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Majee S, Sarav M, Banik BK, Ray D. Recent Advances in the Green Synthesis of Active N-Heterocycles and Their Biological Activities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:873. [PMID: 37375820 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic scaffolds represent a privileged architecture in the process of drug design and development. It has widespread occurrence in synthetic and natural products, either those that are established or progressing as potent drug candidates. Additionally, numerous novel N-heterocyclic analogues with remarkable physiological significance and extended pharmaceutical applications are escalating progressively. Hence, the classical synthetic protocols need to be improvised according to modern requirements for efficient and eco-friendly approaches. Numerous methodologies and technologies emerged to address the green and sustainable production of various pharmaceutically and medicinally important N-heterocyclic compounds in last few years. In this context, the current review unveils greener alternatives for direct access to categorically differentiated N-heterocyclic derivatives and its application in the establishment of biologically active potent molecules for drug design. The green and sustainable methods accentuated in this review includes microwave-assisted reactions, solvent-free approaches, heterogeneous catalysis, ultrasound reactions, and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Majee
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mansi Sarav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Devalina Ray
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pal R, Singh K, Khan SA, Chawla P, Kumar B, Akhtar MJ. Reactive metabolites of the anticonvulsant drugs and approaches to minimize the adverse drug reaction. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113890. [PMID: 34628237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several generations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are available in the market for the treatment of seizures, but these are amalgamated with acute to chronic side effects. The most common side effects of AEDs are dose-related, but some are idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that transpire due to the formation of reactive metabolite (RM) after the bioactivation process. Because of the adverse reactions patients usually discontinue the medication in between the treatment. The AEDs such as valproic acid, lamotrigine, phenytoin etc., can be categorized under such types because they form the RM which may prevail with life-threatening adverse effects or immune-mediated reactions. Hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, cutaneous hypersensitivity, dizziness, addiction, serum sickness reaction, renal calculi, metabolic acidosis are associated with the metabolites of drugs such as arene oxide, N-desmethyldiazepam, 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylsuccinimide, 2-(sulphamoy1acetyl)-phenol, E-2-en-VPA and 4-en-VPA and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, etc. The major toxicities are associated with the moieties that are either capable of forming RM or the functional groups may itself be too reactive prior to the metabolism. These functional groups or fragment structures are typically known as structural alerts or toxicophores. Therefore, minimizing the bioactivation potential of lead structures in the early phases of drug discovery by a modification to low-risk drug molecules is a priority for the pharmaceutical companies. Additionally, excellent potency and pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviour help in ensuring that appropriate (low dose) candidate drugs progress into the development phase. The current review discusses about RMs in the anticonvulsant drugs along with their mechanism vis-a-vis research efforts that have been taken to minimize the toxic effects of AEDs therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman
| | - Pooja Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman.
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Saleh NM, El-Gaby MS, El‐Adl K, Abd El-Sattar NE. Design, green synthesis, molecular docking and anticancer evaluations of diazepam bearing sulfonamide moieties as VEGFR-2 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Luo H, Sun SJ, Wang Y, Wang YL. Revealing the sedative-hypnotic effect of the extracts of herb pair Semen Ziziphi spinosae and Radix Polygalae and related mechanisms through experiments and metabolomics approach. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:206. [PMID: 32615973 PMCID: PMC7330955 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semen Ziziphi spinosae and Radix Polygalae, two herbs commonly used together in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety. The study aims to study the sedative-hypnotic effect of the active components of the herbal pair, the possible mechanisms of such effect, and related metabolic pathways in vivo. METHODS The sedative and hypnotic effect of the active components (EI30) of the herbal pair was studied by recording influence on the proportion of sleeping within 30 min, sleep latency and sleep length of pentobarbital sodium-induced sleeping on mice. Possible mechanisms of the sedative-hypnotic effect of the active components were investigated by measuring the content of neurotransmitters in the total protein of mice brain tissue. The main chemical compounds of the herbal pair were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Serum samples of mice were studied, and related differential metabolites between the normal group and model group, and between model group and treatment group were