1
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Nikanjam M, Wells K, Kato S, Adashek JJ, Block S, Kurzrock R. Reverse repurposing: Potential utility of cancer drugs in nonmalignant illnesses. MED 2024:S2666-6340(24)00178-8. [PMID: 38749442 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Growth and immune process dysregulation can result in both cancer and nonmalignant disease (hereditary or acquired, with and without predisposition to malignancy). Moreover, perhaps unexpectedly, many nonmalignant illnesses harbor genomic alterations indistinguishable from druggable oncogenic drivers. Therefore, targeted compounds used successfully to treat cancer may have therapeutic potential for nonmalignant conditions harboring the same target. MEK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and NRG1/ERBB pathway genes have all been implicated in both cancer and noncancerous conditions, and several cognate antagonists, as well as Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and CD20-directed antibodies, have established or theoretical therapeutic potential to bridge cancer and benign diseases. Intriguingly, pharmacologically tractable cancer drivers characterize a wide spectrum of disorders without malignant potential, including but not limited to Alzheimer's disease and a variety of other neurodegenerative conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, achondroplastic dwarfism, and endometriosis. Expanded repositioning of oncology agents in order to benefit benign but serious medical illnesses is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nikanjam
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn Wells
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shumei Kato
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacob J Adashek
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shanna Block
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA; WIN Consortium, Chevilly-Larue, France.
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2
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Chauhan S, Jaiswal S, Jakhmola V, Singh B, Bhattacharya S, Garg M, Sengupta S. Potential role of p53 deregulation in modulating immune responses in human malignancies: A paradigm to develop immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216766. [PMID: 38408603 PMCID: PMC7615729 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The crucial role played by the oncogenic expression of TP53, stemming from mutation or amyloid formation, in various human malignancies has been extensively studied over the past two decades. Interestingly, the potential role of TP53 as a crucial player in modulating immune responses has provided new insight into the field of cancer biology. The loss of p53's transcriptional functions and/or the acquisition of tumorigenic properties can efficiently modulate the recruitment and functions of myeloid and lymphoid cells, ultimately leading to the evasion of immune responses in human tumors. Consequently, the oncogenic nature of the tumor suppressor p53 can dynamically alter the function of immune cells, providing support for tumor progression and metastasis. This review comprehensively explores the dual role of p53 as both the guardian of the genome and an oncogenic driver, especially in the context of regulation of autophagy, apoptosis, the tumor microenvironment, immune cells, innate immunity, and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, the focus of this review centers on how p53 status in the immune response can be harnessed for the development of tailored therapeutic strategies and their potential application in immunotherapy against human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Shivani Jaiswal
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Vibhuti Jakhmola
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Bhavana Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Sujata Bhattacharya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India.
| | - Shinjinee Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noda, 201313, India.
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3
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Polykretis P, Donzelli A, Lindsay JC, Wiseman D, Kyriakopoulos AM, Mörz M, Bellavite P, Fukushima M, Seneff S, McCullough PA. Autoimmune inflammatory reactions triggered by the COVID-19 genetic vaccines in terminally differentiated tissues. Autoimmunity 2023; 56:2259123. [PMID: 37710966 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2023.2259123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the spread of SARS-CoV-2, a global pandemic was declared. Indiscriminate COVID-19 vaccination has been extended to include age groups and naturally immune people with minimal danger of suffering serious complications due to COVID-19. Solid immuno-histopathological evidence demonstrates that the COVID-19 genetic vaccines can display a wide distribution within the body, affecting tissues that are terminally differentiated and far away from the injection site. These include the heart and brain, which may incur in situ production of spike protein eliciting a strong autoimmunological inflammatory response. Due to the fact that every human cell which synthesises non-self antigens, inevitably becomes the target of the immune system, and since the human body is not a strictly compartmentalised system, accurate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies are needed in order to determine precisely which tissues can be harmed. Therefore, our article aims to draw the attention of the scientific and regulatory communities to the critical need for biodistribution studies for the genetic vaccines against COVID-19, as well as for rational harm-benefit assessments by age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Polykretis
- "Allineare Sanità e Salute" Foundation, Milano, Italy
- Independent Medical Scientific Commission (CMSi), Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Donzelli
- "Allineare Sanità e Salute" Foundation, Milano, Italy
- Independent Medical Scientific Commission (CMSi), Milano, Italy
| | - Janci C Lindsay
- Toxicology & Molecular Biology, Toxicology Support Services, LLC, Sealy, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie Seneff
