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Drummond IY, DePaolo A, Krieger M, Driscoll H, Eckstrom K, Spatafora GA. Small regulatory RNAs are mediators of the Streptococcus mutans SloR regulon. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543485. [PMID: 37398324 PMCID: PMC10312646 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is among the most prevalent chronic infectious diseases worldwide. Streptococcus mutans , the chief causative agent of caries, uses a 25 kDa manganese dependent SloR protein to coordinate the uptake of essential manganese with the transcription of its virulence attributes. Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) can either enhance or repress gene expression and reports in the literature ascribe an emerging role for sRNAs in the environmental stress response. Herein, we identify 18-50 nt sRNAs as mediators of the S. mutans SloR and manganese regulons. Specifically, the results of sRNA-seq revealed 56 sRNAs in S. mutans that were differentially transcribed in the SloR-proficient UA159 and SloR-deficient GMS584 strains, and 109 sRNAs that were differentially expressed in UA159 cells grown in the presence of low versus high manganese. We describe SmsR1532 and SmsR1785 as SloR- and/or manganese-responsive sRNAs that are processed from large transcripts, and that bind SloR directly in their promoter regions. The predicted targets of these sRNAs include regulators of metal ion transport, growth management via a toxin-antitoxin operon, and oxidative stress tolerance. These findings support a role for sRNAs in coordinating intracellular metal ion homeostasis with virulence gene control in an important oral cariogen. IMPORTANCE Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are critical mediators of environmental signaling, particularly in bacterial cells under stress, but their role in Streptococcus mutans is poorly understood. S. mutans, the principal causative agent of dental caries, uses a 25 kDa manganese-dependent protein, called SloR, to coordinate the regulated uptake of essential metal ions with the transcription of its virulence genes. In the present study, we identified and characterize sRNAs that are both SloR- and manganese-responsive. Taken together, this research can elucidate the details of regulatory networks that engage sRNAs in an important oral pathogen, and that can enable the development of an effective anti-caries therapeutic.
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陈 冬, 林 焕. [Research Updates: Cariogenic Mechanism of Streptococcus mutans]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2022; 53:208-213. [PMID: 35332719 PMCID: PMC10409355 DOI: 10.12182/20220360508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dental caries remains high, posing a major burden on the public health of the global society. Microorganisms are the main cause of dental caries, among which Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans) is one of the most widely recognized cariogenic bacteria. In recent years, the progress in research technology enabled the academic circle to conduct more in-depth research into caries-inducing S. mutans at the DNA, RNA and protein levels, and to gain thereby a new understanding of the surface structure and extracellular matrix composition of S. mutans. In this paper, we summarized recent findings on the cariogenic mechanism of S. mutans in order to help reveal more targets and potential approaches for the future development of caries prevention agents that target S. mutans, and to promote the development of dental caries prevention campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- 冬茹 陈
- 中山大学光华口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (广州 510055)Guanghua College of Stomatology and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- 广东省口腔医学重点实验室 (广州 510055)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - 焕彩 林
- 中山大学光华口腔医学院·附属口腔医院 (广州 510055)Guanghua College of Stomatology and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- 广东省口腔医学重点实验室 (广州 510055)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
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Liu Y, Liu S, Zhi Q, Zhuang P, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Sun Y. Arginine-induced metabolomic perturbation in Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2015166. [PMID: 35024088 PMCID: PMC8745357 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.2015166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus mutans is a major pathogen responsible for dental caries. Arginine is a promising potential caries preventive agent which can inhibit the growth of S. mutans. However, the mechanism whereby arginine inhibits S. mutans growth remains unclear. Aim To assess the impact of arginine-induced metabolomic perturbations on S. mutans under biofilm conditions. Methods We identified 5,933 and 7,413 ions in positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI-) electrospray ion modes, respectively, with a total of 11.05% and 11.58% differential ions subsequently detected in two respective modes. Further analyses of these metabolites led to identification of 8 and 22 metabolic pathways that were affected by arginine treatment in ESI+ and ESI- modes., Results Once or twice daily treatments of S. mutans biofilms with arginine resulted in reductions in biofilm biomass. Significant reductions in EPS production were observed following twice daily arginine treatments. Identified metabolites that were significantly differentially abundant following arginine treatment were associated with glycolysis metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and peptidoglycan synthesis. Conclusions Arginine can reduce S. mutans biofilm growth and acid production by inhibiting glycolysis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and peptidoglycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qinghui Zhi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peilin Zhuang
- Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongxiu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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徐 丽, 刘 姗, 王 敏, 刘 芳, 张 容, 张 凯. [Regulatory role of small RNA srn821978 in mutacin IV expression in Streptococcus mutans]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1725-1732. [PMID: 34916201 PMCID: PMC8685694 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the role of small RNA srn821798 in posttranscriptional regulation of mutacin IV expression in Streptococcus mutans. METHODS The potential target genes of srn821978 were predicted using RNAhybrid, RNAPredator and IntaRNA. We collected 10 Streptococcus mutans (S.muans) strains with high expression of mutacin IV and another 10 S.muans strains that did not express mutacin IV screened by inhibition zone test, and the expression levels of srn821798 and the candidate target genes in these strains were detected by qPCR. Using synthesized mimics and inhibitors of srn821798, we constructed S.muans strains with high or low srn821798 expression via electroporation based on the standard strain of S.muans UA159, and analyzed the expression levels of srn821798 and its candidate target genes in these strains. We also examined the binding ability of srn821798 to its target gene sepM using electrophoresis and a dual- luciferase reporter system. RESULTS The expression levels of the candidate target genes of srn821798 including sepM, comD, comE, nlmA and nlmB were significantly higher while the expression level of srn821798 was significantly lower in clinical S.muans strains with high expression of mutacin IV than in those without mutacin IV expression (P < 0.05). Although the expression levels of the candidate target genes in strains with up- regulated or down- regulated srn821798 expression did not differ significantly from those in the standard strain, the expression level of sepM showed a trend of differential distribution, and srn821798 was predicted to have a strong binding ability to sepM action site. CONCLUSION srn821798 may play a regulatory role in the expression of mutacin IV in S.muans, but the underlying mechanism remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- 丽 徐
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院口腔科,安徽 蚌埠 233004Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu233004, China
| | - 姗姗 刘
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院口腔科,安徽 蚌埠 233004Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu233004, China
| | - 敏 王
- 蚌埠医学院第二附属医院口腔科,安徽 蚌埠 233040Department of Stomatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu233040, China
| | - 芳 刘
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院口腔科,安徽 蚌埠 233004Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu233004, China
| | - 容秀 张
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院口腔科,安徽 蚌埠 233004Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu233004, China
| | - 凯 张
- 蚌埠医学院第一附属医院口腔科,安徽 蚌埠 233004Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu233004, China
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Oogai Y, Nakata M. Small regulatory RNAs of oral streptococci and periodontal bacteria. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:209-216. [PMID: 34745393 PMCID: PMC8551640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) belong to a family of non-coding RNAs, and many of which regulate expression of genes via interaction with mRNA. The recent popularity of high-throughput next generation sequencers have presented abundant sRNA-related data, including sRNAs of several different oral bacterial species. Some sRNA candidates have been validated in terms of their expression and interaction with target mRNAs. Since the oral cavity is an environment constantly exposed to various stimuli, such as fluctuations in temperature and pH, and osmotic pressure, as well as changes in nutrient availability, oral bacteria require rapid control of gene expression for adaptation to such diverse conditions, while regulation via interactions of sRNAs with mRNA provides advantages for rapid adaptation. This review summarizes methods effective for identification and validation of sRNAs, as well as sRNAs identified to be associated with oral bacterial species, including cariogenic and periodontal pathogens, together with their confirmed and putative target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Oogai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
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Recent Research Advances in Small Regulatory RNAs in Streptococcus. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2231-2241. [PMID: 33963446 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are a class of regulatory RNAs 20-500 nucleotides in length, which have recently been discovered in prokaryotic organisms. sRNAs are key regulators in many biological processes, such as sensing various environmental changes and regulating intracellular gene expression through binding target mRNAs or proteins. Bacterial sRNAs have recently been rapidly mined, thus providing new insights into the regulatory network of biological functions in prokaryotes. Although most bacterial sRNAs have been discovered and studied in Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria, sRNAs have increasingly been predicted and verified in Gram-positive bacteria in the past decade. The genus Streptococcus includes many commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. However, current understanding of sRNA-mediated regulation in Streptococcus is limited. Most known sRNAs in Streptococcus are associated with the regulation of virulence. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding of the functions and mechanisms of sRNAs in Streptococcus, and we discuss the RNA chaperone protein and synthetic sRNA-mediated gene regulation, with the aim of providing a reference for the study of microbial sRNAs.
