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Lai TH, Hwang JS, Ngo QN, Lee DK, Kim HJ, Kim DR. A comparative assessment of reference genes in mouse brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis in vitro. Adipocyte 2024; 13:2330355. [PMID: 38527945 PMCID: PMC10965104 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2024.2330355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipogenic differentiation and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) undergo dynamic processes, altering phenotypes and gene expressions. Proper reference genes in gene expression analysis are crucial to mitigate experimental variances and ensure PCR efficacy. Unreliable reference genes can lead to erroneous gene expression quantification, resulting in data misinterpretation. This study focused on identifying suitable reference genes for mouse brown adipocyte research, utilizing brown adipocytes from the Ucp1-luciferase ThermoMouse model. Comparative analysis of gene expression data under adipogenesis and thermogenesis conditions was conducted, validating 13 housekeeping genes through various algorithms, including DeltaCq, BestKeeper, geNorm, Normfinder, and RefFinder. Tbp and Rer1 emerged as optimal references for Ucp1 and Pparg expression in brown adipogenesis, while Tbp and Ubc were ideal for the expression analysis of these target genes in thermogenesis. Conversely, certain conventional references, including Actb, Tubb5, and Gapdh, proved unstable as reference genes under both conditions. These findings stress the critical consideration of reference gene selection in gene expression analysis within specific biological systems to ensure accurate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Quang Nhat Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
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Li Q, Zhang F, Fu X, Han N. Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as Nanomedicine for Peripheral Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7882. [PMID: 39063125 PMCID: PMC11277195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a complex and protracted process, and existing therapeutic approaches struggle to achieve effective nerve regeneration. Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be a pivotal choice for treating peripheral nerve injury. MSCs possess robust paracrine capabilities, and exosomes, as the primary secretome of MSCs, are considered crucial regulatory mediators involved in peripheral nerve regeneration. Exosomes, as nanocarriers, can transport various endogenous or exogenous bioactive substances to recipient cells, thereby promoting vascular and axonal regeneration while suppressing inflammation and pain. In this review, we summarize the mechanistic roles of exosomes derived from MSCs in peripheral nerve regeneration, discuss the engineering strategies for MSC-derived exosomes to improve therapeutic potential, and explore the combined effects of MSC-derived exosomes with biomaterials (nerve conduits, hydrogels) in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Li
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Q.L.); (F.Z.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Fengshi Zhang
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Q.L.); (F.Z.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaoyang Fu
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Q.L.); (F.Z.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Na Han
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; (Q.L.); (F.Z.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100044, China
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3
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Chen X, Chen C, He R, Huang Y, Wang Y. UBXN11 Predicts as a Poor Index for Colorectal Cancer and Contributes to the Tumorigenesis by Activating NF-κB Signaling. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:2074-2082. [PMID: 38622461 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis and progression remain poorly understood. This study endeavors to unravel the role of UBXN11within the context of CRC. METHODS UBXN11 expression level in CRC, stomach adenocarcinoma and esophageal carcinoma, and the overall survival in corresponding cancers were analyzed using UALCAN database. Human CRC cell lines and xenograft mouse model with UBXN11 overexpression were established to investigate the pathological role of UBXN11 in CRC progression. Luciferase assay, qPCR, and Western blot were performed to dissect the interaction between UBXN11 and NF-κB signaling. RESULTS Heightened UBXN11 expression was observed in various digestive tract tumors, which was positively correlated with the reduced overall survival rates in CRC patients. Overexpression of UBXN11 significantly enhanced CRC cell proliferation in vitro and promoted tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, UBXN11 promoted CRC tumorigenesis through increasing the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the pivotal role of UBXN11 in CRC progression and paves the way for novel therapeutic strategies for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Changxin Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Rensong He
- Endoscopy Center, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Yisen Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Yubin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, No. 250 East Street, Licheng District, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China.