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Karami Fath M, Babakhaniyan K, Zokaei M, Yaghoubian A, Akbari S, Khorsandi M, Soofi A, Nabi-Afjadi M, Zalpoor H, Jalalifar F, Azargoonjahromi A, Payandeh Z, Alagheband Bahrami A. Anti-cancer peptide-based therapeutic strategies in solid tumors. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:33. [PMID: 35397496 PMCID: PMC8994312 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, conventional medical treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy cannot cure all types of cancer. A promising approach to treat solid tumors is the use of tumor-targeting peptides to deliver drugs or active agents selectively. Result Introducing beneficial therapeutic approaches, such as therapeutic peptides and their varied methods of action against tumor cells, can aid researchers in the discovery of novel peptides for cancer treatment. The biomedical applications of therapeutic peptides are highly interesting. These peptides, owing to their high selectivity, specificity, small dimensions, high biocompatibility, and easy modification, provide good opportunities for targeted drug delivery. In recent years, peptides have shown considerable promise as therapeutics or targeting ligands in cancer research and nanotechnology. Conclusion This study reviews a variety of therapeutic peptides and targeting ligands in cancer therapy. Initially, three types of tumor-homing and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are described, and then their applications in breast, glioma, colorectal, and melanoma cancer research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimiya Babakhaniyan
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Zokaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beyza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Beyza, Iran
| | - Azadeh Yaghoubian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Akbari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Khorsandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asma Soofi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of biological science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- American Association of Kidney Patients, Tampa, FL, USA.,Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Jalalifar
- School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Payandeh
- Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Armina Alagheband Bahrami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Chen X, Li H, Liu Y, Liu J, Sun Y, Wu J, Xiong Z, Cao W. The contribution of the LOC105371267 and MRPS30-DT genetic polymorphisms to IgA nephropathy in the Chinese Han population. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:11718-11727. [PMID: 34786099 PMCID: PMC8581847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Genetic factors are reported to play an essential role in IgAN progression. This study was designed to investigate the association between LOC105371267 and MRPS30-DT and IgAN risk among the Chinese Han population. METHODS Six SNPs were genotyped. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the effects of the candidate SNPs on IgAN. The SNP-SNP interaction was analyzed using multifactor dimensionality reduction. RESULTS We observed that only LOC105371267 had a relationship with IgAN. The results indicated an association between the genotype "CC" and a decreased IgAN risk (OR=0.44, P=0.014). The stratification analysis of the patients over 35 years old showed that rs3931698 contributes to IgAN susceptibility in the "GT" genotype (OR=1.78, P=0.038), while rs8044565 showed a significantly decreased risk-effect with IgAN ("T", OR=0.59, P=0.006; "CC", OR=0.15, P=0.015; "CC-CT", OR=0.59, P=0.023; Log-additive, OR=0.56, P=0.005). rs8044565 was correlated with a decreased susceptibility of IgAN in males ("CC", OR=0.27, P=0.006) and in patients with a Lee's grade ≥III ("CC", OR=0.46, P=0.046). We found rs8044565 is related to systolic blood pressure and urinary casts and rs3852740 has a relationship with the serum C3 and hemoglobin levels (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that the SNPs in long non-coding RNAs might be related to IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineXi’an 710021, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Nephrology, Xi’an Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese MedicineXi’an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest UniversityXi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest UniversityXi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest UniversityXi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest UniversityXi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest UniversityXi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zichao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest UniversityXi’an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Xi’an Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineXi’an 710021, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Nephrology, Xi’an Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese MedicineXi’an 710021, Shaanxi, China
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6
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Arena A, Stigliano A, Belcastro E, Giorda E, Rosado MM, Grossi A, Assenza MR, Moretti F, Fierabracci A. p53 Activation Effect in the Balance of T Regulatory and Effector Cell Subsets in Patients With Thyroid Cancer and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728381. [PMID: 34539667 PMCID: PMC8442659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas evade the host immune system by negatively modulating CD4+ and CD8+ T effector lymphocytes through forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) positive T regulatory cells’ increased activity. Furthermore, interaction of the programmed cell death 1 (PD1) molecule and its ligand programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) inhibits the antitumor activity of PD1+ T lymphocytes. Immunotherapy has become a powerful strategy for tailored cancer patients’ treatment both in adult and pediatric patients aiming to generate potent antitumor responses. Nevertheless, immunotherapies can generate autoimmune responses. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of the transformation-related protein 53 (p53) reactivation by a peptide-based inhibitor of the MDM2/MDM4 heterodimer (Pep3) on the immune response in a solid cancer, i.e., thyroid carcinoma frequently presenting with thyroid autoimmunity. In peripheral blood mononuclear cell of thyroid cancer patients, Pep3 treatment alters percentages of CD8+ and CD4+ T regulatory and CD8+ and CD4+ T effector cells and favors an anticancer immune response. Of note that reduced frequencies of activated CD8+ and CD4+ T effector cells do not support autoimmunity progression. In evaluating PD1 expression under p53 activation, a significant decrease of activated CD4+PD1+ cells was detected in thyroid cancer patients, suggesting a defective regulation in the initial activation stage, therefore generating a protective condition toward autoimmune progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arena