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Liu S, Li H, Zhang K, Guo Z, Zheng Q, Hu F, Zhang W, Sun Y, Guan JC. Phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Streptococcus mutans isolates from site-specific dental plaque in China. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33459586 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Streptococcus mutans is an important cariogenic microbe.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. The potential characteristics of S. mutans isolates from site-specific dental plaque are still not clear.Aim. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of S. mutans isolates from site-specific dental plaque in China.Methodology. We used S. mutans isolated from children with early-childhood caries (ECC) and caries-free children to compare the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of S. mutans from site-specific dental plaque samples. The ECC subjects presented two sites: a cavitated lesion and a sound surface. The caries-free subjects presented one sound surface. Growth pattern, biofilm, decrease in pH, extracellular polysaccharide, expression levels of virulence-related genes, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and phylogenetic trees were evaluated among these three sites.Results. The phenotypes detected between the cavitated and sound surfaces of ECC children were similar. However, the capacity for biofilm formation, pH drop and expression levels of genes (gtfB and spaP) of S. mutans in the caries-free group were lower compared with those of the ECC group. We identified 44 new alleles and 77 new sequence types. More than 90 % of the children with ECC shared an identical sequence type. The distribution of sequence types among different subjects showed diversity, and child-to-child transmission was detected.Conclusions. This is the first report of MLST on site-specific dental plaques in a single subject, and indicates that S. mutans isolated from site-specific dental plaque of a single subject showed similar phenotypes as a result of the isolates were closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Zhenfei Guo
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Qingwei Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Fuyong Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
| | - Jun-Chang Guan
- Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, PR China
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Proteomic and metabolic characterization of membrane vesicles derived from Streptococcus mutans at different pH values. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9733-9748. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Shanmugam K, Sarveswari HB, Udayashankar A, Swamy SS, Pudipeddi A, Shanmugam T, Solomon AP, Neelakantan P. Guardian genes ensuring subsistence of oral Streptococcus mutans. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:475-491. [PMID: 32720594 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1796579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the substantial research advancements on oral diseases, dental caries remains a major healthcare burden. A disease of microbial dysbiosis, dental caries is characterised by the formation of biofilms that assist demineralisation and destruction of the dental hard tissues. While it is well understood that this is a multi-kingdom biofilm-mediated disease, it has been elucidated that acid producing and acid tolerant bacteria play pioneering roles in the process. Specifically, Streptococcus mutans houses major virulence pathways that enable it to thrive in the oral cavity and cause caries. This pathogen adheres to the tooth substrate, forms biofilms, resists external stress, produces acids, kills closely related species, and survives the acid as well as the host clearance mechanisms. For an organism to be able to confer such virulence, it requires a large and complex gene network which synergise to establish disease. In this review, we have charted how these multi-faceted genes control several caries-related functions of Streptococcus mutans. In a futuristic thinking approach, we also briefly discuss the potential roles of omics and machine learning, to ease the study of non-functional genes that may play a major role and enable the integration of experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthi Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Hema Bhagavathi Sarveswari
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Akshaya Udayashankar
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Shogan Sugumar Swamy
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Akhila Pudipeddi
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Tamilarasi Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Lei L, Yang Y, Yang Y, Wu S, Ma X, Mao M, Hu T. Mechanisms by Which Small RNAs Affect Bacterial Activity. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1315-1323. [PMID: 31547763 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519876898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity contains a distinct habitat that supports diverse bacterial flora. Recent observations have provided additional evidence that sRNAs are key regulators of bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. These sRNAs have been divided into 5 functional groups: cis-encoded RNAs, trans-encoded RNAs, RNA regulators of protein activity, bacterial CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) RNAs, and a novel category of miRNA-size small RNAs (msRNAs). In this review, we discuss a critical group of key commensal and opportunistic oral pathogens. In general, supragingival bacterial sRNAs function synergistically to fine-tune the regulation of cellular processes and