identified by Gas Chromatography Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). RESULTS Compared with the control group, high dose EI30 group and the Clonazepam group were with significantly higher proportions of sleep within 30 min (P = 0.027 and 0.005 respectively). Compared with the control group, all of the high, medium and low dose of EI30 groups were with significantly shorter sleep latency (P < 0.01) and prolonged sleeping time (P < 0.01). The herbal pair has good sedative-hypnotic effects, although it is weaker than the effect of Clonazepam. The sedative-hypnotic effect of EI30 is possibly related to the adjustment of neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) in the total protein of mice brain tissue. There are five metabolic pathways in vivo most related to the sedative-hypnotic effect of EI30, and they are biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, metabolism of glyceride, metabolism of alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, metabolism of phenylalanine, and metabolism of cysteine and methionine. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the mechanisms of sedative and hypnotic effects of herbal pair Semen Ziziphi spinosae and Radix Polygalae by using metabolomics methods. This study provides a basis for further development and utilization of this herbal pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Daxue Street, No.121, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Daxue Street, No.121, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Daxue Street, No.121, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying-Li Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Daxue Street, No.121, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China.
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El Azab IH, Elkanzi NA. An Efficient Synthetic Approach Towards Benzo[ b]pyrano[2,3- e][1,4]diazepines, and Their Cytotoxic Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092051. [PMID: 32354014 PMCID: PMC7248725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In search of unprecedented tri and/or tetrapod pharmacophoric conjugates, a series of 32 new 4-ethyl-1H-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-ones were synthesized and properly elucidated using MS, IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. In vitro investigation of 11 compounds of this series, using a panel of two human tumor cell lines namely; human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), revealed promising cytotoxic activities. Among all synthesized compounds, analogue 9 displayed maximum cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 16.19 ± 1.35 and 17.16 ± 1.54 μM against HCT-116 and MCF-7, respectively, compared to standard drug doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam H. El Azab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
- On leave from Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, P.O. Box, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-543-350-861
| | - Nadia A.A. Elkanzi
- On leave from Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, P.O. Box, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Arora N, Dhiman P, Kumar S, Singh G, Monga V. Recent advances in synthesis and medicinal chemistry of benzodiazepines. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103668. [PMID: 32106040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) represent a diverse class of bicyclic heterocyclic molecules. In the last few years, benzodiazepines have emerged as potential therapeutic agents. As a result, several mild, efficient and high yielding protocols have been developed that offer access to various functionalized benzodiazepines (BZDs). They are known to possess a wide array of biological activities such as anxiolytic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antipsychotics, muscle relaxant, anti-tuberculosis, and antimicrobial activities. The fascinating spectrum of biological activities exhibited by BZDs in various fields has prompted the medicinal chemist to design and discover novel benzodiazepine-based analogs as potential therapeutic candidates with the desired biological profile. In this review, an attempt has been made by to summarize (1) Recent advances in the synthetic chemistry of benzodiazepines which enable their synthesis with desired substitution pattern; (2) Medicinal chemistry of BZDs as therapeutic candidates with promising biological profile including insight of mechanistic studies; (3) The correlation of biological data with the structure i.e. structure-activity relationship studies were also included to provide an insight into the rational design of more active agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Prashant Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, G.T. Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
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De Stefano R, Bruno A, Muscatello MR, Cedro C, Cervino G, Fiorillo L. Fear and anxiety managing methods during dental treatments: a systematic review of recent data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 68:317-331. [PMID: 32052621 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The management of anxiety and fear of patients experiencing medical treatment is always a major issue. Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is daily in managing these problems, especially in the case of pediatric patients. Odontophobia can be managed in different ways, and the purpose of this study is to eventually review which methods are currently accepted and which are the most effective. