28161799 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
L-Arginine (Arg) and L-homoarginine (hArg) are precursors of nitric oxide (NO), a signalling molecule with multiple important roles in human organism. In the circulation of adults, high concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and low concentrations of hArg emerged as cardiovascular risk factors. Yet, the importance of the Arg/hArg/NO pathway, especially of hArg and ADMA, in preterm neonates is little understood. We comprehensively investigated the Arg/hArg/NO pathway in 106 healthy preterm infants (51 boys, 55 girls) aged between 23 + 6 and 36 + 1 gestational weeks. Babies were divided into two groups: group I consisted of 31 babies with a gestational age of 23 + 6 - 29 + 6 weeks; group II comprised 75 children with a gestational age of 30 + 0 - 36 + 1 weeks. Plasma and urine concentrations of ADMA, SDMA, hArg, Arg, dimethylamine (DMA) which is the major urinary ADMA metabolite, as well as of nitrite and nitrate, the major NO metabolites, were determined by GC-MS and GC-MS/MS methods. ADMA and hArg plasma levels, but not the hArg/ADMA molar ratio, were significantly higher in group II than in group I: 895 ± 166 nM vs. 774 ± 164 nM (P = 0.001) for ADMA and 0.56 ± 0.04 µM vs. 0.48 ± 0.08 µM (P = 0.010) for hArg. There was no statistical difference between the groups with regard to urinary ADMA (12.2 ± 4.6 vs 12.8 ± 3.6 µmol/mmol creatinine; P = 0.61) and urinary SDMA. Urinary hArg, ADMA, SDMA correlated tightly with each other. Urinary excretion of DMA was slightly higher in group I compared to group II: 282 ± 44 vs. 247 ± 35 µmol/mmol creatinine (P = 0.004). The DMA/ADMA molar ratio in urine was tendentiously higher in neonates of group I compared to group II: 27 ± 13 vs. 20 ± 5 (P = 0.065). There were no differences between the groups with respect to Arg in plasma and to nitrite and nitrate in plasma and urine. In preterm neonates, ADMA and hArg biosynthesis increases with gestational age without remarkable changes in the hArg/ADMA ratio or NO biosynthesis. Our study suggests that ADMA and hArg are involved in foetal growth.
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Morris SM. Arginine Metabolism Revisited. J Nutr 2016; 146:2579S-2586S. [PMID: 27934648 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.226621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian arginine metabolism is complex due to the expression of multiple enzymes that utilize arginine as substrate and to interactions or competition between specific enzymes involved in arginine metabolism. Moreover, cells may contain multiple intracellular arginine pools that are not equally accessible to all arginine metabolic enzymes, thus presenting additional challenges to more fully understanding arginine metabolism. At the whole-body level, arginine metabolism ultimately results in the production of a biochemically diverse range of products, including nitric oxide, urea, creatine, polyamines, proline, glutamate, agmatine, and homoarginine. Included in this group of compounds are the methylated arginines (e.g., asymmetric dimethylarginine), which are released upon degradation of proteins containing methylated arginine residues. Changes in arginine concentration also can regulate cellular metabolism and function via a variety of arginine sensors. Although much is known about arginine metabolism, elucidation of the physiologic or pathophysiologic roles for all of the pathways and their metabolites remains an active area of investigation, as exemplified by current findings highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney M Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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Zhou R, Kang X, Tang B, Mohan C, Wu T, Peng A, Liu JY. Ornithine is a key mediator in hyperphosphatemia-mediated human umbilical vein endothelial cell apoptosis: Insights gained from metabolomics. Life Sci 2016; 146:73-80. [PMID: 26773858 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hyperphosphatemia is associated with accelerated vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperphosphatemia-caused endothelial dysfunction. MAIN METHODS The metabolic fingerprinting of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) subjected to hyperphosphatemia was characterized using an integrated metabolomics approach. HUVECs cultured in physiologically simulated hyperphosphatemia with or without phosphonoformic acid, a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter inhibitor (N=6) were collected for metabolomics analysis. Multivariate principle component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were applied to analyze the metabolic data. The key metabolites were confirmed by quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). KEY FINDINGS 36 metabolites were significantly altered in HUVECs following the challenges of hyperphosphatemia mimic, involving several metabolic pathways (all P<0.05). Among them, ornithine increased significantly in the HUVECs mediated by hyperphosphatemia mimic, and its levels positively correlated with cell apoptosis rate (r=0.674, P=0.002), and several additional metabolites in multiple metabolic pathways. The changes in the levels of ornithine and other several metabolites were supported by subsequent quantitative analyses using LC-MS/MS. Further study demonstrated that the increase in ornithine level may result from the increased expression of arginase 2 in HUVECs, which mediates the hydrolysis of arginine to form ornithine. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study demonstrating ornithine a key molecule mediating hyperphosphatemia-induced apoptosis of ECs. Arginase 2 may be a therapeutic target for hyperphosphatemia-associated cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China; Department of nephrology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Kang
