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Wahab MRA, Palaniyandi T, Ravi M, Viswanathan S, Baskar G, Surendran H, Gangadharan SGD, Rajendran BK. Biomarkers and biosensors for early cancer diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 250:154812. [PMID: 37741139 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancers continue to be of major concern due to their serious global socioeconomic impact, apart from the continued increase in the incidence of various cancer types. A major challenge that this disease poses is due to the low "early detection" rates which limit the therapeutic outcomes for the affected individuals. Current research has highlighted the discovering biomarkers that help in early cancer detection and the development of technologies for the detection and quantification of such biomarkers. Biomarkers range from proteins to nucleic acids, and can be specific to a particular cancer type. Detection and quantification of such biomarkers at low levels from biological samples is being made possible by the advent of developing biosensors and by using biomedical engineering technologies such as tumor-on-a-chip models. Here, we present biomarkers that can be helpful for the early detection of breast, colorectal, esophageal, lung, liver, ovarian, and prostate cancer. In addition, we discuss the potential of circulating tumor cell DNA (ctDNA) as an early diagnostic marker. Finally, biosensors available for the detection of cancer biomarkers, which is a recent advancement in this area of research, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Palaniyandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095; Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandhiya Viswanathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095
| | - Gomathy Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095
| | - Hemapreethi Surendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095
| | - S G D Gangadharan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Madras Medical College, R. G. G. G. H., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Khadela A, Postwala H, Rana D, Dave H, Ranch K, Boddu SHS. A review of recent advances in the novel therapeutic targets and immunotherapy for lung cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:152. [PMID: 37071269 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is amongst the most pervasive malignancies having high mortality rates. It is broadly grouped into non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). The concept of personalized medicine has overshadowed the conventional chemotherapy given to all patients with lung cancer. The targeted therapy is given to a particular population having specific mutations to help in the better management of lung cancer. The targeting pathways for NSCLC include the epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, MET (Mesenchymal epithelial transition factor) oncogene, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). SCLC targeting pathway includes Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) inhibitors, checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK 1) pathway, WEE1 pathway, Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR)/Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and Delta-like canonical Notch ligand 3 (DLL-Immune checkpoint inhibitors like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/ programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) blockade are also utilized in the management of lung cancer. Many of the targeted therapies are still under development and require clinical trials to establish their safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the mechanism of molecular targets and immune-mediated targets, recently approved drugs, and their clinical trials for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Khadela
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
| | - Humzah Postwala
- Pharm.D Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Deval Rana
- Pharm.D Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Hetvi Dave
- Pharm.D Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Ketan Ranch
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharm. Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Liquid biopsy for monitoring of tumor dormancy and early detection of disease recurrence in solid tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:161-182. [PMID: 36607507 PMCID: PMC10014694 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the three leading causes of death worldwide. Even after successful therapy and achieving remission, the risk of relapse often remains. In this context, dormant residual cancer cells in secondary organs such as the bone marrow constitute the cellular reservoir from which late tumor recurrences arise. This dilemma leads the term of minimal residual disease, which reflects the presence of tumor cells disseminated from the primary lesion to distant organs in patients who lack any clinical or radiological signs of metastasis or residual tumor cells left behind after therapy that eventually lead to local recurrence. Disseminated tumor cells have the ability to survive in a dormant state following treatment and linger unrecognized for more than a decade before emerging as recurrent disease. They are able to breakup their dormant state and to readopt their proliferation under certain circumstances, which can finally lead to distant relapse and cancer-associated death. In recent years, extensive molecular and genetic characterization of disseminated tumor cells and blood-based biomarker has contributed significantly to our understanding of the frequency and prevalence of tumor dormancy. In this article, we describe the clinical relevance of disseminated tumor cells and highlight how latest advances in different liquid biopsy approaches can be used to detect, characterize, and monitor minimal residual disease in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma patients.
