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Hu Y, Li J, Liu C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Lin J, Peng Z, Zhu L. MiR362-3p Alleviates Osteosarcoma by Regulating the IL6ST/JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in Vivo and in Vitro. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2024; 23:15330338241261616. [PMID: 39051528 PMCID: PMC11273602 DOI: 10.1177/15330338241261616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effects and the related signaling pathway of miR-362-3p on OS. Methods: The bioinformatics analysis approaches were employed to investigate the target pathway of miR-362-3p. After the 143B and U2OS cells and nu/nu male mice were randomly divided into blank control (BC) group, normal control (NC) group, and overexpression group (OG), the CCK-8, EdU staining, wound healing assay, Transwell assay, and TUNEL staining were adopted to respectively determine the effects of overexpressed miR-362-3p on the cell viability, proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of 143B and U2OS cells in vitro, tumor area assay and hematoxylin and eosin staining were employed to respectively determine the effects of overexpressed miR-362-3p on the growth and pathological injury of OS tissue in vivo. The qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining were applied to respectively investigate the effects of overexpressed miR-362-3p on the IL6ST/JAK2/STAT3 pathway in OS in vivo and in vitro. Results: The bioinformatics analysis approaches combined qRT-PCR indicated that the IL6ST/JAK2/STAT3 is one of the target pathways of miR-362-3p. Compared with NC, the cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of 143B and U2OS cells were dramatically (P < 0.01) inhibited but the apoptosis was prominently (P <0 .0001) promoted in OG. Compared with NC, the growth of OS tissue was significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed and the pathological injury of OS tissue was substantially aggravated in OG. The gene expression levels of IL6ST, JAK2, and STAT3 and the protein expression levels of IL6ST, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in 143B and U2OS cells were memorably (P < 0.0001) lower in OG than those in NC. In addition, the positively stained areas of proteins of IL6ST, JAK2, p-JAK2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 of OS tissue in OG were markedly (P < 0.01) reduced compared with those in NC. Conclusion: The overexpression of miR362-3p alleviates OS by inhibiting the IL6ST/JAK2/STAT3 pathway in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunteng Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhujiang Hosptial, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhujiang Hosptial, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhujiang Hosptial, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhujiang Hosptial, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiezhao Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhujiang Hosptial, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyue Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhujiang Hosptial, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhujiang Hosptial, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Dupuy M, Gueguinou M, Potier-Cartereau M, Lézot F, Papin M, Chantôme A, Rédini F, Vandier C, Verrecchia F. SK Ca- and Kv1-type potassium channels and cancer: Promising therapeutic targets? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115774. [PMID: 37678626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels are transmembrane structures that allow the passage of ions across cell membranes such as the plasma membrane or the membranes of various organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria. Aberrant expression of various ion channels has been demonstrated in several tumor cells, leading to the promotion of key functions in tumor development, such as cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The link between ion channels and these key biological functions that promote tumor development has led to the classification of cancers as oncochannelopathies. Among all ion channels, the most varied and numerous, forming the largest family, are the potassium channels, with over 70 genes encoding them in humans. In this context, this review will provide a non-exhaustive overview of the role of plasma membrane potassium channels in cancer, describing 1) the nomenclature and structure of potassium channels, 2) the role of these channels in the control of biological functions that promotes tumor development such as proliferation, migration and cell death, and 3) the role of two particular classes of potassium channels, the SKCa- and Kv1- type potassium channels in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Dupuy
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | | | - Frédéric Lézot
- Sorbonne University, INSERM UMR933, Hôpital Trousseau (AP-HP), Paris F-75012, France
| | - Marion Papin
- N2C UMR 1069, University of Tours, INSERM, Tours, France
| | | | - Françoise Rédini
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Franck Verrecchia
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000 Nantes, France.
