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Chen S, Liang Q, Zhuo Y, Hong Q. Human-murine chimeric autoantibodies with high affinity and specificity for systemic sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127849. [PMID: 37398644 PMCID: PMC10311643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Scleroderma 70 (Scl-70) is commonly used in the clinic for aiding systemic sclerosis (SSc) diagnosis due to its recognition as autoantibodies in the serum of SSc patients. However, obtaining sera positive for anti-Scl-70 antibody can be challenging; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a specific, sensitive, and easily available reference for SSc diagnosis. In this study, murine-sourced scFv library were screened by phage display technology against human Scl-70, and the scFvs with high affinity were constructed into humanized antibodies for clinical application. Finally, ten high-affinity scFv fragments were obtained. Three fragments (2A, 2AB, and 2HD) were select for humanization. The physicochemical properties of the amino acid sequence, three-dimensional structural basis, and electrostatic potential distribution of the protein surface of different scFv fragments revealed differences in the electrostatic potential of their CDR regions determined their affinity for Scl-70 and expression. Notably, the specificity test showed the half-maximal effective concentration values of the three humanized antibodies were lower than that of positive patient serum. Moreover, these humanized antibodies showed high specificity for Scl-70 in diagnostic immunoassays for ANA. Among these three antibodies, 2A exhibited most positive electrostatic potential on the surface of the CDRs and highest affinity and specificity for Scl-70 but with least expression level; thus, it may provide new foundations for developing enhanced diagnostic strategies for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhui Chen
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiong Liang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanhang Zhuo
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin Hong
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Center for Experimental Research in Clinical Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Omersa N, Podobnik M, Anderluh G. Inhibition of Pore-Forming Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E545. [PMID: 31546810 PMCID: PMC6784129 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforation of cellular membranes by pore-forming proteins can affect cell physiology, tissue integrity, or immune response. Since many pore-forming proteins are toxins or highly potent virulence factors, they represent an attractive target for the development of molecules that neutralize their actions with high efficacy. There has been an assortment of inhibitors developed to specifically obstruct the activity of pore-forming proteins, in addition to vaccination and antibiotics that serve as a plausible treatment for the majority of diseases caused by bacterial infections. Here we review a wide range of potential inhibitors that can specifically and effectively block the activity of pore-forming proteins, from small molecules to more specific macromolecular systems, such as synthetic nanoparticles, antibodies, antibody mimetics, polyvalent inhibitors, and dominant negative mutants. We discuss their mechanism of inhibition, as well as advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neža Omersa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Human monoclonal anti-protective antigen antibody for the low-dose post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of Anthrax. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:640. [PMID: 30526504 PMCID: PMC6288905 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease caused by Bacillus anthracis is often accompanied by high mortality primarily due to toxin-mediated injury. In the early disease course, anthrax toxins are secreted; thus, antibiotic use is limited to the early stage. In this regard, antibodies against the toxin component, protective antigen (PA), play an important role in protecting against anthrax. Therefore, we developed PA21, a fully human anti-PA immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody. Methods Combining human Fab was screened from a phage library with human heavy constant regions. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay, Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation test evaluated the binding ability of PA21. Moreover, the affinity and neutralizing activity of the antibody was detected in vitro while the protective effectiveness in 60 rats was also examined in vivo. Results The Fischer 344 rats challenged with the lethal toxin can be protected by PA21 at a concentration of 0.067 mg/kg. All six rats remained alive although PA21 was injected 24 h before the toxin challenge. PA21 did not influence the binding of PA to cell receptors and that of a lethal factor to PA. Conclusion The PA21 monoclonal antibody against PA can be used for emergency prophylaxis and anthrax treatment.
