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Retinal structural changes in mood disorders: The optical coherence tomography to better understand physiopathology? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110080. [PMID: 32827610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood disorders are particularly common, disabling conditions. Diagnosis can be difficult as it may involve different pathophysiological assumptions. This could explain why such disorders are resistant to treatment. The retina is part of the central nervous system and shares a common embryonic origin with the brain. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique for analysing the different layers of the retina. We reviewed studies that examined the retina with OCT in mood disorders. METHODS We conducted Pubmed search and additional manual research based on the bibliography in each of selected articles. We found and analysed 11 articles relevant to our subject. RESULTS This literature review confirms that it is possible to use OCT to detect neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in mood disorders. Their impact is thought to depend on the duration and severity of the disease, and whether it is in acute or chronic stage. The differences seen in studies dealing with depression and those looking at bipolar disorder may reflect the particular characteristics of each disorder. A number of OCT parameters can be proposed as biomarkers of active or chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Markers of predisposition to an at-risk mental state are also suggested. LIMITATIONS The main limitation is selection bias, studies including more varied population would help to confirm and precise these results. CONCLUSION OCT is thus a particularly promising tool for evaluating some of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms involved in mood disorders. The combination with other approaches could help to find more specific biomarkers.
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Effect of a New Lithium Preparation on the Behavior of CBA/CaLac Mice in an Experimental Conflict Model. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 170:436-439. [PMID: 33713221 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of lithium drugs in clinical practice requires constant monitoring of lithium plasma concentration, because toxicity is sometimes observed at therapeutic concentrations of lithium. This is often associated with fluctuations of plasma concentration of lithium ions after intake of individual doses. Therefore, the use of a porous carrier providing a stable blood level of the drug is extremely promising and important for clinical practice. We studied activity of a new lithium drug (lithium complex) consisting of aluminum-silicon base and lithium citrate immobilized on its surface. Lithium carbonate served as the reference drug. It was shown that lithium carbonate and lithium complex exhibited no anxiolytic activity in the conflict model, but produced an antidepressant effect and improved exploratory behavior of animals.
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Ala M, Mohammad Jafari R, Nematian H, Ganjedanesh MR, Naderi A, Akbariani M, Sanatkar M, Satarian L, Aghsaei Fard M, Dehpour AR. Neuroprotective Effect of Intravitreal Single-Dose Lithium Chloride after Optic Nerve Injury in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:558-567. [PMID: 32885675 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1808999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lithium is an old drug to control bipolar disorder. Moreover, it presents neuroprotective effects and supports neuronal plasticity. The aim of this study was to evaluate neuroprotective effect of intravitreal lithium after optic nerve injury. METHODS Three dosages of lithium chloride, including 2 pmol, 200 pmol, and 2 nmol, were injected intravitreally after rat optic nerve injury. Proteins expression were assessed by western blot. Nitric oxide (NO) metabolites were measured by Griess test. Visual evoked potential (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement were performed after trauma induction, in addition to H & E and TUJ1 staining of ganglion cells. RESULTS Western blot depicted lithium can significantly increase antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein level and reduce p-ERK, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and proapoptotic proteins such as Bax level in retinal tissue and Griess test reflected that NO metabolites level decreased in lithium treated eyes (P < .05). While, OCT showed no significant changes (P = .36 and P = .43 comparing treated group with trauma) in retinal ganglion cell layer thickness after lithium injection, VEP P2 wave amplitude increased significantly (P < .01) in lithium-treated eyes and its latency reduced (P < .05 for N1 wave and P < .01 for P2 wave). Tuj1 antibody-labeled retinal ganglion cells analyzing showed that the number of retinal ganglion cells were significantly higher in lithium treated eyes compared to untreated eyes with optic nerve injury. CONCLUSION It seems intravitreally lithium has optic nerve neuroprotective effects by various mechanisms like overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins, suppressing proinflammatory molecules and proapoptotic factors, and decreasing nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nematian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjedanesh
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asieh Naderi
- Farabi Eye Hospital BB, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Akbariani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sanatkar
- Farabi Eye Hospital BB, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Satarian
- Eye Group, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Aghsaei Fard