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Rashidi M, Bazi A, Ahmadzadeh A, Romeo O, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Abastabar M, Haghani I, Mirzaei S. The growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of umbelliprenin in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad201. [PMID: 37669891 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Umbelliprenin has shown promising biological activities, including immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The present study investigated the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of umbelliprenin against Candida albicans in a BALB/c mice model of disseminated candidiasis. METHODS AND RESULTS First, an antimicrobial assay via microdilution sensitivity test was performed. Then, twenty-five 6-week-old female BALB/c mice (20 ± 12 g) were divided into five groups of five mice, including one control group (no umbelliprenin treatment) and four experimental groups: C. albicans-infected mice treated with umbelliprenin at the doses of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg -1. The brain, lung, kidney, spleen, and liver tissues were examined for fungal infection and histological lesions, and TUNEL staining was performed to assess apoptosis. The β-1, 3-glucan synthase assay was used to evaluate enzymatic activity, and gene expression analysis was also performed to investigate the transcriptional changes of ERG11, CDR1, ALS1, and HWP1 genes. The MIC of umbelliprenin was 1.5 mg mL-1. Our results showed that at the 40 mg kg -1 dose, umbelliprenin was able to eradicate fungal infection in BALB/c mice. The percentage of apoptotic cells in umbelliprenin-treated groups increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Umbelliprenin (40 mg kg -1) also inhibited the expression of β-1, 3-glucan synthase, and the genes involved in antifungal resistance (CDR1 and ERG11), as well as the expression of the genes encoding adhesins (ALS1 and HWP1). CONCLUSION Our results showed that umbelliprenin could promote antifungal effects, partly via inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rashidi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Ali Bazi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 98616-15881, Iran
| | - Alireza Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Lab Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Orazio Romeo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 ME, Italy
- IRCCS-Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 98124 ME, Italy
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48157-33971, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran
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Xia C, Liu C, Ren S, Cai Y, Zhang Q, Xia C. Potassium channels, tumorigenesis and targeted drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114673. [PMID: 37031494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels play an important role in human physiological function. Recently, various molecular mechanisms have implicated abnormal functioning of potassium channels in the proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and cancer stem cell phenotype formation. Potassium channels also mediate the association of tumor cells with the tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, potassium channels are important targets for cancer chemotherapy. A variety of drugs exert anti-cancer effects by modulating potassium channels in tumor cells. Therefore, there is a need to understand how potassium channels participate in tumor development and progression, which could reveal new, novel targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the roles of voltage-gated potassium channels, calcium-activated potassium channels, inwardly rectifying potassium channels, and two-pore domain potassium channels in tumorigenesis and the underlying mechanism of potassium channel-targeted drugs. Therefore, the study lays the foundation for rational and effective drug design and individualized clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116023, China
| | - Can Liu
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong Province 528099, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Shuangyi Ren
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116023, China
| | - Yantao Cai
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong Province 528099, China
| | - Qianshi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116023, China.
| | - Chenglai Xia
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong Province 528099, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
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Angi B, Muccioli S, Szabò I, Leanza L. A Meta-Analysis Study to Infer Voltage-Gated K+ Channels Prognostic Value in Different Cancer Types. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030573. [PMID: 36978819 PMCID: PMC10045123 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels are often highly expressed in cancer cells with respect to healthy ones, as they provide proliferative advantages through modulating membrane potential, calcium homeostasis, and various signaling pathways. Among potassium channels, Shaker type voltage-gated Kv channels are emerging as promising pharmacological targets in oncology. Here, we queried publicly available cancer patient databases to highlight if a correlation exists between Kv channel expression and survival rate in five different cancer types. By multiple gene comparison analysis, we found a predominant expression of KCNA2, KCNA3, and KCNA5 with respect to the other KCNA genes in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). This analysis highlighted a prognostic role of KCNA3 and KCNA5 in SKCM, LUAD, LUSC, and STAD, respectively. Interestingly, KCNA3 was associated with a positive prognosis in SKCM and LUAD but not in LUSC. Results obtained by the analysis of KCNA3-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs); tumor immune cell infiltration highlighted differences that may account for such differential prognosis. A meta-analysis study was conducted to investigate the role of KCNA channels in cancer using cancer patients’ datasets. Our study underlines a promising correlation between Kv channel expression in tumor cells, in infiltrating immune cells, and survival rate.
