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Son SS, Kang JS, Lee EY. Paclitaxel Ameliorates Palmitate-Induced Injury in Mouse Podocytes. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2020; 26:e928265. [PMID: 33323915 PMCID: PMC7751256 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.928265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Palmitate, a common saturated free fatty acid, is increased in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Excessive palmitate in kidney is known to cause proteinuria and fibrosis. Several studies have demonstrated that paclitaxel has anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects on kidney disease. However, whether paclitaxel can relieve podocyte injury is unclear. Material/Methods Immortalized mouse podocytes were used as an in vitro system. Palmitate was used to induce podocyte injury. Podocytes were divided into 4 groups: bovine serum albumin, palmitate, palmitate+1 nM paclitaxel, and palmitate+5 nM paclitaxel. The effects of paclitaxel on palmitate-induced podocyte injury were analyzed by western blot and real-time PCR. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and podocyte cytoskeletons were analyzed using CM-H2DCF-DA and phalloidin staining. Results Paclitaxel restored downregulated expression of nephrin and synaptopodin and upregulated VEGF expression after injury induced by palmitate. Remarkably, palmitate-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in podocytes was repaired by paclitaxel. Four endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, ATF-6α, Bip, CHOP, and spliced xBP1, were significantly increased in palmitate-treated podocytes compared with control podocytes. Such increases were decreased by paclitaxel treatment. Palmitate-induced ROS generation was ameliorated by paclitaxel. Elevated Nox4 expression was also improved by paclitaxel. Paclitaxel alleviated the expression levels of the antioxidant molecules, Nrf-2, HO-1, SOD-1, and SOD-2. The paclitaxel effects were accompanied by inhibition of the inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1, TNF-α, TNF-R2, and TLR4, as well as attenuation of the apoptosis markers, Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3. Furthermore, paclitaxel suppressed the palmitate-induced fibrosis molecules, fibronectin and TGF-β1. Conclusions This study suggests that paclitaxel could be a therapeutic agent for treating palmitate-induced podocyte injury in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Seob Son
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Suk Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, BK21 Four Project, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Eisenreich A, Orphal M, Böhme K, Kreutz R. Tmem63c is a potential pro-survival factor in angiotensin II-treated human podocytes. Life Sci 2020; 258:118175. [PMID: 32750436 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Human podocytes (hPC) play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal diseases. In this context, angiotensin II (Ang II) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) play a crucial role in podocyte injury. Recently, transmembrane protein (Tmem) 63c, a member of the Tmem-family was found to be expressed in kidney and associated with podocyte function. In this study, we analysed the expression regulation and functional impact of Tmem63c on cell viability and apoptosis in hPC in the context of Ang II activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of Tmem63c in response to Ang II and the NFκB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 was analysed by Real-Time PCR and Western blotting. Cellular functions were determined by functional assays. KEY FINDINGS We found Ang II to induce Tmem63c expression in hPC in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of NFκB by Bay 11-7082 reduced basal as well as Ang II-induced Tmem63c expression. SiRNA-mediated down-regulation of Tmem63c diminished cell viability and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling and increased cell apoptosis of resting as well as Ang II-activated hPC. SIGNIFICANCE These data show that Ang II induced the expression of Tmem63c in hPC, possibly via NFκB-dependent mechanisms. Moreover, down-regulation of Tmem63c was associated with reduced cell viability, indicating Tmem63c to be a potential pro-survival factor in hPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eisenreich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Berlin, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Miriam Orphal
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Berlin, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Böhme
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Berlin, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Berlin, Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Tanshinone IIA protects hypoxia-induced injury by preventing microRNA-28 up-regulation in PC-12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:265-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Li Y, Sui X, Hu X, Hu Z. Overexpression of KLF5 inhibits puromycin‑induced apoptosis of podocytes. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3843-3849. [PMID: 30106142 PMCID: PMC6131625 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus (DM); the incidence has been predicted to reach 7.7% by 2030 on a global scale. Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is involved in numerous important biological processes; however, the potential effects of KLF5 on podocytes in patients with diabetic nephrotic (DN) have not yet been investigated. In the present study, synaptopodin expression in podocytes was investigated using an immunofluorescence assay. Following this, the proliferation of podocytes was investigated using an MTT assay. In addition, KLF5 was overexpressed in podocytes, and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was subsequently investigated using flow cytometry. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect the expression levels of genes involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis, and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. The results demonstrated that treatment with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) suppressed the proliferation of podocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and overexpression of KLF5 induced cell cycle arrest of podocytes regulated by PAN. Furthermore, overexpression of KLF5 was revealed to have inhibited PAN-induced apoptosis of podocytes, and that overexpression of KLF5 suppressed the ERK/p38 MAP kinase pathway in podocytes induced by PAN. Therefore, the results of the present study suggested that KLF5 may represent a potential therapeutic target for treatment of patients with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoni Sui