stress responses in adaptation to environmental changes. Particularly in the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans, both the antisense vicR RNA and msRNA1657 can impede the metabolism of bacterial exopolysaccharides, prevent biofilm formation, and suppress its cariogenicity. In Enterococcus faecalis, selected sRNAs control the expression of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes and stress responses. In subgingival plaques, sRNAs from periodontal pathogens can function as novel bacterial signaling molecules that mediate bacterial-human interactions in periodontal homeostasis. In Porphyromonas gingivalis, the expression profiles of putative sRNA101 and sRNA42 were found to respond to hemin availability after hemin starvation. Regarding Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), a major periodontal pathogen associated with aggressive periodontitis, the predicted sRNAs interact with several virulence genes, including those encoding leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin. Furthermore, in clinical isolates, these associated RNAs could be explored not only as potential biomarkers for oral disease monitoring but also as alternative types of regulators for drug design. Thus, this emerging subspecialty of bacterial regulatory RNAs could reshape our understanding of bacterial gene regulation from their key roles of endogenous regulatory RNAs to their activities in pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - S Wu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - M Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liu S, Li H, Guo Z, Guan J, Sun Y, Zhang K. Insight into the Effect of Small RNA srn225147 on Mutacin IV in Streptococcus mutans. Indian J Microbiol 2019; 59:445-450. [PMID: 31762507 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-019-00820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a serious microbe causing dental caries. Mutacin IV is an effective bacteriocin produced by S. mutans to antagonize numerous non-mutans streptococcal species. However, the posttranscriptional regulation of mutacin IV remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the effect of small RNA srn225147 on mutacin IV. The functional prediction suggested that srn225147 is involved in the production of mutacin IV, an important secondary metabolite. According to RNAhybrid and RNAPredator prediction, the mutacin IV formation-associated gene comD is a target of srn225147. We further analyzed the roles of srn225147 and comD in 20 S. mutans clinical strains with high production of mutacin IV (High-IV group) and lacking mutacin IV (None-IV group). Levels of comD expression were significantly higher in the High-IV group, whereas the Non-IV group showed relatively higher expression of srn225147, with a negative correlation observed between srn225147 and comD. Moreover, compared to the mimic negative control (NC) group, comD expression was decreased at 400-fold srn225147 overexpression but increased at approximately 1400-fold overexpression. Although the production of mutacin IV in the 1400-fold change srn225147 mimic group was larger than that in the 400-fold change mimic group, there was no significant difference in the production of mutacin IV between the srn225147 mimic group and mimic NC group. These results indicate that srn225147 has a two-way regulation effect on the expression of comD but that its regulation in the production of mutacin IV is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- 1Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004 China
| | - Huihui Li
- 2Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu, 233030 China
| | - Zhenfei Guo
- 1Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004 China
| | - Junchang Guan
- 2Department of Microbiology and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu, 233030 China
| | - Yu Sun
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu, 233030 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- 1Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287 Chang Huai Road, Bengbu, 233004 China
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Effect of Different Glucose Concentrations on Small RNA Levels and Adherence of Streptococcus mutans. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:1238-1246. [PMID: 31377819 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) adheres to the tooth surface, metabolizes carbohydrates, and produces acid products, leading to enamel demineralization-the onset of dental caries. Rapid acidification by S. mutans has been observed in the presence of glucose. However, little is known about the role of small RNAs (sRNAs) in S. mutans in the presence of glucose and their relationship to tooth adherence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of sRNAs in S. mutans (18-50 nucleotides) regarding adherence capacity under 1% and 5% glucose concentrations. The pH drop and adherence capacity in the 1% glucose condition were similar to these parameters under conditions of 5% sucrose that were published in our previous study. A total of 2149 candidate sRNA with at least 100 average reads in the 5% and 1% glucose libraries were obtained. Between the two libraries, 581 sRNAs were differentially expressed and 43 sRNAs were verified. However, the expression levels of the predicted target genes gtfC and spaP were similar between the 1% and 5% glucose conditions. The bioinformatic analysis suggested that differentially expressed sRNAs may be involved in several pathways. These findings indicate that sRNAs were induced under these glucose concentrations and a series of sRNAs were specifically induced, respectively. sRNAs that are induced under glucose stress may be involved in regulating adherence of S. mutans.