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Huang H, Ye Z, Li Z, Wang B, Li K, Zhou K, Cao H, Zheng J, Wang G. Employing machine learning using ferroptosis-related genes to construct a prognosis model for patients with osteosarcoma. Front Genet 2023; 14:1099272. [PMID: 36733341 PMCID: PMC9888665 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1099272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying effective biomarkers in osteosarcoma (OS) is important for predicting prognosis. We investigated the prognostic value of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) in OS. Transcriptome and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus. FRGs were obtained from the ferroptosis database. Univariate COX regression and LASSO regression screening were performed and an FRG-based prognostic model was constructed, which was validated using the Gene Expression Omnibus cohort. The predictive power of the model was assessed via a subgroup analysis. A nomogram was constructed using clinical markers with independent prognostic significance and risk score results. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to detect the correlation between prognostic genes and 22 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. The expression of prognostic genes in erastin-treated OS cell lines was verified via real-time PCR. Six prognostic FRGs (ACSL5, ATF4, CBS, CDO1, SCD, and SLC3A2) were obtained and used to construct the risk prognosis model. Subjects were divided into high- and low-risk groups. Prognosis was worse in the high-risk group, and the model had satisfactory prediction performance for patients younger than 18 years, males, females, and those with non-metastatic disease. Univariate COX regression analysis showed that metastasis and risk score were independent risk factors for patients with OS. Nomogram was built on independent prognostic factors with superior predictive power and patient benefit. There was a significant correlation between prognostic genes and tumor immunity. Six prognostic genes were differentially expressed in ferroptosis inducer-treated OS cell lines. The identified prognostic genes can regulate tumor growth and progression by affecting the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhifang Ye
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Zhengzhao Li
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Huiyuan Cao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China,*Correspondence: Jiaxuan Zheng, ; Guangji Wang,
| | - Guangji Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan, China,*Correspondence: Jiaxuan Zheng, ; Guangji Wang,
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7
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Di Gregorio E, Israel S, Staelens M, Tankel G, Shankar K, Tuszyński JA. The distinguishing electrical properties of cancer cells. Phys Life Rev 2022; 43:139-188. [PMID: 36265200 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, medical research has been primarily focused on the inherited aspect of cancers, despite the reality that only 5-10% of tumours discovered are derived from genetic causes. Cancer is a broad term, and therefore it is inaccurate to address it as a purely genetic disease. Understanding cancer cells' behaviour is the first step in countering them. Behind the scenes, there is a complicated network of environmental factors, DNA errors, metabolic shifts, and electrostatic alterations that build over time and lead to the illness's development. This latter aspect has been analyzed in previous studies, but how the different electrical changes integrate and affect each other is rarely examined. Every cell in the human body possesses electrical properties that are essential for proper behaviour both within and outside of the cell itself. It is not yet clear whether these changes correlate with cell mutation in cancer cells, or only with their subsequent development. Either way, these aspects merit further investigation, especially with regards to their causes and consequences. Trying to block changes at various levels of occurrence or assisting in their prevention could be the key to stopping cells from becoming cancerous. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the current knowledge regarding the electrical landscape of cells is much needed. We review four essential electrical characteristics of cells, providing a deep understanding of the electrostatic changes in cancer cells compared to their normal counterparts. In particular, we provide an overview of intracellular and extracellular pH modifications, differences in ionic concentrations in the cytoplasm, transmembrane potential variations, and changes within mitochondria. New therapies targeting or exploiting the electrical properties of cells are developed and tested every year, such as pH-dependent carriers and tumour-treating fields. A brief section regarding the state-of-the-art of these therapies can be found at the end of this review. Finally, we highlight how these alterations integrate and potentially yield indications of cells' malignancy or metastatic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Autem Therapeutics, 35 South Main Street, Hanover, 03755, NH, USA
| | - Simone Israel
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Autem Therapeutics, 35 South Main Street, Hanover, 03755, NH, USA
| | - Michael Staelens
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Gabriella Tankel
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211 116 Street NW, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, AB, Canada
| | - Jack A Tuszyński
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, TO, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, T6G 2E1, AB, Canada; Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2, AB, Canada.