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Huang J, Tang Q, Wang C, Yu H, Feng Z, Zhu J. Molecularly Targeted Therapy of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts with Radio-iodinated Anti-VEGFR2 Murine-Human Chimeric Fab. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10660. [PMID: 26021484 PMCID: PMC4448128 DOI: 10.1038/srep10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is traditionally regarded as an important therapeutic target in a wide variety of malignancies, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously generated a murine-human anti-VEGFR2 chimeric Fab (cFab), named FA8H1, which has the potential to treat VEGFR2-overexpressing solid tumors. Here, we investigated whether FA8H1 can be used as a carrier in molecularly targeted therapy in HCC xenograft models. FA8H1 was labeled with 131I, and two HCC xenograft models were generated using BEL-7402 (high VEGFR2-expressing) and SMMC-7721 (low VEGFR2-expressing) cells, which were selected from five HCC cell lines. The biodistribution of 131I-FA8H1 was determined in both models by Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and therapeutic effects were monitored in nude mice bearing BEL-7402 xenografts. Finally, we determined the involvement of necrosis and apoptotic pathways in treated mice using immunohistochemistry. 131I-FA8H1 levels were dramatically reduced in blood and other viscera. The therapeutic effect of 131I-labeled FA8H1 in the BEL-7402 model was significantly better than that by 131I and FA8H1 alone. We observed extensive necrosis in the treated tumors, and both FasL and caspase 3 were up-regulated. Thus, 131I-anti-VEGFR2 cFab has the potential to be used for molecularly targeted treatment of HCC overexpressing VEGFR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Huang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China [2] Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Huixin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- 1] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China [2] Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention &Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China [2] Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
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Ohanjanian L, Remy KE, Li Y, Cui X, Eichacker PQ. An overview of investigational toxin-directed therapies for the adjunctive management of Bacillus anthracis infection and sepsis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:851-65. [PMID: 25920540 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1041587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis with Bacillus anthracis infection has a very high mortality rate despite appropriate antibiotic and supportive therapies. Over the past 15 years, recent outbreaks in the US and in Europe, coupled with anthrax's bioterrorism weapon potential, have stimulated efforts to develop adjunctive therapies to improve clinical outcomes. Since lethal toxin and edema toxin (LT and ET) make central contributions to the pathogenesis of B. anthracis, these have been major targets in this effort. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review different investigative biopharmaceuticals that have been recently identified for their therapeutic potential as inhibitors of LT or ET. Among these inhibitors are two antibody preparations that have been included in the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) and several more that have reached Phase I testing. Presently, however, many of these candidate agents have only been studied in vitro and very few tested in bacteria-challenged models. EXPERT OPINION Although a large number of drugs have been identified as potential therapeutic inhibitors of LT and ET, in most cases their testing has been limited. The use of the two SNS antibody therapies during a large-scale exposure to B. anthracis will be difficult. Further testing and development of agents with oral bioavailability and relatively long shelf lives should be a focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lernik Ohanjanian
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Critical Care Medicine Department , Building 10, Room 2C145, Bethesda, MD 20892 , USA +1 301 402 2914 ; +1 301 402 1213 ;
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Efficacy of ETI-204 monoclonal antibody as an adjunct therapy in a New Zealand white rabbit partial survival model for inhalational anthrax. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2206-14. [PMID: 25645849 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04593-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalational anthrax is characterized by extensive bacteremia and toxemia as well as nonspecific to mild flu-like symptoms, until the onset of hypotension, shock, and mortality. Without treatment, the mortality rate approaches 100%. Antibiotic treatment is not always effective, and alternative treatments are needed, such as monotherapy for antibiotic-resistant inhalational anthrax or as an adjunct therapy in combination with antibiotics. The Bacillus anthracis antitoxin monoclonal antibody (MAb) ETI-204 is a high-affinity chimeric deimmunized antibody which targets the anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA). In this study, a partial protection New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit model was used to evaluate the protective efficacy of the adjunct therapy with the MAb. Following detection of PA in the blood, NZW rabbits were administered either an antibiotic (doxycycline) alone or the antibiotic in conjunction with ETI-204. Survival was evaluated to compare the efficacy of the combination adjunct therapy with that of an antibiotic alone in treating inhalational anthrax. Overall, the results from this study indicate that a subtherapeutic regimen consisting of an antibiotic in combination with an anti-PA MAb results in increased survival compared to the antibiotic alone and would provide an effective therapeutic strategy against symptomatic anthrax in nonvaccinated individuals.
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