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Jiang H, He K, Tan J, Zhu D, Yang N, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li X, Ren Y, Lu Y. In vitro modeling of recurrent Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: Assessment of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy efficacy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 47:104093. [PMID: 38641030 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, low-grade malignant tumor of the dermis with a high recurrence rate post-surgery. Current treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, have limitations. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a promising non-invasive approach, but its efficacy in DFSP treatment remains underexplored. METHODS This study aimed to evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of 5-ALA PDT using an in vitro model derived from a recurrent DFSP patient. The cells were treated with varying concentrations of 5-ALA and exposed to red light, followed by assessments of cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and expression of DFSP-related genes and proteins. RESULTS 5-ALA PDT significantly reduced DFSP cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis. It also effectively inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as suppressed angiogenic activity in conditioned media. Furthermore, 5-ALA PDT downregulated the expression of COL1A1 and PDGFRB, key genes in DFSP pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide the first evidence of 5-ALA PDT's in vitro anti-tumor efficacy against DFSP, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic approach for DFSP. Further studies are warranted to explore the clinical utility of 5-ALA PDT in preventing DFSP recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Kunqian He
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ding Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Junbo Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Yuangang Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Yu M, Hu S, Tang B, Yang H, Sun D. Engineering Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as a microbial chassis for therapeutic and industrial applications. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108202. [PMID: 37343690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered microbes, especially Escherichia coli, have been widely used in the biosynthesis of proteins and metabolites for medical and industrial applications. As a traditional probiotic with a well-established safety record, E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has recently emerged as a microbial chassis for generating living therapeutics, drug delivery vehicles, and microbial platforms for industrial production. Despite the availability of genetic tools for engineering laboratory E. coli K-12 and B strains, new genetic engineering systems are still greatly needed to expand the application range of EcN. In this review, we have summarized the latest progress in the development of genetic engineering systems in EcN, as well as their applications in the biosynthesis and delivery of valuable small molecules and biomacromolecules of medical and/or industrial interest, followed by a glimpse of how this rapidly growing field will evolve in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Shilong Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongchang Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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Mohammed NI, Alzubaidi ZF, Khudhair M. THE RELEVANCE OF RS6777038 AND RS6444082 OF IGF2BP2 GENE POLYMORPHISM AND TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: A CASE CONTROL STUDY. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:2811-2816. [PMID: 36591772 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202211215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: We investigate IGF2BP2 gene polymorphisms (rs6777038 and rs6444082) association with T2DM of Iraqi sample. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The study involves 800 participants that divided to a healthy control group (400) and T2DM patients (400). Fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglycerides (Tgs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-Ch), total cholesterol (T-Ch), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-Ch), and fasting insulin measured for both participant groups. IGF2BP2 gene has been genotyped for polymorphisms, rs6777038 and rs6444082 using the PCR-RFLP technique. RESULTS Results: Logistic regression analysis testing for rs6777038 revealed that the genotype and allele frequency differ significantly (p=0.009) between T2DM and control group. In codominant model, TT genotype carriers had higher risks for diabetes than control also in the recessive model TT genotype significantly had higher risk for diabetes than control group. The other models of rs6777038 failed to reveal significant differences. The rs6777038 genotypes as codominant model showed significant differences with phenotypic characters of BMI, insulin and HOMA-IR. As well as, this SNP as dominant model showed significant differences with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. However, rs6444082 genotypes only as dominant model reveal significant variation with HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION Conclusions: This study confirmed the variant rs6777038 of IGF2BP2 possibly associated with T2DM risks and some anthropometric parameters such as lower fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and BMI in Iraqi T2DM participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noaman Ibadi Mohammed
- DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF KUFA, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Zubaida Falih Alzubaidi
- DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY SCIENCES, FACULTY OF PHARMACY, UNIVERSITY OF KUFA, NAJAF, IRAQ
| | - Muneer Khudhair
- DEPARTMENT OF LAB INVESTIGATIONS, FACULTY OF SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF KUFA, NAJAF, IRAQ
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Wei Q. Bioinformatical identification of key genes regulated by IGF2BP2-mediated RNA N6-methyladenosine and prediction of prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1773-1785. [PMID: 34532127 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a malignant cancer with global spread, remains unsatisfactory, and novel prognostic biomarkers need to be identified. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been found to regulate tumor initiation and progression through different mechanisms. As a dynamic and reversible messenger RNA (mRNA) modification, m6A can be read by insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2). IGF2BP2 targets thousands of mRNA transcripts, which may be involved in HCC progression. Methods In this study, we integrated 4 classes of datasets including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-LICH, m6A-sequencing data of HepG2 cells, and RNA-sequencing data of IGF2BP2-knockdown HepG2 cells to explore the key genes regulated by IGF2BP2-mediated m6A in HCC. The expression and m6A modification of candidates were validation in independent microarray expression profile of HCC tissue and annotated m6A database RMBase. The relationship of immune cell infiltration and the genes expression was estimated by CIBERSORT and TIMER. Results A total of 89 candidate genes were filtered. Next, cluster analysis was performed base on functions and pathways to identify the enrichment pathways. By constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, we found 54 nodes. Ten significant genes were filtered from the PPI. These genes were validated in data of an independent microarray and an m6A database. We found that the upregulation of these 10 genes was associated with poor prognosis. In addition, we showed the expression of these 10 genes was associated with the infiltration of variety of immune cell and tumor purity. Conclusions These identified genes may provide novel insights and facilitate the development of potential biomarkers for HCC diagnosis, as well as provide clues for IGF2BP2 inhibition therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- Hepatological Surgery Department, Bethune International Peace Hospital of PLA, Shijiazhuang, China
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Chen J, Li X, Liu Y, Su T, Lin C, Shao L, Li L, Li W, Niu G, Yu J, Liu L, Li M, Yu X, Wang Q. Engineering a probiotic strain of Escherichia coli to induce the regression of colorectal cancer through production of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2130-2139. [PMID: 34272828 PMCID: PMC8449674 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vectors can be engineered to generate microscopic living therapeutics to produce and deliver anticancer agents. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (Nissle 1917) is a promising candidate with probiotic properties. Here, we used Nissle 1917 to develop a metabolic strategy to produce 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) from glucose as 5‐ALA plays an important role in the photodynamic therapy of cancers. The coexpression of hemAM and hemL using a low copy‐number plasmid led to remarkable accumulation of 5‐ALA. The downstream pathway of 5‐ALA biosynthesis was inhibited by levulinic acid (LA). Small‐scale cultures of engineered Nissle 1917 produced 300 mg l−1 of 5‐ALA. Recombinant Nissle 1917 was applied to deliver 5‐ALA to colorectal cancer cells, in which it induced the accumulation of antineoplastic protoporphyrin X (PpIX) and specific cytotoxicity towards colorectal cancer cells irradiated with a 630 nm laser. Moreover, this novel combination therapy proved effective in a mouse xenograft model and was not cytotoxic to normal tissues. These findings suggest that Nissle 1917 will serve as a potential carrier to effectively deliver 5‐ALA for cancer therapy. We combined the biosynthetic and tumor‐targeting features of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 with PDT to deliver 5‐ALA to colorectal cancer cells. E. coli Nissle 1917 was engineered to produce 5‐ALA, and delivered 5‐ALA to colorectal cancer cells to inhibit growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Chen
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Tianyuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Changsen Lin
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Lijun Shao
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Lanhua Li
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Wanwei Li
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Guoyu Niu
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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Shi L, Buchner A, Pohla H, Pongratz T, Rühm A, Zimmermann W, Gederaas OA, Zhang L, Wang X, Stepp H, Sroka R. Methadone enhances the effectiveness of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for squamous cell carcinoma and glioblastoma in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800468. [PMID: 31140754 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although having shown promising clinical outcomes, the effectiveness of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and glioblastoma remains to be improved. The analgesic drug methadone is able to sensitize various tumors to chemotherapy. In this in vitro study, the influence of methadone to the effectiveness of ALA-PDT for SCC (FADU) and glioblastoma (A172) was investigated on the protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence, survival rates, apoptosis, and cell cycle phase, each with or without the presence of methadone. The production of PpIX was increased by methadone in FADU cells while it was decreased in A172 cells. The survival rates of both cell lines treated by ALA-PDT were significantly reduced by the combination with methadone (P < .05). Methadone also significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and improved the effect of ALA-PDT on the cell cycle phase arrest in the G0/G1 phase (P < .05). This study demonstrates the potential of methadone to influence the cytotoxic effect of ALA-PDT for both SCC and glioblastoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander Buchner