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Boyle Y, Johns TG, Fletcher EV. Potassium Ion Channels in Malignant Central Nervous System Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194767. [PMID: 36230692 PMCID: PMC9563970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancers are among the most difficult to treat, with low rates of survival and a high likelihood of recurrence. This is primarily due to their location within the CNS, hindering adequate drug delivery and tumour access via surgery. Furthermore, CNS cancer cells are highly plastic, an adaptive property that enables them to bypass targeted treatment strategies and develop drug resistance. Potassium ion channels have long been implicated in the progression of many cancers due to their integral role in several hallmarks of the disease. Here, we will explore this relationship further, with a focus on malignant CNS cancers, including high-grade glioma (HGG). HGG is the most lethal form of primary brain tumour in adults, with the majority of patient mortality attributed to drug-resistant secondary tumours. Hence, targeting proteins that are integral to cellular plasticity could reduce tumour recurrence, improving survival. This review summarises the role of potassium ion channels in malignant CNS cancers, specifically how they contribute to proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and plasticity. We will also explore how specific modulation of these proteins may provide a novel way to overcome drug resistance and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Boyle
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Terrance G. Johns
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Emily V. Fletcher
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Dong C, Li J, Ding W, Ueda R, Xie X, Wu J, Matsuura H, Horie M. Open channel block of Kv1.5 channels by HMQ1611. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:965086. [PMID: 36188606 PMCID: PMC9524145 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.965086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kv1.5 channels conduct the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKur). Pharmacological blockade of human Kv1.5 (hKv1.5) has been regarded as an effective treatment of re-entrant based atrial fibrillation, because Kv1.5 is highly expressed in human cardiac atria but scarcely in ventricles. The Kv1.5 blockade is also expected to be used in cancer therapeutics since Kv1.5 is overexpressed in some types of human tumors. Here, we investigated the blockade of hKv1.5 channels by HMQ1611, a symmetrical biphenyl derivative. hKv1.5 channels were heterologously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The effects of HMQ1611 on wild-type and 13 hKv1.5 mutant channels were examined using the whole-cell patch-clamp method, and molecular docking simulation was conducted to predict the docking position of HMQ1611 within Kv1.5 channels. We showed that HMQ1611 reversibly inhibited the hKv1.5 current in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 2.07 μM). HMQ1611 blockade of hKv1.5 current developed with time during depolarizing voltage-clamp steps, and this blockade was also voltage-dependent with a steep increase over the voltage range for channel openings. HMQ1611 inhibition was significantly reduced in the T479A, T480A, V505A, I508A, L510A, V512A, and V516A hKv1.5 mutant channels. Molecular docking analysis predicted that V505, V512, and T480 were involved in the blocking action of HMQ1611 on hKv1.5 channels. These results suggest that HMQ1611 inhibits hKv1.5 currents as an open channel blocker. Amino acid residues located at the base of the selectivity filter (T479 and T480) and in the S6 segment (V505, I508, L510, V512, and V516) of hKv1.5 appear to constitute potential binding sites for HMQ1611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiguang Ding
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Rika Ueda
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Xiaolu Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- *Correspondence: Jie Wu,
| | - Hiroshi Matsuura
- Department of Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Minoru Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Checchetto V, Leanza L, De Stefani D, Rizzuto R, Gulbins E, Szabo I. Mitochondrial K + channels and their implications for disease mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 227:107874. [PMID: 33930454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of mitochondrial ion channels underwent a rapid development during the last decade, thanks to the molecular identification of some of the nuclear-encoded organelle channels and to advances in strategies allowing specific pharmacological targeting of these proteins. Thereby, genetic tools and specific drugs aided definition of the relevance of several mitochondrial channels both in physiological as well as pathological conditions. Unfortunately, in the case of mitochondrial K+ channels, efforts of genetic manipulation provided only limited results, due to their dual localization to mitochondria and to plasma membrane in most cases. Although the impact of mitochondrial K+ channels on human diseases is still far from being genuinely understood, pre-clinical data strongly argue for their substantial role in the context of several pathologies, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as cancer. Importantly, these channels are druggable targets, and their in-depth investigation could thus pave the way to the development of innovative small molecules with huge therapeutic potential. In the present review we summarize the available experimental evidence that mechanistically link mitochondrial potassium channels to the above pathologies and underline the possibility of exploiting them for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy; CNR Institute of Neurosciences, Italy.