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Larson NB, Oberg AL, Adjei AA, Wang L. A Clinician's Guide to Bioinformatics for Next-Generation Sequencing. J Thorac Oncol 2023; 18:143-157. [PMID: 36379355 PMCID: PMC9870988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are high-throughput methods for DNA sequencing and have become a widely adopted tool in cancer research. The sheer amount and variety of data generated by NGS assays require sophisticated computational methods and bioinformatics expertise. In this review, we provide background details of NGS technology and basic bioinformatics concepts for the clinician investigator interested in cancer research applications, with a focus on DNA-based approaches. We introduce the general principles of presequencing library preparation, postsequencing alignment, and variant calling. We also highlight the common variant annotations and NGS applications for other molecular data types. Finally, we briefly discuss the revealed utility of NGS methods in NSCLC research and study design considerations for research studies that aim to leverage NGS technologies for clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bradley Larson
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alex A Adjei
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Computational Biology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota
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Valenzuela G, Burotto M, Marcelain K, González-Montero J. Liquid biopsy to detect resistance mutations against anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:1654-1664. [PMID: 36187383 PMCID: PMC9516650 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i9.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of mortality worldwide, associated with a steadily growing prevalence. Notably, the identification of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations has markedly improved targeted CRC therapy by affording treatments directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and other anti-angiogenic therapies. However, the survival benefit conferred by these therapies remains variable and difficult to predict, owing to the high level of molecular heterogeneity among patients with CRC. Although classification into consensus molecular subtypes could optimize response prediction to targeted therapies, the acquisition of resistance mutations to targeted therapy is, in part, responsible for the lack of response in some patients. However, the acquisition of such mutations can induce challenges in clinical practice. The utility of liquid biopsy to detect resistance mutations against anti-EGFR therapy has recently been described. This approach may constitute a new standard in the decision algorithm for targeted CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valenzuela
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Salvador, Santiago 7500922, Chile
| | - Mauricio Burotto
- Department of Oncology, Bradford-Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago 8420383, Chile
| | - Katherine Marcelain
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jaime González-Montero
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Department of Oncology, Bradford-Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago 8420383, Chile
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Direct digital polymerase chain reaction chip for the detection of EGFR T790M mutation in plasma. Talanta 2022; 237:122977. [PMID: 34736699 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid extraction and purification before amplification is considered an essential step for nucleic acid amplification testing. However, this may cause losses or introduce errors that can lead to inaccurate results, especially when using samples with a small nucleic acid concentration. Here, we developed a direct digital chip that enabled us to detect nucleic acid without DNA extraction and purification. We have developed a self-priming liquid-dispensing digital PCR chip that does not require any external power. This is a robust anti-evaporation digital PCR chip with fast sampling and accurate quantification performance. Using this chip, we have established an on-chip direct nucleic acid amplification method that does not require nucleic acid extraction and purification for liquid biopsy samples. In order to verify the feasibility of this chip for clinical samples, we detected the EGFR T790M mutation from plasma. Results showed that EGFR T790M mutation could be detected with an accuracy of 100% and a sensitivity of 0.01%. Without nucleic acid extraction and purification, the assay avoids complex pre-processing, thus saving time and achieving precise quantification. We expect our direct digital PCR chip to have practical applications in diagnosis, screening, and research, especially in resource-deprived regions.