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Cirrincione AM, Reimonn CA, Harrison BJ, Rieger S. Longitudinal RNA Sequencing of Skin and DRG Neurons in Mice with Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. DATA 2022; 7. [PMID: 36248261 PMCID: PMC9564132 DOI: 10.3390/data7060072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy is a condition of nerve degeneration induced by chemotherapy, which afflicts up to 70% of treated patients. Therapeutic interventions are unavailable due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms. We previously discovered that major physiological changes in the skin underlie paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy in zebrafish and rodents. The precise molecular mechanisms are only incompletely understood. For instance, paclitaxel induces the upregulation of MMP-13, which, when inhibited, prevents axon degeneration. To better understand other gene regulatory changes induced by paclitaxel, we induced peripheral neuropathy in mice following intraperitoneal injection either with vehicle or paclitaxel every other day four times total. Skin and dorsal root ganglion neurons were collected based on distinct behavioural responses categorised as “pain onset” (d4), “maximal pain” (d7), “beginning of pain resolution” (d11), and “recovery phase” (d23) for comparative longitudinal RNA sequencing. The generated datasets validate previous discoveries and reveal additional gene expression changes that warrant further validation with the goal to aid in the development of drugs that prevent or reverse paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cassandra A. Reimonn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Harrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
- Correspondence: (B.J.H.); (S.R.)
| | - Sandra Rieger
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: (B.J.H.); (S.R.)
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Liu W, Yu J, Wang YF, Shan QQ, Wang YX. Selection of suitable internal controls for gene expression normalization in rats with spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1387-1392. [PMID: 34782586 PMCID: PMC8643046 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of systematic research on the expression of internal control genes used for gene expression normalization in real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in spinal cord injury research. In this study, we used rat models of spinal cord hemisection to analyze the expression stability of 13 commonly applied reference genes: Actb, Ankrd27, CypA, Gapdh, Hprt1, Mrpl10, Pgk1, Rictor, Rn18s, Tbp, Ubc, Ubxn11, and Ywhaz. Our results show that the expression of Ankrd27, Ubc, and Tbp were stable after spinal cord injury, while Actb was the most unstable internal control gene. Ankrd27, Ubc, Tbp, and Actb were consequently used to investigate the effects of internal control genes with differing stabilities on the normalization of target gene expression. Target gene expression levels and changes over time were similar when Ankrd27, Ubc, and Tbp were used as internal controls but different when Actb was used as an internal control. We recommend that Ankrd27, Ubc, and Tbp are used as internal control genes for real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in spinal cord injury research. This study was approved by the Administration Committee of Experimental Animals, Jiangsu Province, China (approval No. 20180304-008) on March 4, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Nursing, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian-Qian Shan
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Role of CGRP in Neuroimmune Interaction via NF-κB Signaling Genes in Glial Cells of Trigeminal Ganglia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176005. [PMID: 32825453 PMCID: PMC7503816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the trigeminal system causes the release of various neuropeptides, cytokines, and other immune mediators. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is a potent algogenic mediator, is expressed in the peripheral sensory neurons of trigeminal ganglion (TG). It affects the inflammatory responses and pain sensitivity by modulating the activity of glial cells. The primary aim of this study was to use array analysis to investigate the effect of CGRP on the glial cells of TG in regulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling genes and to further check if CGRP in the TG can affect neuron-glia activation in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis. The glial cells of TG were stimulated with CGRP or Minocycline (Min) + CGRP. The effect on various genes involved in NF-κB signaling pathway was analyzed compared to no treatment control condition using a PCR array analysis. CGRP, Min + CGRP or saline was directly injected inside the TG and the effect on gene expression of Egr1, Myd88 and Akt1 and protein expression of cleaved Caspase3 (cleav Casp3) in the TG, and c-Fos and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the spinal section containing trigeminal nucleus caudalis was analyzed. Results showed that CGRP stimulation resulted in the modulation of several genes involved in the interleukin 1 signaling pathway and some genes of the tumor necrosis factor pathway. Minocycline pre-treatment resulted in the modulation of several genes in the glial cells, including anti-inflammatory genes, and neuronal activation markers. A mild increase in cleav Casp3 expression in TG and c-Fos and GFAP in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of CGRP injected animals was observed. These data provide evidence that glial cells can participate in neuroimmune interaction due to CGRP in the TG via NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Tian X, Zhu H, Du S, Zhang XQ, Lin F, Ji F, Tsou YH, Li Z, Feng Y, Ticehurst K, Hannaford S, Xu X, Tao