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11
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Bachmann M, Li W, Edwards MJ, Ahmad SA, Patel S, Szabo I, Gulbins E. Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels as Regulators of Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611853. [PMID: 33381507 PMCID: PMC7767978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels allow the flux of specific ions across biological membranes, thereby determining ion homeostasis within the cells. Voltage-gated potassium-selective ion channels crucially contribute to the setting of the plasma membrane potential, to volume regulation and to the physiologically relevant modulation of intracellular potassium concentration. In turn, these factors affect cell cycle progression, proliferation and apoptosis. The present review summarizes our current knowledge about the involvement of various voltage-gated channels of the Kv family in the above processes and discusses the possibility of their pharmacological targeting in the context of cancer with special emphasis on Kv1.1, Kv1.3, Kv1.5, Kv2.1, Kv10.1, and Kv11.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bachmann
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Syed A Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sameer Patel
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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12
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Effects of curcumin complexes on MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cell proliferation. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:445-455. [PMID: 32626932 PMCID: PMC7307592 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin displays anticancer properties; however, some issues with the drug delivery mode limit its therapeutic use. Although reformulation and derivatization of curcumin have improved its bioavailability, curcumin derivatives may not retain the same anticancer properties as the parent compound. The present study investigated the anticancer properties of two curcumin complexes, the iron‑curcumin [Fe(Cur)3] and boron‑curcumin [B(Cur)2] complexes, in the MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cell line. The cellular localization of curcumin, B(Cur)2 and Fe(Cur)3 was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were also analysed. Furthermore, apoptosis‑associated proteins were detected by using a proteome profiler array, and ion channel gene expression was analysed by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. The results demonstrated that the three compounds were localized in the perinuclear and cytoplasmic regions of the cell, and displayed cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 25, 35 and 8 µM for curcumin, B(Cur)2 and Fe(Cur)3, respectively. In addition, the three compounds inhibited cell invasion, whereas only curcumin and B(Cur)2 inhibited cell migration. Furthermore, cell exposure to curcumin resulted in an increase in the relative expression of the two key proapoptotic proteins, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase‑3, as well as the antiapoptotic protein haem oxygenase‑1. In addition, curcumin increased the expression levels of the voltage‑gated potassium channels Kv2.1 and Kv3.2. Similarly, the expression levels of the chloride channel bestrophin‑1 and the calcium channel coding gene calcium voltage‑gated channel auxiliary subunit γ4 were increased following exposure to curcumin. Taken together, these results indicated that Fe(Cur)3 and B(Cur)2 may display similar anticancer properties as curcumin, suggesting that chemical complexation may be considered as a strategy for improving the potency of curcumin in the treatment of breast cancer.