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Bedoya-Correa CM, Rincón Rodríguez RJ, Parada-Sanchez MT. Genomic and phenotypic diversity of Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Biosci 2019; 61:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zhu W, Liu S, Liu J, Zhou Y, Lin H. High-throughput sequencing identification and characterization of potentially adhesion-related small RNAs in Streptococcus mutans. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:641-651. [PMID: 29595415 PMCID: PMC5994696 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adherence capacity is one of the principal virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans, and adhesion virulence factors are controlled by small RNAs (sRNAs) at the post-transcriptional level in various bacteria. Here, we aimed to identify and decipher putative adhesion-related sRNAs in clinical strains of S. mutans. Methodology RNA deep-sequencing was performed to identify potential sRNAs under different adhesion conditions. The expression of sRNAs was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and bioinformatic methods were used to predict the functional characteristics of sRNAs. Results A total of 736 differentially expressed candidate sRNAs were predicted, and these included 352 sRNAs located on the antisense to mRNA (AM) and 384 sRNAs in intergenic regions (IGRs). The top 7 differentially expressed sRNAs were successfully validated by qRT-PCR in UA159, and 2 of these were further confirmed in 100 clinical isolates. Moreover, the sequences of two sRNAs were conserved in other Streptococcus species, indicating a conserved role in such closely related species. A good correlation between the expression of sRNAs and the adhesion of 100 clinical strains was observed, which, combined with GO and KEGG, provides a perspective for the comprehension of sRNA function annotation. Conclusion This study revealed a multitude of novel putative adhesion-related sRNAs in S. mutans and contributed to a better understanding of information concerning the transcriptional regulation of adhesion in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, PR China
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15
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Zhu W, Liu S, Zhuang P, Liu J, Wang Y, Lin H. Characterization of acid‑tolerance‑associated small RNAs in clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans: Potential biomarkers for caries prevention. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9242-9250. [PMID: 29039505 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a cariogenic bacterium that contributes to dental caries due to its ability to produce lactic acid, which acidifies the local environment. The potential of S. mutans to respond to environmental stress and tolerate low pH is essential for its survival and predominance in caries lesions. Small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) have been reported to be involved in bacterial stress and virulence. Few studies have investigated the sRNAs of S. mutans and the function of these sRNAs remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the association between sRNA133474 and acid tolerance, including potential underlying mechanisms, were investigated within clinical strains of S. mutans. From pediatric dental plaques, 20 strains of S. mutans were isolated. An acid killing assay was performed to analyze acid tolerance of S. mutans. Expression patterns of sRNA133474 were investigated during various growth phases under various acidic conditions via reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RNA predator and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed to predict target mRNAs of sRNA133474 and to examine the involvement of putative pathways of target mRNAs, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that sRNA133474 activity was growth phase‑dependent, and two distinct expression patterns were identified in 10 clinical strains. At pH 5.5 and 7.5 the expression levels of sRNA133474 were significantly different, and high‑acid tolerant strains exhibited reduced expression levels of sRNA133474 compared with low‑acid tolerant strains. A correlation between sRNA133474 expression levels and acid tolerance was observed in 20 clinical isolates of S. mutans (r=‑0.6298, P<0.01). Finally, five target mRNAs (liaS, liaR, comE, covR and ciaR) involved in the two‑component system (TCS) were selected for further evaluation; the expression levels of three target mRNAs (liaR, ciaR and covR) were negatively correlated with sRNA133474 expression levels. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that S. mutans may utilize sRNA133474 to orchestrate TCSs for optimal adaption to acidic pH in clinical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Peilin Zhuang
- Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
| | - Huancai Lin
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510055, P.R. China
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16
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胡 桐, 郑 伟, 李 少, 董 洁, 王 心, 王 成, 邵 宁, 储 冰. [Changes in expressions of sRNA SpR19 and its potential target GroEL in Streptococcus mutans strains with different cariogenicity cultured under different pH conditions]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:802-806. [PMID: 28669956 PMCID: PMC6744155 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.06.