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Stigliano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria S. Andrea, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Manuela Rosado
- Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Internal Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Grossi
- Unit of Endocrine Pathology of Post-Tumoral and Chronic Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Assenza
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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7
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Bareke H, Juanes-Velasco P, Landeira-Viñuela A, Hernandez AP, Cruz JJ, Bellido L, Fonseca E, Niebla-Cárdenas A, Montalvillo E, Góngora R, Fuentes M. Autoimmune Responses in Oncology: Causes and Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158030. [PMID: 34360795 PMCID: PMC8347170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific anti-tumor immune responses have proven to be pivotal in shaping tumorigenesis and tumor progression in solid cancers. These responses can also be of an autoimmune nature, and autoantibodies can sometimes be present even before the onset of clinically overt disease. Autoantibodies can be generated due to mutated gene products, aberrant expression and post-transcriptional modification of proteins, a pro-immunogenic milieu, anti-cancer treatments, cross-reactivity of tumor-specific lymphocytes, epitope spreading, and microbiota-related and genetic factors. Understanding these responses has implications for both basic and clinical immunology. Autoantibodies in solid cancers can be used for early detection of cancer as well as for biomarkers of prognosis and treatment response. High-throughput techniques such as protein microarrays make parallel detection of multiple autoantibodies for increased specificity and sensitivity feasible, affordable, and quick. Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatments and has made a considerable impact on reducing cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. However, immunotherapeutic interventions such as immune checkpoint inhibition can induce immune-related toxicities, which can even be life-threatening. Uncovering the reasons for treatment-induced autoimmunity can lead to fine-tuning of cancer immunotherapy approaches to evade toxic events while inducing an effective anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halin Bareke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey;
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Pablo Juanes-Velasco
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Alicia Landeira-Viñuela
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Angela-Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Juan Jesús Cruz
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.J.C.); (L.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Lorena Bellido
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.J.C.); (L.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Emilio Fonseca
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.J.C.); (L.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Alfonssina Niebla-Cárdenas
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Enrique Montalvillo
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Rafael Góngora
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923-294-811
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8
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Lees A, Sessler T, McDade S. Dying to Survive-The p53 Paradox. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3257. [PMID: 34209840 PMCID: PMC8268032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor is best known for its canonical role as "guardian of the genome", activating cell cycle arrest and DNA repair in response to DNA damage which, if irreparable or sustained, triggers activation of cell death. However, despite an enormous amount of work identifying the breadth of the gene regulatory networks activated directly and indirectly in response to p53 activation, how p53 activation results in different cell fates in response to different stress signals in homeostasis and in response to p53 activating anti-cancer treatments remains relatively poorly understood. This is likely due to the complex interaction between cell death mechanisms in which p53 has been activated, their neighbouring stressed or unstressed cells and the local stromal and immune microenvironment in which they reside. In this review, we evaluate our understanding of the burgeoning number of cell death pathways affected by p53 activation and how these may paradoxically suppress cell death to ensure tissue integrity and organismal survival. We also discuss how these functions may be advantageous to tumours that maintain wild-type p53, the understanding of which may provide novel opportunity to enhance treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lees
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
| | | | - Simon McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
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9
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Hua J, Chen Y, Fu B, Chen X, Xu XJ, Yang SH, Chen C, Xu YJ. Downregulation of p53 by Insufficient CTCF in CD4 + T Cells Is an Important Factor Inducing Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568637. [PMID: 33133081 PMCID: PMC7550539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that p53 plays a protective role against various systemic autoimmune diseases by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and reducing the number of pathogenic T cells. However, whether abnormal p53 expression participates in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that p53 was downregulated in CD4+ T cells from patients with aGVHD compared with the non-aGVHD group. Furthermore, we confirmed that low expression of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in CD4+ T cells from aGVHD cases is an important factor affecting histone H3K9/K14 hypoacetylation in the p53 promoter and p53 downregulation. Restoring CTCF expression in CD4+ T cells from aGVHD patients increased p53 amounts and corrected the imbalance of Th17 cells/Tregs. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into p53 downregulation in CD4+ T cells from aGVHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hua
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue-Jun Xu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang-Hui Yang
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Jing Xu