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bo Tang
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tianfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ai Peng
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Center for Nephrology and Clinical Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Papageorgiou N, Androulakis E, Papaioannou S, Antoniades C, Tousoulis D. Homoarginine in the shadow of asymmetric dimethylarginine: from nitric oxide to cardiovascular disease. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1741-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bahls M, Friedrich N, Atzler D, Felix SB, Nauck MA, Böger RH, Völzke H, Schwedhelm E, Dörr M. L-Arginine and SDMA Serum Concentrations Are Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131293. [PMID: 26098562 PMCID: PMC4476678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Even though ˪-arginine (ARG) derivatives can predict cardiovascular mortality, their role as atherosclerotic biomarkers is unclear. We tested the hypothesis if asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and the sum of both (DMA) are positively, while ARG and ARG/ADMA ratio are inversely associated with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery. Approach and Results Cross-sectional data of 1999 subjects (age: 45–81 years; 48.2% ♀) from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-0) was used. Analysis of variance and logistic regression models were calculated and all adjusted models were corrected for sex, age, smoking status, waist-to-hip ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Increased cIMT (>75th age-sex specific percentile) was found in 517 subjects (25.7%), while atherosclerotic plaque was detected in 1413 subjects (70.4%). SDMA tertiles were significantly positively associated with larger cIMT among subjects with high SDMA levels [>66th: 0.82 (95%-CI 0.80; 0.85) mm]. High SDMA levels were related to a higher odds ratio (OR) of increased cIMT [OR 1.39 (95%-CI 1.08; 1.79)]. Furthermore, ARG was positively associated with atherosclerotic plaques [OR 1.41 (95%-CI 1.07; 1.85)]. No relation was found for ADMA and atherosclerosis. Conclusions In conclusion, the hypothesis of a positive association between SDMA with an increased cIMT was confirmed. Unexpectedly, ARG was positively related to atherosclerotic plaque. In view of these inconsistent findings, the impact of ARG derivatives as atherosclerotic biomarkers deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bahls
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Internal Medicine B, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Nele Friedrich
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Internal Medicine B, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias A. Nauck
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer H. Böger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Edzard Schwedhelm
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Internal Medicine B, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK—German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Biosynthesis of homoarginine (hArg) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) from acutely and chronically administered free L-arginine in humans. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1893-908. [PMID: 26031828 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, whereas L-arginine (Arg) and L-homoarginine (hArg) serve as substrates for NO synthesis. ADMA and other methylated arginines are generally believed to exclusively derive from guanidine (N (G))-methylated arginine residues in proteins by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) that use S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. L-Lysine is known for decades as a precursor for hArg, but only recent studies indicate that arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) is responsible for the synthesis of hArg. AGAT catalyzes the formation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) that is methylated to creatine by guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) which also uses SAM. The aim of the present study was to learn more about the mechanisms of ADMA and hArg formation in humans. Especially, we hypothesized that ADMA is produced by N (G)-methylation of free Arg in addition to the known PRMTs-involving mechanism. In knockout mouse models of AGAT- and GAMT-deficiency, we investigated the contribution of these enzymes to hArg synthesis. Arg infusion (0.5 g/kg, 30 min) in children (n = 11) and ingestion of high-fat protein meals by overweight men (n = 10) were used to study acute effects on ADMA and hArg synthesis. Daily Arg ingestion (10 g) or placebo for 3 or 6 months by patients suffering from peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD, n = 20) or coronary artery disease (CAD, n = 30) was used to study chronic effects of Arg on ADMA synthesis. Mass spectrometric methods were used to measure all biochemical parameters in plasma and urine samples. In mice, AGAT but not GAMT was found to contribute to plasma hArg, while ADMA synthesis was independent of AGAT and GAMT. Arg infusion acutely increased plasma Arg, hArg and ADMA concentrations, but decreased the plasma hArg/ADMA ratio. High-fat protein meals acutely increased plasma Arg, hArg, ADMA concentrations, as well as the plasma hArg/ADMA ratio. In the PAOD and CAD studies, plasma Arg concentration increased in the verum compared to the placebo groups. Plasma ADMA concentration increased only in the PAOD patients who received Arg. Our study suggests that in humans a minor fraction of free Arg is rapidly metabolized to ADMA and hArg. In mice, GAMT and N (G)-methyltransferases contribute to ADMA and hArg synthesis from Arg, whereas AGAT is involved in the synthesis of hArg but not of ADMA. The underlying biochemical mechanisms remain still elusive.