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Vendrell JA, Quantin X, Aussel A, Solassol I, Serre I, Solassol J. EGFR-dependent mechanisms of resistance to osimertinib determined by ctDNA NGS analysis identify patients with better outcome. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2022; 10:4084-4094. [PMID: 35004240 PMCID: PMC8674606 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Osimertinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that is highly selective for EGFRT790M subclones in patients with EGFRsensitizing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Unfortunately, all patients develop resistance through EGFR-dependent or EGFR-independent pathways. Recently, circulating tumoral DNA (ctDNA) analysis has highlighted the usefulness of plasma genotyping for exploring patient survival outcomes after disease progression under osimertinib. Methods Plasma samples from patients treated with osimertinib as a second-line therapy were collected and the presence of molecular alterations of acquired resistance was evaluated after relapse under osimertinib using ctDNA molecular profiling by next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays. The clinical implications of these genomic alterations for the efficiency of the third-generation TKI were further assessed. Results Our ctDNA molecular profiling of plasma samples highlighted large number of actionable genomic alterations. According to ctDNA NGS results, patients were classified as having developed an EGFR-dependent or EGFR-independent mechanism of resistance. Thus, patients who developed an EGFR-dependent mechanism of resistance responded longer to osimertinib (13.8 vs. 4.6 months; P<10−4) and have a better post-osimertinib clinical outcome than EGFR-independent resistant patients. Moreover, the development of an EGFR-dependent mechanism of osimertinib resistance was identified as the best fit to determine patients’ clinical outcome compared with EGFRT790M status alone (P=0.003). Conclusions Our study highlights the potential of ctDNA NGS to rapidly select the appropriate drug after osimertinib failure and to determine clinical outcomes of patients. We suggest that ctDNA NGS should be more intensively used in clinical practice to follow patients under third-generation TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Vendrell
- CHU Montpellier, Department of Pathology and Onco-biology, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Quantin
- IRCM, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey Aussel
- CHU Montpellier, Department of Pathology and Onco-biology, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Isabelle Serre
- CHU Montpellier, Department of Pathology and Onco-biology, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Solassol
- CHU Montpellier, Department of Pathology and Onco-biology, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRCM, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
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Martinez-Dominguez MV, Zottel A, Šamec N, Jovčevska I, Dincer C, Kahlert UD, Nickel AC. Current Technologies for RNA-Directed Liquid Diagnostics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5060. [PMID: 34680210 PMCID: PMC8534233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is unequivocal acceptance of the variety of enormous potential liquid nucleic acid-based diagnostics seems to offer. However, the existing controversies and the increased awareness of RNA-based techniques in society during the current global COVID-19 pandemic have made the readiness of liquid nucleic acid-based diagnostics for routine use a matter of concern. In this regard-and in the context of oncology-our review presented and discussed the status quo of RNA-based liquid diagnostics. We summarized the technical background of the available assays and benchmarked their applicability against each other. Herein, we compared the technology readiness level in the clinical context, economic aspects, implementation as part of routine point-of-care testing as well as performance power. Since the preventive care market is the most promising application sector, we also investigated whether the developments predominantly occur in the context of early disease detection or surveillance of therapy success. In addition, we provided a careful view on the current biotechnology investment activities in this sector to indicate the most attractive strategies for future economic success. Taken together, our review shall serve as a current reference, at the interplay of technology, clinical use and economic potential, to guide the interested readers in this rapid developing sector of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alja Zottel
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (N.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Neja Šamec
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (N.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Ivana Jovčevska
- Medical Center for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.Z.); (N.Š.); (I.J.)
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany;
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Dietrich Kahlert
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.V.M.-D.); (U.D.K.)
- Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Clinic of General-, Visceral-, Vascular-, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Nickel
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (M.V.M.-D.); (U.D.K.)
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Lee H, Han J, Choi YL. Real-World Analysis of the EGFR Mutation Test in Tissue and Plasma Samples from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091695. [PMID: 34574036 PMCID: PMC8465683 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular evaluation of EGFR mutation is indispensable in treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We compared the results of EGFR analysis using tissue DNA (tDNA) and circulating tumor (ctDNA) to evaluate the feasibility of plasma as an effective material for detecting EGFR mutation and the reliability of ctDNA analysis in real-world practice settings. We enrolled 554 NSCLC cases who had undergone ctDNA EGFR analysis between January 2019 and March 2020. EGFR mutations were detected in 240 (57.3%) of the 421 cases with EGFR mutations confirmed by tDNA analysis. In multivariate analysis, the size of the largest tumor deposits, disease progression, M stage, the detectable amount of tumor tissue with EGFR mutation in distant metastasis, liver metastasis, pleural seeding, and bone metastasis (p < 0.05) were identified as independent factors affecting the detection rate of EGFR mutations in ctDNA. Survival analysis revealed ctDNA status and M stage (p < 0.001) to be independent predictors of overall survival in the multivariate analysis. Our study demonstrates that EGFR analysis using ctDNA is a useful clinical tool and can aid in therapeutic decisions in real-world practical settings. However, clinicians should be aware of the possibility of false negatives and confirm EGFR analysis using tDNA in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Lee
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Joungho Han
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.L.); (J.H.)