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13
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Aung T, Asam C, Haerteis S. Ion channels in sarcoma: pathophysiology and treatment options. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:1163-1171. [PMID: 31377822 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas are characterized by aggressive growth and a high metastasis potentially leading in most cases to a lethal outcome. These malignant tumors of the connective tissue have a high heterogeneity with numerous genetic mutations resulting in more than 100 types of sarcoma that can be grouped into two main kinds: soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma. Sarcomas are often diagnosed at late disease stage, whereas a guaranteed diagnosis of the sarcoma type is fundamental for successful therapy. However, there is no appropriate therapy available. Therefore, the need for new therapies, which prolong survival and improve quality of life, is high. In the last two decades, the role of ion channels in cancer has emerged. Ion channels seem to be an ideal target for anti-tumor therapies. However, different cancer types have their own altered ion channel pattern, and the knowledge about the tumor-associated ion channel expression is fundamental. Here, we focus on the role of different ion channels in sarcoma, their pathophysiology, and possible treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiha Aung
- Abteilung für Plastische, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Asam
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare und Zelluläre Anatomie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare und Zelluläre Anatomie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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14
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Haworth AS, Brackenbury WJ. Emerging roles for multifunctional ion channel auxiliary subunits in cancer. Cell Calcium 2019; 80:125-140. [PMID: 31071485 PMCID: PMC6553682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several superfamilies of plasma membrane channels which regulate transmembrane ion flux have also been shown to regulate a multitude of cellular processes, including proliferation and migration. Ion channels are typically multimeric complexes consisting of conducting subunits and auxiliary, non-conducting subunits. Auxiliary subunits modulate the function of conducting subunits and have putative non-conducting roles, further expanding the repertoire of cellular processes governed by ion channel complexes to processes such as transcellular adhesion and gene transcription. Given this expansive influence of ion channels on cellular behaviour it is perhaps no surprise that aberrant ion channel expression is a common occurrence in cancer. This review will focus on the conducting and non-conducting roles of the auxiliary subunits of various Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Cl- channels and the burgeoning evidence linking such auxiliary subunits to cancer. Several subunits are upregulated (e.g. Cavβ, Cavγ) and downregulated (e.g. Kvβ) in cancer, while other subunits have been functionally implicated as oncogenes (e.g. Navβ1, Cavα2δ1) and tumour suppressor genes (e.g. CLCA2, KCNE2, BKγ1) based on in vivo studies. The strengthening link between ion channel auxiliary subunits and cancer has exposed these subunits as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However further mechanistic understanding is required into how these subunits contribute to tumour progression before their therapeutic potential can be fully realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Haworth
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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15
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Benna C, Rajendran S, Rastrelli M, Mocellin S. miRNA deregulation targets specific pathways in leiomyosarcoma development: an in silico analysis. J Transl Med 2019; 17:153. [PMID: 31088504 PMCID: PMC6515658 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNA) mediate post-transcriptional gene repression and are involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancer. Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignancies with a variety of histological subtypes which may occur virtually anywhere in the human body. Leiomyosarcoma is one of the most common subtypes, shows a smooth muscle phenotype and its cancerogenesis is still unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the potential role of miRNA differential expression in leiomyosarcoma development. Methods We first employed the Sarcoma microRNA Expression Database, a repository that describes the patterns of over 1000 miRNA expression in various human sarcoma types, to identify differentially expressed miRNA comparing leiomyosarcoma and smooth muscle samples. Subsequently, we identified putative target genes of those miRNAs with the TargetScan prediction tool. Finally, we evaluated whether the retrieved pool of putative targets was enriched in genes belonging to specific molecular pathways by means of the Enrichr analysis tool. Protein–protein network analysis was analyzed by means of the STRING web tool. Results Out of 1120 miRNAs tested, the expression of 301 miRNAs was statistically significantly different between leiomyosarcoma and smooth muscle samples. The hypothetical targets could be predicted for 172 miRNAs. 438 genes were predicted to be the targets with high confidence (cumulative weighted context score cut-off level less than − 1.0) and analyzed for belonging to specific molecular pathways. Pathway analysis suggested that RNA Polymerase III, tRNA functions and synaptic neurotransmission (with special regard to dopamine mediated signaling) could be involved in leiomyosarcoma development. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that data mining of publicly available repositories can be useful to suggest molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of rare tumors such as leiomyosarcoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1907-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Benna
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy. .,Clinica Chirurgica I, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | | | - Marco Rastrelli
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV-IRCCS), Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Mocellin
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Surgical Oncology Unit, Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV-IRCCS), Padua, Italy
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16
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Implication of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels in Neoplastic Cell Proliferation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030287. [PMID: 30823672 PMCID: PMC6468671 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) are the largest group of ion channels. Kv are involved in controlling the resting potential and action potential duration in the heart and brain. Additionally, these proteins participate in cell cycle progression as well as in several other important features in mammalian cell physiology, such as activation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell volume control. Therefore, Kv remarkably participate in the cell function by balancing responses. The implication of Kv in physiological and pathophysiological cell growth is the subject of study, as Kv are proposed as therapeutic targets for tumor regression. Though it is widely accepted that Kv channels control proliferation by allowing cell cycle progression, their role is controversial. Kv expression is altered in many cancers, and their participation, as well as their use as tumor markers, is worthy of effort. There is an ever-growing list of Kv that remodel during tumorigenesis. This review focuses on the actual knowledge of Kv channel expression and their relationship with neoplastic proliferation. In this work, we provide an update of what is currently known about these proteins, thereby paving the way for a more precise understanding of the participation of Kv during cancer development.
