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Zhao Y, Sun Y, Hang R, Yao R, Zhang Y, Huang D, Yao X, Bai L, Hang R. Biocompatible silane adhesion layer on titanium implants improves angiogenesis and osteogenesis. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:213033. [PMID: 35882124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silane adhesion layer strategy has been widely used to covalently graft biomolecules to the titanium implant surface, thereby conferring the implant bioactivity to ameliorate osseointegration. However, few researchers pay attention to the effects of silanization parameters on biocompatibility and biofunctionality of the silane adhesion layers. Accordingly, the present study successfully fabricated the silane adhesion layers with different thickness, intactness, and surface morphologies by introducing 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane on the alkali-treated titanium surface in time-varied processing of silanization. The regulatory effects of the silane adhesion layers on angiogenesis and osteogenesis were assessed in vitro. Results showed that the prolonged silanization processing time increased the thickness and intactness of the silane adhesion layer and significantly improved its biocompatibility. Notably, the silane adhesion layer prepared after 12 h of silanization exhibited a brain-like surface morphology and benefited the adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs) and osteoblasts (OBs). Moreover, the layer promoted angiogenesis via stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and nitric oxide (NO) production of ECs. Simultaneously, it improved osteogenesis by enhancing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen secretion, and extracellular matrix mineralization of OBs. This work systematically investigated the biocompatibility and biofunctionality of the modified silane adhesion layers, thus providing valuable references for their application in covalently grafting biomolecules on the titanium implant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ruiyue Hang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Runhua Yao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for Nano-biomaterials & Regenerative Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Long Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444 China; Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Ruiqiang Hang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biomedical Metal Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
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Singh A, Sharma A, Ahmed A, Sundramoorthy AK, Furukawa H, Arya S, Khosla A. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors: Applications, Challenges, and Future Scope. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:336. [PMID: 34562926 PMCID: PMC8472208 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors which convert biological information such as analyte concentration that is a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) into current or voltage. Electrochemical biosensors depict propitious diagnostic technology which can detect biomarkers in body fluids such as sweat, blood, feces, or urine. Combinations of suitable immobilization techniques with effective transducers give rise to an efficient biosensor. They have been employed in the food industry, medical sciences, defense, studying plant biology, etc. While sensing complex structures and entities, a large data is obtained, and it becomes difficult to manually interpret all the data. Machine learning helps in interpreting large sensing data. In the case of biosensors, the presence of impurity affects the performance of the sensor and machine learning helps in removing signals obtained from the contaminants to obtain a high sensitivity. In this review, we discuss different types of biosensors along with their applications and the benefits of machine learning. This is followed by a discussion on the challenges, missing gaps in the knowledge, and solutions in the field of electrochemical biosensors. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, this review provides insight into the type of electrochemical biosensors, their applications, the importance of machine learning (ML) in biosensing, and challenges and future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Singh
- Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Asha Sharma
- Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Aamir Ahmed
- Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Ashok K. Sundramoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India;
| | - Hidemitsu Furukawa
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
| | - Sandeep Arya
- Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Ajit Khosla
- Department of Mechanical System Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan;
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Stein R, Friedrich B, Mühlberger M, Cebulla N, Schreiber E, Tietze R, Cicha I, Alexiou C, Dutz S, Boccaccini AR, Unterweger H. Synthesis and Characterization of Citrate-Stabilized Gold-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E4425. [PMID: 32993144 PMCID: PMC7583944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-functionalized gold-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Au-SPIONs) may be a useful tool in various biomedical applications. To obtain Au-SPIONs, gold salt was precipitated onto citrate-stabilized SPIONs (Cit-SPIONs) using a simple, aqueous one-pot technique inspired by the Turkevich method of gold nanoparticle synthesis. By the further stabilization of the Au-SPION surface with additional citrate (Cit-Au-SPIONs), controllable and reproducible Z-averages enhanced long-term dispersion stability and moderate dispersion pH values were achieved. The citrate concentration of the reaction solution and the gold/iron ratio was found to have a major influence on the particle characteristics. While the gold-coating reduced the saturation magnetization to 40.7% in comparison to pure Cit-SPIONs, the superparamagnetic behavior of Cit-Au-SPIONs was maintained. The formation of nanosized gold on the SPION surface was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. Cit-Au-SPION concentrations of up to 100 µg Fe/mL for 48 h had no cytotoxic effect on Jurkat cells. At a particle concentration of 100 µg Fe/mL, Jurkat cells were found to take up Cit-Au-SPIONs after 24 h of incubation. A significantly higher attachment of thiol-containing L-cysteine to the particle surface was observed for Cit-Au-SPIONs (53%) in comparison to pure Cit-SPIONs (7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- René Stein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Bernhard Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Marina Mühlberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Nadine Cebulla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Eveline Schreiber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Silvio Dutz
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany;
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kroener-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (M.M.); (N.C.); (E.S.); (R.T.); (I.C.); (C.A.)