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Marie RESM, Abd El‐ Fadeal NM, Atef LM. Expression of survivin and
p53
genes in patients with alopecia areata: A case–control study. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 62:e29-e34. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noha M Abd El‐ Fadeal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of MedicineSuez Canal University IsmailiaEgypt
- Oncology Diagnostic Unit Faculty of MedicineSuez Canal University IsmailiaEgypt
| | - Lina M Atef
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Faculty of Medicine Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
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11
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Bekele DI, Patnaik MM. Autoimmunity, Clonal Hematopoiesis, and Myeloid Neoplasms. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2020; 46:429-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Fan Z, Chen X, Liu L, Zhu C, Xu J, Yin X, Sheng Y, Zhu Z, Wen L, Zuo X, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Xu J, Huang H, Zhou F, Sun L, Luo J, Zhang D, Chen X, Cui Y, Hao Y, Cui Y, Zhang X, Chen R. Association of the Polymorphism rs13259960 in SLEAR With Predisposition to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:985-996. [PMID: 31930717 DOI: 10.1002/art.41200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies have identified many susceptibility loci for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, most of these loci are located in noncoding regions of the genome. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively expressed and have been reported to be involved in various diseases. This study aimed to explore the genetic significance of lncRNAs in SLE. METHODS A genome-wide survey of SLE risk variants in lncRNA gene loci was performed in Han Chinese subjects (4,556 with SLE and 9,451 healthy controls). The functional relevance of an SLE risk variant in one of the lncRNA genes was explored using biochemical and molecular cell biology analyses. In vitro loss-of-function and gain-of-function strategies were used to clarify the functional and phenotypic relevance of this SLE susceptibility lncRNA. Moreover, correlation of this lncRNA with the degree of apoptosis in the peripheral blood of SLE patients was evaluated. RESULTS A novel SLE susceptibility locus in a lncRNA gene, designated SLEAR (for SLE-associated RNA), was identified at the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs13259960 (odds ratio 1.35, Pcombined = 1.03 × 10-11 ). The A>G variation at rs13259960, located in an intronic enhancer, was found to impair STAT1 recruitment to the enhancer that loops to the SLEAR promoter, resulting in decreased SLEAR production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with SLE (3 with the G/G genotype, 22 with A/G, and 103 with A/A at rs13259960; P = 0.0241). Moreover, SLEAR interacted with the RNA binding proteins interleukin enhancer binding factor 2, heterogeneous nuclear RNP F, and TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15, to form a complex for transcriptional activation of the downstream antiapoptotic genes. In addition, SLEAR regulated apoptosis of Jurkat cells in vitro, and its expression level was correlated with the degree of cell death in the peripheral blood of patients with SLE (r = 0.824, P = 2.15 × 10-8 ; n = 30). CONCLUSION These findings suggest a mechanism by which the risk variant at rs13259960 modulates SLEAR expression and confers a predisposition to SLE. Taken together, these results may give insights into the etiology of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lu Liu
- Huashan Hospital and Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Huashan Hospital and Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Huashan Hospital and Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Huashan Hospital and Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhu
- Huashan Hospital and Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Leilei Wen
- Huashan Hospital and Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianbo Zuo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Huashan Hospital and Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingkai Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - He Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | | | | | - Ya Cui
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Hao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cui
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Huashan Hospital and Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runsheng Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, and Guangdong Geneway Decoding Bio-Tech Co. Ltd, Foshan, China
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Brant EJ, Rietman EA, Klement GL, Cavaglia M, Tuszynski JA. Personalized therapy design for systemic lupus erythematosus based on the analysis of protein-protein interaction networks. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226883. [PMID: 32191711 PMCID: PMC7081981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed protein expression data for Lupus patients, which have been obtained from publicly available databases. A combination of systems biology and statistical thermodynamics approaches was used to extract topological properties of the associated protein-protein interaction networks for each of the 291 patients whose samples were used to provide the molecular data. We have concluded that among the many proteins that appear to play critical roles in this pathology, most of them are either ribosomal proteins, ubiquitination pathway proteins or heat shock proteins. We propose some of the proteins identified in this study to be considered for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Brant
- Nephrology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Rietman
- BINDS lab, College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Mass, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- DIMEAS, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Tarragô AM, da Silva Neto PV, Ramasawmy R, Pereira GL, Toro DM, de Amorim Xabregas L, Costa AG, Victória MB, da Silva Victória F, Malheiro A. Combination of genetic polymorphisms in TLR influence cytokine profile in HCV patients treated with DAAs in the State of Amazonas. Cytokine 2020; 130:155052. [PMID: 32179425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a public health problem and affects approximately 3% of the world's population. HCV infections have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes of the toll-like receptors are cited to influence the clinical outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Amazonas State, Brazil in which SNPs in TLR4 and TLR9 genes were genotyped by PCR-RFLP in 151 HCV chronic liver disease patients and 206 healthy donors. The circulating cytokines IL-6, TNF, IL-10, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A were measured by cytometric bead array (CBA) which revealed that the combined genotypes of TLR9 -1237T/T and -1486C/T seem to influence the cytokine profile under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of the Th17 profile, especially among patients with advanced chronic liver disease when treated with DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Monteiro Tarragô