YX. Injectable PLGA-Coated Ropivacaine Produces A Long-Lasting Analgesic Effect on Incisional Pain and Neuropathic Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 22:180-195. [PMID: 32739615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The management of persistent postsurgical pain and neuropathic pain remains a challenge in the clinic. Local anesthetics have been widely used as simple and effective treatment for these 2 disorders, but the duration of their analgesic effect is short. We here reported a new poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-coated ropivacaine that was continuously released in vitro for at least 6 days. Perisciatic nerve injection of the PLGA-coated ropivacaine attenuated paw incision-induced mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia during the incisional pain period, and spared nerve injury-induced mechanical and cold allodynia for at least 7 days postinjection. This effect was dose-dependent. Perisciatic nerve injection of the PLGA-coated ropivacaine did not produce detectable inflammation, tissue irritation, or damage in the sciatic nerve and surrounding muscles at the injected site, dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord, or brain cortex, although the scores for grasping reflex were mildly and transiently reduced in the higher dosage-treated groups. PERSPECTIVE: Given that PLGA is an FDA-approved medical material, and that ropivacaine is used currently in clinical practice, the injectable PLGA-coated ropivacaine represents a new and highly promising avenue in the management of postsurgical pain and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Shibin Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuqing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Fengtao Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Yung-Hao Tsou
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kathryn Ticehurst
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Stephen Hannaford
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey.
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Yan W, Xie M, Li R, Hu H, Tang B, Shen J. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes Selection in Ovarian Cancer Exposed to Hypoxia. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7423-7431. [PMID: 32801765 PMCID: PMC7395691 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s249733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia-mediated tumor metastasis, progression and drug resistance are major clinical challenges in ovarian cancer. Meanwhile, the genetic basis of these traits is still not clear. RT-qPCR, as an efficient and sensitive gene expression technique, has been widely used for gene analyses, providing a basis for in-depth understanding of molecular changes in different microenvironments. However, there is currently a lack of suitable reference genes to normalize the data associated with hypoxia in ovarian cancer cells. METHODS A systematic method is needed to select the most suitable reference gene. Here, eight candidate reference genes (GAPDH, β-actin, 18S RNA, TUBB, PPIA, TBP, RPL13A and SDHA) from humans were selected to assess their expression levels in SKOV3 cells under hypoxia. The geNorm and NormFinder programs were utilized to evaluate the expression stabilities of these selected candidate reference genes. RESULTS Interestingly, 18S RNA was considered to be an ideal reference gene for the normalization of target gene expression under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, this result was confirmed in another two ovarian cancer cell line, CAOV3 and OVCAR3 cell line. Finally, these results suggest that appropriate reference genes should be selected before performing gene expression analysis during hypoxic environmental exposure. CONCLUSION 18S RNA can be used as an appropriate reference gene for the study of gene expression in ovarian cancer samples under hypoxia by RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Yan
- Department of Gynecology, Wangjiang Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biao Tang
- Department of Gynecology, Sichuan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to AMU (Southwest Hospital), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Selection of Reliable Reference Genes for Analysis of Gene Expression in Spinal Cord during Rat Postnatal Development and after Injury. Brain Sci 2019; 10:brainsci10010006. [PMID: 31861889 PMCID: PMC7017034 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain unbiased results of target gene expression, selection of the most appropriate reference gene (RG) remains a key precondition. However, an experimental study focused on the validation of stably expressed RGs in the rat spinal cord (SC) during development or after spinal cord injury (SCI) is missing. In our study, we tested the stability of the expression of nine selected RGs in rat SC tissue during normal development (postnatal days 1-43, adulthood) and after minimal (mSCI) and contusion (cSCI) spinal cord injury. The following RGs were tested: common housekeeping genes of basal cell metabolism (Gapdh, Hprt1, Mapk6) and protein translation (Rpl29, Eef1a1, Eif2b2), as well as newly designed RGs (Gpatch1, Gorasp1, Cds2) selected according to the RefGenes tool of GeneVestigator. The stability of RGs was assessed by geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. All three applets favored Gapdh and Eef1a1 as the most stable genes in SC during development. In both models of SCI, Eif2b2 displayed the highest stability of expression, followed by Gapdh and Gorasp1/Hprt1 in cSCI, and Gapdh and Eef1a1 in the mSCI experiments. To verify our results, selected RGs were employed for normalization of the expression of genes with a clear biological context in the SC-Gfap and Slc1a3/Glast during postnatal development and Aif1/Iba1 and Cd68/Ed1 after SCI.