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Sosa-Acosta JR, Iriarte-Mesa C, Ortega GA, Díaz-García AM. DNA–Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Conjugates: Functional Magnetic Nanoplatforms in Biomedical Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:13. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Smith M, McKeague M, DeRosa MC. Synthesis, transfer, and characterization of core-shell gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles. MethodsX 2019; 6:333-354. [PMID: 30859070 PMCID: PMC6396083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic separation has gained new popularity as a versatile partitioning method with the recent growth in nanotechnology and related biotechnology applications. In this study, iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized via solvothermal methods and directly coated with gold to form core-shell gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4-AuNPs). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy with Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results suggests that temperature and reaction time play an important role in the formation of small, monodisperse Fe3O4-AuNPs. We also demonstrate that increased 4- dimethyl(amino)pyridine (DMAP) concentrations and vigorous stirring were required to successfully transfer Fe3O4-AuNPs into aqueous solution. The structure and morphology of the synthesized and transferred Fe3O4-AuNPs was further confirmed by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and solubility experiments. Direct coating of Fe3O4 with Au: Slowly heating by (10 °C/ min) until 180–190 °C without exceeding this reaction temperature and increasing the reaction time to 3 h from 1.5 h High yield transfer of Fe3O4-AuNPs was achieved using 4- dimethyl(amino)pyridine (DMAP) as phase transfer catalyst
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie Smith
- Chemistry Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Maureen McKeague
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Prom. Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Maria C DeRosa
- Chemistry Department, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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Reggente M, Masson P, Dollinger C, Palkowski H, Zafeiratos S, Jacomine L, Passeri D, Rossi M, Vrana NE, Pourroy G, Carradò A. Novel Alkali Activation of Titanium Substrates To Grow Thick and Covalently Bound PMMA Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5967-5977. [PMID: 29338177 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) is the most widely used metal in biomedical applications because of its biocompatibility; however, the significant difference in the mechanical properties between Ti and the surrounding tissues results in stress shielding which is detrimental for load-bearing tissues. In the current study, to attenuate the stress shielding effect, a new processing route was developed. It aimed at growing thick poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layers grafted on Ti substrates to incorporate a polymer component on Ti implants. However, the currently available methods do not allow the development of thick polymeric layers, reducing significantly their potential uses. The proposed route consists of an alkali activation of Ti substrates followed by a surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using a phosphonic acid derivative as a coupling agent and a polymerization initiator and malononitrile as a polymerization activator. The average thickness of the grown PMMA layers is approximately 1.9 μm. The Ti activation-performed in a NaOH solution-leads to a porous sodium titanate interlayer with a hierarchical structure and an open microporosity. It promotes the covalent grafting reaction because of high hydroxyl groups' content and enables establishing a further mechanical interlocking between the growing PMMA layer and the Ti substrate. As a result, the produced graduated structure possesses high Ti/PMMA adhesion strength (∼260 MPa). Moreover, the PMMA layer is (i) thicker compared to those obtained with the previously reported techniques (∼1.9 μm), (ii) stable in a simulated body fluid solution, and (iii) biocompatible. This strategy opens new opportunities toward hybrid prosthesis with adjustable mechanical properties with respect to host bone properties for personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Reggente
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (BASE), Sapienza University of Rome , Via Antonio Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick Masson
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Heinz Palkowski
- Clausthal University of Technology (TUC), IMET Institute of Metallurgy , Robert-Koch-Strasse 42, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Spyridon Zafeiratos
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Énergie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Leandro Jacomine
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, UPR 22 , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniele Passeri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (BASE), Sapienza University of Rome , Via Antonio Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering (BASE), Sapienza University of Rome , Via Antonio Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome , P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nihal Engin Vrana
- Protip Medical , 8 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unité , 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Fédération de Recherche Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand Est (FRMNGE) , P. le A. Moro 5, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Geneviève Pourroy
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Adele Carradò
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Compagnone D, Francia GD, Natale CD, Neri G, Seeber R, Tajani A. Chemical Sensors and Biosensors in Italy: A Review of the 2015 Literature. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17040868. [PMID: 28420110 PMCID: PMC5424745 DOI: 10.3390/s17040868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The contributions of Italian researchers to sensor research in 2015 is reviewed. The analysis of the activities in one year allows one to obtain a snapshot of the Italian scenario capturing the main directions of the research activities. Furthermore, the distance of more than one year makes meaningful the bibliometric analysis of the reviewed papers. The review shows a research community distributed among different scientific disciplines, from chemistry, physics, engineering, and material science, with a strong interest in collaborative works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Girolamo Di Francia
- ENEA Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, P.le E. Fermi 1, Napoli 80055, Italy.
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Renato Seeber
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Antonella Tajani
- Department of Physical Science and Technologies of Matter, National Research Council, 00133 Roma, Italy.
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Silvestri A, Mondini S, Marelli M, Pifferi V, Falciola L, Ponti A, Ferretti AM, Polito L. Synthesis of Water Dispersible and Catalytically Active Gold-Decorated Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7117-26. [PMID: 27328722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hetero-nanoparticles represent an important family of composite nanomaterials that in the past years are attracting ever-growing interest. Here, we report a new strategy for the synthesis of water dispersible cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoxFe3-xO4 NPs) decorated with ultrasmall (2-3 nm) gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The synthetic procedure is based on the use of 2,3-meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), which plays a double role. First, it transfers cobalt ferrite NPs from the organic phase to aqueous media. Second, the DMSA reductive power promotes the in situ nucleation of gold NPs in proximity of the magnetic NP surface. Following this procedure, we achieved a water dispersible nanosystem (CoxFe3-xO4-DMSA-Au NPs) which combines the cobalt ferrite magnetic properties with the catalytic features of ultrasmall Au NPs. We showed that CoxFe3-xO4-DMSA-Au NPs act as an efficient nanocatalyst to reduce 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol and that they can be magnetically recovered and recycled. It is noteworthy that such nanosystem is more catalytically active than Au NPs with equal size. Finally, a complete structural and chemical characterization of the hetero-NPs is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvestri
- Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mondini
- Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Falciola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ponti
- Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ferretti
- Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
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