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17
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Meng H, Zhang Y, An S, Chen Y. Annexin A3 gene silencing promotes myocardial cell repair through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in rats with acute myocardial infarction. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:10535-10546. [PMID: 30456911 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Meng
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital Zhengzhou China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital Zhengzhou China
| | - Song‐Tao An
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital Zhengzhou China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Cardiology Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital Zhengzhou China
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18
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Bachmann M, Costa R, Peruzzo R, Prosdocimi E, Checchetto V, Leanza L. Targeting Mitochondrial Ion Channels to Fight Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072060. [PMID: 30011966 PMCID: PMC6073807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several experimental evidences have underlined a new role of ion channels in cancer development and progression. In particular, mitochondrial ion channels are arising as new oncological targets, since it has been proved that most of them show an altered expression during tumor development and the pharmacological targeting of some of them have been demonstrated to be able to modulate cancer growth and progression, both in vitro as well as in vivo in pre-clinical mouse models. In this scenario, pharmacology of mitochondrial ion channels would be in the near future a new frontier for the treatment of tumors. In this review, we discuss the new advances in the field, by focusing our attention on the improvements in new drug developments to target mitochondrial ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Elena Prosdocimi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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19
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Wolkenberg SE, Nolt MB, Bilodeau MT, Trotter BW, Manley PJ, Kett NR, Nanda KK, Wu Z, Cato MJ, Kane SA, Kiss L, Spencer RH, Wang J, Lynch JJ, Regan CP, Stump GL, Li B, White R, Yeh S, Dinsmore CJ, Lindsley CW, Hartman GD. Discovery of MK-1832, a Kv1.5 inhibitor with improved selectivity and pharmacokinetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1062-1069. [PMID: 28131713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of Kv1.5, which underlies the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier current, IKur, has been pursued as a treatment for atrial fibrillation. Here we describe the discovery of MK-1832, a Kv1.5 inhibitor with improved selectivity versus the off-target current IKs, whose inhibition has been associated with ventricular proarrhythmia. MK-1832 exhibits improved selectivity for IKur over IKs (>3000-fold versus 70-fold for MK-0448), consistent with an observed larger window between atrial and ventricular effects in vivo (>1800-fold versus 210-fold for MK-0448). MK-1832 also exhibits an improved preclinical pharmacokinetic profile consistent with projected once daily dosing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Wolkenberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - M Brad Nolt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Mark T Bilodeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - B Wesley Trotter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Peter J Manley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Nathan R Kett
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Kausik K Nanda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Zhicai Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Matthew J Cato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Stefanie A Kane
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Laszlo Kiss
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Robert H Spencer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Jixin Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Joseph J Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Christopher P Regan
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Gary L Stump
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Rebecca White
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Suzie Yeh
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Christopher J Dinsmore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - George D Hartman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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