- Farabi Eye Hospital BB, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bannova AV, Menshanov PN, Dygalo NN. The Effect of Lithium Chloride on the Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Neonatal Brain. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Effects of siRNA-Mediated Knockdown of GSK3β on Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Neurite/Axon Growth. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090956. [PMID: 31443508 PMCID: PMC6769828 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are contradictory reports on the role of the serine/threonine kinase isoform glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) after injury to the central nervous system (CNS). Some report that GSK3 activity promotes axonal growth or myelin disinhibition, whilst others report that GSK3 activity prevents axon regeneration. In this study, we sought to clarify if suppression of GSK3β alone and in combination with the cellular-stress-induced factor RTP801 (also known as REDD1: regulated in development and DNA damage response protein), using translationally relevant siRNAs, promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and neurite outgrowth/axon regeneration. Adult mixed retinal cell cultures, prepared from rats at five days after optic nerve crush (ONC) to activate retinal glia, were treated with siRNA to GSK3β (siGSK3β) alone or in combination with siRTP801 and RGC survival and neurite outgrowth were quantified in the presence and absence of Rapamycin or inhibitory Nogo-A peptides. In in vivo experiments, either siGSK3β alone or in combination with siRTP801 were intravitreally injected every eight days after ONC and RGC survival and axon regeneration was assessed at 24 days. Optimal doses of siGSK3β alone promoted significant RGC survival, increasing the number of RGC with neurites without affecting neurite length, an effect that was sensitive to Rapamycin. In addition, knockdown of GSK3β overcame Nogo-A-mediated neurite growth inhibition. Knockdown of GSK3β after ONC in vivo enhanced RGC survival but not axon number or length, without potentiating glial activation. Knockdown of RTP801 increased both RGC survival and axon regeneration, whilst the combined knockdown of GSK3β and RTP801 significantly increased RGC survival, neurite outgrowth, and axon regeneration over and above that observed for siGSK3β or siRTP801 alone. These results suggest that GSK3β suppression promotes RGC survival and axon initiation whilst, when in combination with RTP801, it also enhanced disinhibited axon elongation.
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Wang T, Wei XY, Yang AA, Liu Z, Wang SQ, You YY, Kuang F, You SW, Wu MM. Branched-Chain Amino Acids Enhance Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Axon Regeneration after Optic Nerve Transection in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1500-1506. [PMID: 30198771 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1510969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study's aim was to investigate the beneficial effects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on the neuronal survival and axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after optic nerve (ON) transection. METHOD The experimental rats received daily BCAA injections through the caudal vein after left intra-orbital ON transection. Neuroprotection was evaluated by counting Fluorogold-labeled RGCs. The role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation in promoting RGC survival was studied after rapamycin administration. Moreover, a peripheral nerve (PN) graft was transplanted onto the transected ON to study the effects of BCAAs on axon regeneration of injured RGCs. RESULTS Our results showed that BCAAs alleviated the death of RGCs 7 and 14 days after ON transection, accompanied by an activation of mTOR pathway in RGCs. Blocking mTOR pathway with rapamycin eliminated such neuroprotective effects of BCAAs. Moreover, BCAAs also promoted axon regeneration of injured RGCs into a PN graft. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a neuroprotection of BCAAs through the activation of mTOR pathway. BCAAs also have a beneficial effect on axon regeneration of injured RGCs. Therefore, BCAAs could be considered for the clinical treatment of ON injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- a Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wei
- b Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - An-An Yang
- c Department of Pathology , The 253rd Hospital of PLA , Hohhot , China
| | - Zhao Liu
- d Department of Neurology , Lanzhou PLA General Hospital , Lanzhou , China
| | - Shi-Qi Wang
- e State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yi-Yan You
- f Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , USA
| | - Fang Kuang
- b Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Si-Wei You
- b Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Ming-Mei Wu
- b Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
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Greenwood SG, Montroull L, Volosin M, Scharfman HE, Teng KK, Light M, Torkin R, Maxfield F, Hempstead BL, Friedman WJ. A Novel Neuroprotective Mechanism for Lithium That Prevents Association of the p75 NTR-Sortilin Receptor Complex and Attenuates proNGF-Induced Neuronal Death In Vitro and In Vivo. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0257-17.2017. [PMID: 29349290 PMCID: PMC5771681 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0257-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins play critical roles in the survival, maintenance and death of neurons. In particular, proneurotrophins have been shown to mediate cell death following brain injury induced by status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Previous studies have shown that pilocarpine-induced seizures lead to increased levels of proNGF, which binds to the p75NTR-sortilin receptor complex to elicit apoptosis. A screen to identify compounds that block proNGF binding and uptake into cells expressing p75 and sortilin identified lithium citrate as a potential inhibitor of proNGF and p75NTR-mediated cell death. In this study, we demonstrate that low, submicromolar doses of lithium citrate effectively inhibited proNGF-induced cell death in cultured neurons and protected hippocampal neurons following pilocarpine-induced SE in vivo. We analyzed specific mechanisms by which lithium citrate afforded neuroprotection and determined that lithium citrate prevented the association and internalization of the p75NTR-sortilin receptor complex. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which low-dose treatments of lithium citrate are effective in attenuating p75NTR-mediated cell death in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Montroull