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Homoarginine in the renal and cardiovascular systems. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1703-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Possible sources and functions of l-homoarginine in the brain: review of the literature and own findings. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1729-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kayacelebi AA, Willers J, Pham VV, Hahn A, Schneider JY, Rothmann S, Frölich JC, Tsikas D. Plasma homoarginine, arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine and total homocysteine interrelationships in rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease and peripheral artery occlusion disease. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1885-91. [PMID: 25618752 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated circulating concentrations of total L-homocysteine (thCys) and free asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are long-established cardiovascular risk factors. Low circulating L-homoarginine (hArg) concentrations were recently found to be associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The biochemical pathways of these amino acids overlap and share the same cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). In the present study, we investigated potential associations between hArg, L-arginine (Arg), ADMA and thCys in plasma of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), coronary artery disease (CAD) or peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD). In RA, we did not find any correlation between ADMA or hArg and thCys at baseline (n = 100) and after (n = 83) combined add-on supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, vitamin A, copper, and selenium, or placebo (soy oil). ADMA correlated with Arg at baseline (r = 0.446, P < 0.001) and after treatment (r = 0.246, P = 0.03). hArg did not correlate with ADMA, but correlated with Arg before (r = 0.240, P = 0.02) and after treatment (r = 0.233, P = 0.03). These results suggest that hArg, ADMA and Arg are biochemically familiar with each other, but unrelated to hCys in RA. In PAOD and CAD, ADMA and thCys did not correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Arinc Kayacelebi
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Krebs A, Doerfer J, Grünert SC, Wöhrl J, Stier B, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Lichte K, Winkler K, Grulich-Henn J, Holder M, Schwab KO. Decreased levels of homoarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine in children with type 1 diabetes: associations with cardiovascular risk factors but no effect by atorvastin. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2015; 28:147-52. [PMID: 25153574 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2014-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate homoarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in controls compared to children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and if homoarginine and ADMA are affected by atorvastatin. METHODS Homoarginine and ADMA levels of 28 T1D patients were compared to levels of 41 controls. In T1D patients, homoarginine and ADMA were determined at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years at daily 10 mg atorvastatin or placebo within a double-blind study. RESULTS At baseline, both homoarginine and ADMA were lower (p<0.001) in T1D patients compared to controls. In T1D patients, homoarginine and ADMA were not influenced by atorvastatin. Inverse correlations between homoarginine and HbA1c (p<0.001) and between ADMA and systolic blood pressure (p=0.005) and pulse pressure (p=0.003) were shown. CONCLUSIONS Homoarginine and ADMA levels are decreased and associated with cardiovascular risk factors in children with T1D without being affected by atorvastatin.
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Sobczak A, Prokopowicz A, Radek M, Szula M, Zaciera M, Kurek J, Goniewicz ML. Tobacco Smoking Decreases Plasma Concentration of the Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Marker, L-homoarginine. Circ J 2014; 78:1254-8. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Sobczak
- Department of Chemical Hazards and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia
| | - Adam Prokopowicz
- Department of Chemical Hazards and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
| | | | - Magdalena Szula
- Department of Chemical Hazards and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
| | - Marzena Zaciera
- Department of Chemical Hazards and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
| | - Jolanta Kurek
- Department of Chemical Hazards and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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