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Vieira da Silva Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Grenda Leite Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Diana Mota Toro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Lilyane de Amorim Xabregas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Allyson Guimaraes Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marilú Barbieri Victória
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Flamir da Silva Victória
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Malheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica, Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas (HEMOAM), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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15
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Pellegrino M, Traversi G, Arena A, Cappa M, Rosado MM, Andreani M, Delfino DV, Moretti F, Fierabracci A. Effect of p53 activation through targeting MDM2/MDM4 heterodimer on T regulatory and effector cells in the peripheral blood of Type 1 diabetes patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228296. [PMID: 31995625 PMCID: PMC6988923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various immunotherapies for the treatment of type 1 diabetes are currently under investigation. Some of these aim to rescue the remaining beta cells from autoimmune attack caused by the disease. Among the strategies employed, p53 has been envisaged as a possible target for immunomodulation. We studied the possible effect of p53 activation on Treg subsets and Treg/Teff balance in type 1 diabetes patients' PBMC. Upon p53 activation, we observed an increase in CD8+ Treg and activated CD8+ Teff whilst CD8+ Teff cells significantly decreased in healthy PBMC when stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28. No effect was detected on percentages of CD4+ Treg, while a reduction was seen in CD4+ Teff cells and an increase in activated CD4+ Teff cells. In patients' PBMC, upon p53 activation followed by 6 days of anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, CD8+ Treg and activated CD8+ Teff were increased while CD8+ Teff were decreased. No differences were detected in the CD4+ counterparts. CD8+ Teff PD1+, CD8+ Teff PD1low were increased upon p53 activation in type 1 diabetics compared to controls while CD8+ Teff PD1high were increased in both groups. The same increased percentages were detected for CD4+ counterparts. CD4+ Treg PD1high cells were decreased in diabetics upon p53 activation at day 6 of anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. In conclusion, a Teff dysregulation is observed upon p53 activation suggesting that molecules promoting p53 cannot be used for therapy in type 1 diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Pellegrino
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Traversi
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Endocrinology Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Manuela Rosado
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Andreani
- Transplantation Immunogenetics Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico V. Delfino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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16
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The specific seroreactivity to ∆Np73 isoforms shows higher diagnostic ability in colorectal cancer patients than the canonical p73 protein. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13547. [PMID: 31537884 PMCID: PMC6753153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49960-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53-family is tightly regulated at transcriptional level. Due to alternative splicing, up to 40 different theoretical proteoforms have been described for p73 and at least 20 and 10 for p53 and p63, respectively. However, only the canonical proteins have been evaluated as autoantibody targets in cancer patients for diagnosis. In this study, we have cloned and expressed in vitro the most upregulated proteoforms of p73, ΔNp73α and ΔNp73β, for the analysis of their seroreactivity by a developed luminescence based immunoassay test using 145 individual plasma from colorectal cancer, premalignant individuals and healthy controls. ∆Np73α seroreactivity showed the highest diagnostic ability to discriminate between groups. The combination of ∆Np73α, ∆Np73β and p73 proteoforms seroreactivity were able to improve their individual diagnostic ability. Competitive inhibition experiments further demonstrated the presence of unique specific epitopes in ΔNp73 isoforms not present in p73, with several colorectal patients showing unique and specific seroreactivity to the ΔNp73 proteoforms. Overall, we have increased the complexity of the humoral immune response to the p53-family in cancer patients, showing that the proteoforms derived from the alternative splicing of p73 possess a higher diagnostic ability than the canonical protein, which might be extensive for p53 and p63 proteins.
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17
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Chen D. Dual Targeting Autoimmunity and Cancer: From Biology to Medicine. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:990-996. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Chen
- Research Institute of Biological Medicine; Yiling Pharmaceutical; Beijing 102600 China
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18
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Ranjan A, Iwakuma T. Emerging Non-Canonical Functions and Regulation of p53. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041015. [PMID: 29597309 PMCID: PMC5979425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Ranjan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA.
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66010, USA.
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Mercy Hospital Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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