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes in the expression level of sRNA SpR19 and its potential target protein GroEL in clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans with different cariogenicity exposed to different pH conditions and explore the possibility of using these molecules as biomarkers for assessing the cariogenicity of the bacteria. METHODS The total RNAs were extracted from the clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans with high (strain 17) and low cariogenicity (strain 5) for high-throughput sequencing for profiling of the differentially expressed sRNAs. The candidate sRNA, SpR19, was selected for further study on the basis of bioinformatics analysis considering the role of its potential target in the cariogenic process. The differential expression levels of SpR19 in the strains exposed to both pH5.5 and pH7 culture conditions were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression of the potential target of SpR19, GroEL, was also investigated at both the protein and mRNA level using Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Bioinformatic analysis suggested multiple potential target sites of SpR19 both in GroEL mRNA and in the upstream and downstream inter-genic regions. Under different pH conditions, the highly cariogenic strain 17 expressed consistently low levels of SpR19 as compared with the strain 5 with a low cariogenicity; GroEL showed a reverse expression pattern in the 2 strains. An inverse correlation was found between the expressions of SpR19 and GroEL. CONCLUSION The highly cariogenic strain 17 expressed low levels of SpR19 and high levels of GroEL in both acidic and neutral culture conditions. SpR19 may negatively regulate the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutants by targeting at GroEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- 桐楠 胡
- 解放军总医院口腔科,北京 100853Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - 伟 郑
- 军事医学科学院基础医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 少华 李
- 军事医学科学院基础医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 洁 董
- 军事医学科学院基础医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 心玲 王
- 解放军总后勤部第一门诊部口腔中心,北京 100842Center of Stomatology, First Out-patient Clinics, Department of General Logistics of PLA, Beijing 100842, China
| | - 成龙 王
- 解放军总医院口腔科,北京 100853Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - 宁生 邵
- 军事医学科学院基础医学研究所,北京 100850Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - 冰峰 储
- 解放军总医院口腔科,北京 100853Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
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Analysis of sucrose-induced small RNAs in Streptococcus mutans in the presence of different sucrose concentrations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5739-5748. [PMID: 28567481 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the major pathogen contributing to dental caries. Sucrose is an important carbohydrate source for S. mutans and is crucial for dental caries. Small RNAs (sRNAs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of stress adaptation and virulence in bacteria. Here, for the first time, we created three replicate RNA libraries exposed to either 1 or 5% sucrose. The expression levels of sRNAs and target genes (gtfB, gtfC, and spaP) related to virulence were assessed. In addition, some phenotypic traits were evaluated. We obtained 2125 sRNA candidates with at least 100 average reads in 1% sucrose or 5% sucrose. Of these candidates, 2 were upregulated and 20 were downregulated in 1% sucrose. Six of these 22 differentially expressed sRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. The expression level of target gene gtfB was higher in 1% sucrose. The adherence ratio of S. mutans was higher in 1% sucrose than in 5% sucrose. The synthesis of water-insoluble glucans (WIGs) was significantly higher in 5% sucrose than in 1% sucrose. These data suggest that a series of sRNAs can be induced in response to sucrose, and that some sRNAs might be involved in the regulation of phenotypes, providing new insight into the prevention of caries.
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Jiang S, Chen S, Zhang C, Zhao X, Huang X, Cai Z. Effect of the Biofilm Age and Starvation on Acid Tolerance of Biofilm Formed by Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Caries-Active and Caries-Free Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040713. [PMID: 28358306 PMCID: PMC5412299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is considered a leading cause of dental caries. The capability of S. mutans to tolerate low pH is essential for its cariogenicity. Aciduricity of S. mutans is linked to its adaptation to environmental stress in oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biofilm age and starvation condition on acid tolerance of biofilm formed by S. mutans clinical isolates. S. mutans clinical strains isolated from caries-active (SM593) and caries-free (SM18) adults and a reference strain (ATCC25175) were used for biofilm formation. (1) Both young and mature biofilms were formed and then exposed to pH 3.0 for 30 min with (acid-adapted group) or without (non-adapted group) pre-exposure to pH 5.5 for three hours. (2) The mature biofilms were cultured with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (starved group) or TPY (polypeptone-yeast extract) medium (non-starved group) at pH 7.0 for 24 h and then immersed in medium of pH 3.0 for 30 min. Biofilms were analyzed through viability staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In all three strains, mature, acid-adapted and starved biofilms showed significantly less destructive structure and more viable bacteria after acid shock than young, non-adapted and non-starved biofilms, respectively (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, in each condition, SM593 biofilm was denser, with a significantly larger number of viable bacteria than that of SM18 and ATCC25175 (all p < 0.05). Findings demonstrated that mature, acid-adapted and starvation might protect biofilms of all three S. mutans strains against acid shock. Additionally, SM593 exhibited greater aciduricity compared to SM18 and ATCC25175, which indicated that the colonization of high cariogenicity of clinical strains may lead to high caries risk in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Comprehensive Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xingfu Zhao
- Department of Endodontology, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, 75 North Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300000, China.
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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