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Ronchi G, Morano M, Fregnan F, Pugliese P, Crosio A, Tos P, Geuna S, Haastert-Talini K, Gambarotta G. The Median Nerve Injury Model in Pre-clinical Research - A Critical Review on Benefits and Limitations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:288. [PMID: 31316355 PMCID: PMC6609919 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful introduction of innovative treatment strategies into clinical practise strongly depends on the availability of effective experimental models and their reliable pre-clinical assessment. Considering pre-clinical research for peripheral nerve repair and reconstruction, the far most used nerve regeneration model in the last decades is the sciatic nerve injury and repair model. More recently, the use of the median nerve injury and repair model has gained increasing attention due to some significant advantages it provides compared to sciatic nerve injury. Outstanding advantages are the availability of reliable behavioural tests for assessing posttraumatic voluntary motor recovery and a much lower impact on the animal wellbeing. In this article, the potential application of the median nerve injury and repair model in pre-clinical research is reviewed. In addition, we provide a synthetic overview of a variety of methods that can be applied in this model for nerve regeneration assessment. This article is aimed at helping researchers in adequately adopting this in vivo model for pre-clinical evaluation of peripheral nerve reconstruction as well as for interpreting the results in a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Morano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Fregnan
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Crosio
- UO Microchirurgia e Chirurgia della Mano, Ospedale Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Tos
- UO Microchirurgia e Chirurgia della Mano, Ospedale Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN) Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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11
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Wang X, Zhao H, Ni J, Pan J, Hua H, Wang Y. Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in rat skeletal muscle following sciatic nerve crush injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4377-4387. [PMID: 30942461 PMCID: PMC6472138 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a molecular biological method used to assess gene expression characterized by high simplicity, effectiveness, specificity and sensitivity. The selection of a suitable reference gene for normalization is critical for the accuracy of quantitative results. Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical disorder that affects multiple tissues and organs, including peripheral nerves, neurons and the innervated muscles. Numerous genes are differentially expressed in skeletal muscles during muscle denervation and reinnervation following peripheral nerve injury. The identification of a suitable reference gene in innervated muscles following nerve injury may improve the understanding of the alterations in gene expression in the processes of peripheral nerve repair and regeneration. Therefore, in the present study, by using a rat sciatic nerve crush model, the expression levels of various housekeeping genes were examined. In particular, the expression levels of 13 housekeeping genes, including 18S ribosomal RNA, actin β, ankyrin repeat domain 27, cyclophilin A, GAPDH, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1), mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, RPTOR independent companion of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2, TATA-box binding protein, ubiquitin C, UBX domain protein 11 and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein ζ, were investigated in gastrocnemius muscles. The geNorm and NormFinder analyses suggested that the expression level of HPRT1 was particularly stable in gastrocnemius muscles following rat sciatic nerve crush injury. Therefore, HPRT1 may be used as a reference gene for the normalization of gene expression data generated by RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‑innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hualong Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, Yancheng Teachers' University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224051, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jiacheng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‑innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Hua
- Department of Medicine, Xinglin College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co‑innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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12
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CGRP Induces Differential Regulation of Cytokines from Satellite Glial Cells in Trigeminal Ganglia and Orofacial Nociception. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030711. [PMID: 30736422 PMCID: PMC6386987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuron-glia interactions contribute to pain initiation and sustainment. Intra-ganglionic (IG) secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) modulates pain transmission through neuron-glia signaling, contributing to various orofacial pain conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the role of satellite glial cells (SGC) in TG in causing cytokine-related orofacial nociception in response to IG administration of CGRP. For that purpose, CGRP alone (10 μL of 10−5 M), Minocycline (5 μL containing 10 μg) followed by CGRP with one hour gap (Min + CGRP) were administered directly inside the TG in independent experiments. Rats were evaluated for thermal hyperalgesia at 6 and 24 h post-injection using an operant orofacial pain assessment device (OPAD) at three temperatures (37, 45 and 10 °C). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), sodium channel 1.7 (NaV 1.7, for assessment of neuronal activation) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker of glial activation). The cytokines released in culture media from purified glial cells were evaluated using antibody cytokine array. IG CGRP caused heat hyperalgesia between 6–24 h (paired-t test, p < 0.05). Between 1 to 6 h the mRNA and protein expressions of GFAP was increased in parallel with an increase in the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA and NaV1.7 (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test, p < 0.05). To investigate whether glial inhibition is useful to prevent nociception symptoms, Minocycline (glial inhibitor) was administered IG 1 h before CGRP injection. Minocycline reversed CGRP-induced thermal nociception, glial activity, and down-regulated IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines significantly at 6 h (t-test, p < 0.05). Purified glial cells in culture showed an increase in release of 20 cytokines after stimulation with CGRP. Our findings demonstrate that SGCs in the sensory ganglia contribute to the occurrence of pain via cytokine expression and that glial inhibition can effectively control the development of nociception.