- Department of Nephrology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Xueqing Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Huang G, Zou B, Lv J, Li T, Huai G, Xiang S, Lu S, Luo H, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Wang Y. Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates glucose-induced podocyte injury via the inhibition of apoptosis and the activation of autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:559-568. [PMID: 28112381 PMCID: PMC5360354 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to terminally differentiated podocytes contributes ignificantly to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine the protective effects of notoginsenoside R1 (NR1) on the maintenance of podocyte number and foot process architecture via the inhibition of apoptosis, the induction of autophagy and the maintenance pf podocyte biology in target cells. The effects of NR1 on conditionally immortalized human podocytes under high glucose conditions were evaluated by determining the percentage apoptosis, the percentage autophagy and the expression levels of slit diaphragm proteins. Our results revealed that NR1 protected the podocytes against high glucose-induced injury by decreasing apoptosis, increasing autophagy and by promoting cytoskeletal recovery. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was further investigated in order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the protective effects of NR1 on podocytes. Our data indicated that treatment with NR increased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K, Akt and mTOR, leading to the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in podocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vitro study to demonstrate that NR1 protects podocytes by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530011, P.R. China
| | - Bingyu Zou
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhen Lv
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Tongyu Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Guoli Huai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Shaowei Xiang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530011, P.R. China
| | - Shilong Lu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530011, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530011, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Center for Perinatal Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
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Yuan Y, Zhao C, An X, Wu L, Wang H, Zhao M, Bai M, Duan S, Zhang B, Zhang A, Xing C. A vital role for myosin-9 in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced podocyte injury by affecting actin cytoskeleton. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:627-37. [PMID: 26902808 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1155706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanyan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mi Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyan Duan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changying Xing
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
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7
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Li X, Ding F, Zhang X, Li B, Ding J. The Expression Profile of Complement Components in Podocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:471. [PMID: 27043537 PMCID: PMC4848927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are critical for maintaining the glomerular filtration barrier and are injured in many renal diseases, especially proteinuric kidney diseases. Recently, reports suggested that podocytes are among the renal cells that synthesize complement components that mediate glomerular diseases. Nevertheless, the profile and extent of complement component expression in podocytes remain unclear. This study examined the expression profile of complement in podocytes under physiological conditions and in abnormal podocytes induced by multiple stimuli. In total, 23/32 complement component components were detected in podocyte by conventional RT-PCR. Both primary cultured podocytes and immortalized podocytes expressed the complement factors C1q, C1r, C2, C3, C7, MASP, CFI, DAF, CD59, C4bp, CD46, Protein S, CR2, C1qR, C3aR, C5aR, and Crry (17/32), whereas C4, CFB, CFD, C5, C6, C8, C9, MBL1, and MBL2 (9/32) complement factors were not expressed. C3, Crry, and C1q-binding protein were detected by tandem mass spectrometry. Podocyte complement gene expression was affected by several factors (puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN), angiotensin II (Ang II), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)). Representative complement components were detected using fluorescence confocal microscopy. In conclusion, primary podocytes express various complement components at the mRNA and protein levels. The complement gene expressions were affected by several podocyte injury factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Fangrui Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Baihong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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8
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Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized cells of the kidney glomerulus that wrap around capillaries and that neighbor cells of the Bowman’s capsule. When it comes to glomerular filtration, podocytes play an active role in preventing plasma proteins from entering the urinary ultrafiltrate by providing a barrier comprising filtration slits between foot processes, which in aggregate represent a dynamic network of cellular extensions. Foot processes interdigitate with foot processes from adjacent podocytes and form a network of narrow and rather uniform gaps. The fenestrated endothelial cells retain blood cells but permit passage of small solutes and an overlying basement membrane less permeable to macromolecules, in particular to albumin. The cytoskeletal dynamics and structural plasticity of podocytes as well as the signaling between each of these distinct layers are essential for an efficient glomerular filtration and thus for proper renal function. The genetic or acquired impairment of podocytes may lead to foot process effacement (podocyte fusion or retraction), a morphological hallmark of proteinuric renal diseases. Here, we briefly discuss aspects of a contemporary view of podocytes in glomerular filtration, the patterns of structural changes in podocytes associated with common glomerular diseases, and the current state of basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mehmet M Altintas