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The literature analysis was conducted on a number of articles, suitably skimmed, after a first research, obtained from the most common scientific databases. The number of works included in the review is 28. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS From the RCTs evaluated we could highlight that there are different methods in the literature, equally effective and certainly conditioned by the systemic condition of the patient. Another chapter instead turns out to be that linked to the management of the syndromic patient. CONCLUSIONS It is clear that there are different methods and equally different ways to manage our patients in the event of non-cooperation in the case of dental care. In addition to proper management by the clinician, in the literature methods linked to audiovisual distractions, hypnosis or pharmacological methods that produce conscious sedation are effectively reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa De Stefano
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria R Muscatello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Clemente Cedro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cervino
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Fiorillo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, G. Martino Polyclinic, University of Messina, Messina, Italy - .,Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
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Sasiambarrena LD, Barri IA, Fraga GG, Bravo RD, Ponzinibbio A. Facile synthesis of 4-substituted 1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-ones by reductive cyclization of 2-chloro-N-(2-nitrobenzyl)acetamides. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Damas L, Carrilho RMB, Nunes SCC, Pais AACC, Kollár L, Pineiro M, Pereira MM. A novel Pd-catalysed sequential carbonylation/cyclization approach toward bis- N-heterocycles: rationalization by electronic structure calculations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181140. [PMID: 30839738 PMCID: PMC6170558 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented palladium-catalysed sequential aminocarbonylation/cyclization synthetic strategy, using carbon monoxide and structurally different aliphatic diamines as N-nucleophiles, gives access, in one pot, to a new family of indole-based N-heterocyclic derivatives (hydropyrazinones, benzodiazepinones and hydroquinoxalines). Optimization of the reaction conditions towards double carbonylation (P CO = 30 bar, T = 80°C, iodoindole/diamine ratio = 1 : 1.5, toluene as solvent) allowed the target cyclic products, which are formed in situ via intramolecular cyclization of the ketocarboxamide intermediates, to be obtained through a nucleophilic addition/elimination reaction with the pendant terminal amine groups. The structure of the diamine nucleophile was revealed to affect the reaction's selectivity, with the best yields for the cyclic products being obtained in the presence of (1S,2S)-(+)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (a) as the nucleophile, using either 5- or 7-iodoindole as the substrate. The reaction's selectivity was rationalized based on electronic structure calculations, which explain the effect of the diamine structure on the predominant formation of the cyclic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Damas
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. B. Carrilho
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra C. C. Nunes
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto A. C. C. Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - László Kollár
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pécs and Szentágothai Research Centre, PO Box 266, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE Research Group for Selective Chemical Syntheses, Ifjúság u. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Marta Pineiro
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariette M. Pereira
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Insuasty D, Robledo SM, Vélez ID, Cuervo P, Insuasty B, Quiroga J, Nogueras M, Cobo J, Abonia R. A Schmidt rearrangement-mediated synthesis of novel tetrahydro-benzo[1,4]diazepin-5-ones as potential anticancer and antiprotozoal agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:567-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Concordance and incongruence in preclinical anxiety models: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:504-529. [PMID: 27328783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rodent defense behavior assays have been widely used as preclinical models of anxiety to study possibly therapeutic anxiety-reducing interventions. However, some proposed anxiety-modulating factors - genes, drugs and stressors - have had discordant effects across different studies. To reconcile the effect sizes of purported anxiety factors, we conducted systematic review and meta-analyses of the literature on ten anxiety-linked interventions, as examined in the elevated plus maze, open field and light-dark box assays. Diazepam, 5-HT1A receptor gene knockout and overexpression, SERT gene knockout and overexpression, pain, restraint, social isolation, corticotropin-releasing hormone and Crhr1 were selected for review. Eight interventions had statistically significant effects on rodent anxiety, while Htr1a overexpression and Crh knockout did not. Evidence for publication bias was found in the diazepam, Htt knockout, and social isolation literatures. The Htr1a and Crhr1 results indicate a disconnect between preclinical science and clinical research. Furthermore, the meta-analytic data confirmed that genetic SERT anxiety effects were paradoxical in the context of the clinical use of SERT inhibitors to reduce anxiety.
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