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Wang X, Miao Y, Ni J, Wang Y, Qian T, Yu J, Liu Q, Wang P, Yi S. Peripheral Nerve Injury Induces Dynamic Changes of Tight Junction Components. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1519. [PMID: 30425652 PMCID: PMC6218557 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions seal off physical barriers, regulate fluid and solute flow, and protect the endoneurial microenvironment of the peripheral nervous system. Physical barriers in the peripheral nervous system were disrupted after nerve injury. However, the dynamic changes of tight junction components after peripheral nerve injury have not been fully determined yet. In the current study, by using previously obtained deep sequencing outcomes and bioinformatic tools, we found that tight junction signaling pathway was activated after peripheral nerve injury. The investigation of the temporal expression patterns of components in tight junction signaling pathway suggested that many claudin family members were down-regulated after nerve injury. Moreover, we examined the effects of matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9 (MMP7 and MMP9) on tight junction genes both in vitro and in vivo and found that MMP7 and MMP9 modulated the expressions of genes coding for claudin 1, claudin 10, and claudin 22. Our study revealed the dynamic changes of tight junction components after peripheral nerve injury and thus might contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yang Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, Yancheng City No. 1 Peoples' Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tianmei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qianyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Türedi S, Yuluğ E, Alver A, Bodur A, İnce İ. A morphological and biochemical evaluation of the effects of quercetin on experimental sciatic nerve damage in rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3215-3224. [PMID: 29545838 PMCID: PMC5841083 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of quercetin in a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury using histopathological, morphometric and biochemical methods. A total of 48 male Sprague Dawley rats, aged 10-12 weeks old were randomly divided into eight groups, consisting of two sham groups (S-7, S-28), three quercetin-treated groups (Q-7, Q-28; 200 mg/kg/7 days), trauma (T-7, T-28; 1 min sciatic nerve crush injury) and three trauma+quercetin groups (T+Q-7, T+Q-28; trauma+quercetin 200 mg/kg/7 days). Rats were sacrificed on day 7 or 28. Oxidant-antioxidant biochemical parameters in nerve tissues from all groups were analyzed using histopathological staining with toluidine blue and Masson's trichrome. DNA fragmentations were identified using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling in cells from each tissue sample. Degeneration of the axons and myelin sheath, the breakdown of the concentric lamellar structure of the myelin sheath and axonal swelling were observed in groups T-7 and T-28. Myelin sheath thicknesses, nerve fiber diameters and the number of myelinated nerve fibers decreased, while the apoptotic index (AI) increased in the T-7 and T-28 groups. However, it was observed that nerve regeneration began in the T+Q-7 and T+Q-28 groups compared with the sham groups, together with the healing of cellular damage and axonal structure and a decrease in the AI. Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase activity did not differ significantly between the T-7 and S-7 groups. However, catalase activity significantly decreased in the T-28 group when compared with the sham 7 day group. Tissue malondialdehyde levels significantly increased, while serum catalase activity increased in the T+Q-7 group compared with the T-7 group. These results suggest that quercetin has beneficial effects on nerve regeneration and may shorten the healing period in crush-type sciatic nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Türedi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Esin Yuluğ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alver
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - Akin Bodur
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
| | - İmran İnce
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkey
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