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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9
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Martínez-García C, Izquierdo-Lahuerta A, Vivas Y, Velasco I, Yeo TK, Chen S, Medina-Gomez G. Renal Lipotoxicity-Associated Inflammation and Insulin Resistance Affects Actin Cytoskeleton Organization in Podocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142291. [PMID: 26545114 PMCID: PMC4636358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades a change in lifestyle has led to an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity and obesity-associated complications. Obese patients are at increased risk of developing hypertension, heart disease, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and renal disease. The excess calories are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue, but also may accumulate ectopically in other organs, including the kidney, which contributes to the damage through a toxic process named lipotoxicity. Recently, the evidence suggests that renal lipid accumulation leads to glomerular damage and, more specifically, produces dysfunction in podocytes, key cells that compose and maintain the glomerular filtration barrier. Our aim was to analyze the early mechanisms underlying the development of renal disease associated with the process of lipotoxicity in podocytes. Our results show that treatment of podocytes with palmitic acid produced intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. This was accompanied by the development of inflammation, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance. We found specific rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton and slit diaphragm proteins (Nephrin, P-Cadherin, Vimentin) associated with this insulin resistance in palmitic-treated podocytes. We conclude that lipotoxicity accelerates glomerular disease through lipid accumulation and inflammation. Moreover, saturated fatty acids specifically promote insulin resistance by disturbing the cytoarchitecture of podocytes. These data suggest that renal lipid metabolism and cytoskeleton rearrangements may serve as a target for specific therapies aimed at slowing the progression of podocyte failure during metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martínez-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Área de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Izquierdo-Lahuerta
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Área de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yurena Vivas
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Área de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Velasco
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Área de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tet-Kin Yeo
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sheldon Chen
- Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gema Medina-Gomez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Área de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda. de Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Li Y, Liu D, Zhou Y, Li Y, Xie J, Lee RJ, Cai Y, Teng L. Silencing of Survivin Expression Leads to Reduced Proliferation and Cell Cycle Arrest in Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2015; 6:1187-94. [PMID: 26516368 PMCID: PMC4615356 DOI: 10.7150/jca.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivin is an anti-apoptotic gene that is overexpressed in most human tumors. RNA interference using short interfering RNA (siRNA) can be used to specifically inhibit survivin expression. Tumor cells were treated with a newly designed survivin siRNA, which was modified with 2′-OMe. Cellular survivin mRNA and protein levels were determined by real-time qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Our data showed that the novel survivin-targeted siRNA could efficiently knockdown the expression of survivin and inhibit cell proliferation. Survivin mRNA was reduced by 95% after 48h treatment with 20nM siRNA. In addition, the siRNA could markedly arrest the cell cycle at the G2/M checkpoint and induce cellular apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The percentage of apoptotic cells reached 50% when treated with 40nM siRNA. In conclusion, we have identified a novel chemically modified siRNA against survivin that is highly efficient and delineated its mechanism of action, thus demonstrating a potential therapeutic role for this molecule in cancer. Further evaluation of this siRNA for therapeutic activity is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Li
- 1. Institute of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Da Liu
- 1. Institute of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- 1. Institute of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Li
- 1. Institute of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- 1. Institute of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Robert J Lee
- 1. Institute of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China ; 2. Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Yong Cai
- 1. Institute of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Lesheng Teng
- 1. Institute of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
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Neal CR. Podocytes … What's Under Yours? (Podocytes and Foot Processes and How They Change in Nephropathy). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:9. [PMID: 25755650 PMCID: PMC4337384 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the described structures of podocytes in health and disease have been inferred from light and electron microscopic studies of rodent models. The variation in filtration barrier features is measured on micrographs, the aim being statistical significance. This is the technical campaign waged against kidney disease but this approach can be misleading. The signaling cascades and connectivity of the podocyte and foot processes (FPs) are inferred from in vitro studies that at best blurr the reality of the in vivo state. This review will outline actin signaling connectivity and the key differences in the structural and functional domains squeezed into the FPs and the relationship of these domains to other parts of the podocyte. It covers the changes in podocytes during nephropathy concentrating on FP and finally proposes an alternative interpretation of FP ultrastructure derived from articles published over the last 60 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Neal
- Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Chris R. Neal, Bristol Renal, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK e-mail:
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