- Labor für Tumorimmunologie, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Pohla
- Labor für Tumorimmunologie, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Pongratz
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Rühm
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Labor für Tumorimmunologie, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Odrun A Gederaas
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Odrun Arna Gederaas, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Linglin Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Herbert Stepp
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Sroka
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Efremov YR, Proskurina AS, Potter EA, Dolgova EV, Efremova OV, Taranov OS, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER, Kolchanov NA, Bogachev SS. Cancer Stem Cells: Emergent Nature of Tumor Emergency. Front Genet 2018; 9:544. [PMID: 30505319 PMCID: PMC6250818 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional analysis of 167 genes overexpressed in Krebs-2 tumor initiating cells was performed. In the first part of the study, the genes were analyzed for their belonging to one or more of the three groups, which represent the three major phenotypic manifestation of malignancy of cancer cells, namely (1) proliferative self-sufficiency, (2) invasive growth and metastasis, and (3) multiple drug resistance. 96 genes out of 167 were identified as possible contributors to at least one of these fundamental properties. It was also found that substantial part of these genes are also known as genes responsible for formation and/or maintenance of the stemness of normal pluri-/multipotent stem cells. These results suggest that the malignancy is simply the ability to maintain the stem cell specific genes expression profile, and, as a consequence, the stemness itself regardless of the controlling effect of stem niches. In the second part of the study, three stress factors combined into the single concept of "generalized cellular stress," which are assumed to activate the expression of these genes, were defined. In addition, possible mechanisms for such activation were identified. The data obtained suggest the existence of a mechanism for the de novo formation of a pluripotent/stem phenotype in the subpopulation of "committed" tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav R Efremov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Proskurina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Potter
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Dolgova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana V Efremova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg S Taranov
- The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Ostanin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Bogachev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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The Roles of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 2 in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4217259. [PMID: 29736175 PMCID: PMC5874980 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4217259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) mediate the localization, stability, and translation of the target transcripts and fine-tune the physiological functions of the proteins encoded. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 2 mRNA-binding protein (IGF2BP, IMP) family comprises three RBPs, IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3, capable of associating with IGF2 and other transcripts and mediating their processing. IGF2BP2 represents the least understood member of this family of RBPs; however, it has been reported to participate in a wide range of physiological processes, such as embryonic development, neuronal differentiation, and metabolism. Its dysregulation is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and carcinogenesis and may potentially be a powerful biomarker and candidate target for relevant diseases. This review summarizes the structural features, regulation, and functions of IGF2BP2 and their association with cancer and cancer stem cells.
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Chitgupi U, Qin Y, Lovell JF. Targeted Nanomaterials for Phototherapy. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:38-58. [PMID: 29071178 PMCID: PMC5646723 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.17694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototherapies involve the irradiation of target tissues with light. To further enhance selectivity and potency, numerous molecularly targeted photosensitizers and photoactive nanoparticles have been developed. Active targeting typically involves harnessing the affinity between a ligand and a cell surface receptor for improved accumulation in the targeted tissue. Targeting ligands including peptides, proteins, aptamers and small molecules have been explored for phototherapy. In this review, recent examples of targeted nanomaterials used in phototherapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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