- Department of Biological Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Marta Volosin
- Department of Biological Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
| | | | - Kenneth K. Teng
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Matthew Light
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Risa Torkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Wilma J. Friedman
- Department of Biological Science, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102
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Hirata M, Shearer TR, Azuma M. Hypoxia Activates Calpains in the Nerve Fiber Layer of Monkey Retinal Explants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6049-57. [PMID: 26393472 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The vascular ischemic hypothesis attributes nerve damage in the retina to decreased blood flow in the ophthalmic artery, reduced oxygenation, and impaired axonal transport. Activation of calpain enzymes contributes to retinal cell death during hypoxia. However, we still do not know in which specific retinal layers calpains are activated. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate where and when calpains are activated in an improved culture model of hypoxic monkey retina. METHODS Monkey retinal explants were cultured on microporous membranes with the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) side facing up. Explants were incubated under hypoxic conditions, with or without additional reoxygenation. When it was used, the calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 was maintained throughout the culture period. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting assays for α-spectrin, calpains 1 and 2, calpastatin, β-III tubulin, and γ-synuclein were performed with specific antibodies. Cell death was assessed by TUNEL staining. RESULTS Under normoxic conditions, TUNEL-positive cells were minimal in our improved culture conditions. As early as 8 hours after hypoxia, the 150-kDa calpain-specific α-spectrin breakdown product appeared in the nerve fiber layer (NFL), where calpains 1 and 2 were localized. TUNEL-positive RGCs then increased at later time periods. The calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 ameliorated changes induced by hypoxia or hypoxia/reoxygenation. CONCLUSIONS During hypoxia/reoxygenation in an improved, relevant monkey model, calpains were first activated in the NFL, followed by death of the parent RGCs. This observation suggest that calpain-induced degeneration of retinal nerve fibers may be an underlying mechanism for RGC death in hypoxic retinal neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hirata
- Senju Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Thomas R Shearer
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mitsuyoshi Azuma
- Senju Laboratory of Ocular Sciences, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Portland, Oregon, United States 2Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
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Yin S, Wang ZF, Duan JG, Ji L, Lu XJ. Extraction (DSX) from Erigeron breviscapus modulates outward potassium currents in rat retinal ganglion cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:1101-6. [PMID: 26682155 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of DSX, an active component extracted from Erigeron breviscapus, on the voltage-gated outward K(+) channel currents in rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by using electrophysiological method, and to explore the possible mechanisms of DSX on optic nerve protection. METHODS Outward K(+) currents were recorded by using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques on acutely isolated rat RGCs. Outward K(+) currents were induced by a series of depolarizing voltage pulses from a holding potential of -70 mV to +20 mV in an increment of 10 mV. RESULTS Extracellular application of DSX voltage-dependently suppressed both the steady-state and peak current amplitudes of outward K(+) currents in rat RGCs. Furthermore, DSX reversibly and dose-dependently inhibited the amplitudes of outward K(+) currents of the cells. At +20 mV membrane potential DSX at the concentrations of 0.02 g/L and 0.05 g/L showed no significant effects on the currents. In contrast, DSX at higher concentrations (0.1 g/L, 0.2 g/L and 0.5 g/L) significantly suppressed the current amplitudes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that DSX reversibly and dose-dependently suppress outward K(+) channel currents in rat RGCs, which may be one of the possible mechanisms underlying Erigeron breviscapus prevents vision loss and RGC damage caused by glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yin
- Key Laboratory for Visual Function and Ophthalmopathy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Feng Wang
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun-Guo Duan
- Key Laboratory for Visual Function and Ophthalmopathy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lu Ji
- Key Laboratory for Visual Function and Ophthalmopathy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue-Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory for Visual Function and Ophthalmopathy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, Sichuan Province, China
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