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-2800
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Clinical Relevance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer Management. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091179. [PMID: 34572366 PMCID: PMC8471111 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the low specificity of the routinely used biomarker prostate-specific antigen, circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration seems to be particularly useful in the monitoring of prostate cancer. In this review, we focused on a few aspects of CTC enumeration in prostate malignancies: prognostic value in metastatic and non-metastatic tumors, role in the monitoring of treatment outcomes, use as a surrogate marker for survival, and other applications, mostly for research purposes. CTC enumeration, without a doubt, offers an attractive perspective in the management of prostate cancer. However, the vast majority of available data about the role of CTC in this malignancy originate from randomized studies of anticancer agents and do not necessarily translate into real-world clinical practice. Further, most studies on the application of CTC in prostate cancer patients were limited to advanced stages of this malignancy. Meanwhile, the role of CTC in the early stages of prostate cancer, in which some patients may present with occult disseminated disease, is still relatively poorly understood, and should thus be studied extensively. Other obstacles in the widespread application of CTC enumeration in routine clinical practice include considerable discrepancies in the number of cells determined with various commercially available systems.
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Thirunavukarasu D, Cheng LY, Song P, Chen SX, Borad MJ, Kwong L, James P, Turner DJ, Zhang DY. Oncogene Concatenated Enriched Amplicon Nanopore Sequencing for rapid, accurate, and affordable somatic mutation detection. Genome Biol 2021; 22:227. [PMID: 34482832 PMCID: PMC8419911 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop the Oncogene Concatenated Enriched Amplicon Nanopore Sequencing (OCEANS) method, in which variants with low variant allele frequency (VAFs) are amplified and subsequently concatenated for Nanopore Sequencing. OCEANS allows accurate detection of somatic mutations with VAF limits of detection between 0.05 and 1%. We construct 4 distinct multi-gene OCEANS panels targeting recurrent mutations in acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma, non-small- cell lung cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma and validate them on clinical samples. By demonstrating detection of low VAF single nucleotide variant mutations using Nanopore Sequencing, OCEANS is poised to enable same-day clinical sequencing panels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Y Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Lawrence Kwong
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - David Yu Zhang
- NuProbe USA Inc, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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Di Capua D, Bracken-Clarke D, Ronan K, Baird AM, Finn S. The Liquid Biopsy for Lung Cancer: State of the Art, Limitations and Future Developments. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163923. [PMID: 34439082 PMCID: PMC8391249 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the development and progression of lung tumors, processes such as necrosis and vascular invasion shed tumor cells or cellular components into various fluid compartments. Liquid biopsies consist of obtaining a bodily fluid, typically peripheral blood, in order to isolate and investigate these shed tumor constituents. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are one such constituent, which can be isolated from blood and can act as a diagnostic aid and provide valuable prognostic information. Liquid-based biopsies may also have a potential future role in lung cancer screening. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is found in small quantities in blood and, with the recent development of sensitive molecular and sequencing technologies, can be used to directly detect actionable genetic alterations or monitor for resistance mutations and guide clinical management. While potential benefits of liquid biopsies are promising, they are not without limitations. In this review, we summarize the current state and limitations of CTCs and ctDNA and possible future directions. Abstract Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, contributing to 18.4% of cancer deaths globally. Treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma has seen rapid progression with targeted therapies tailored to specific genetic drivers. However, identifying genetic alterations can be difficult due to lack of tissue, inaccessible tumors and the risk of complications for the patient with serial tissue sampling. The liquid biopsy provides a minimally invasive method which can obtain circulating biomarkers shed from the tumor and could be a safer alternative to tissue biopsy. While tissue biopsy remains the gold standard, liquid biopsies could be very beneficial where serial sampling is required, such as monitoring disease progression or development of resistance mutations to current targeted therapies. Liquid biopsies also have a potential role in identifying patients at risk of relapse post treatment and as a component of future lung cancer screening protocols. Rapid developments have led to multiple platforms for isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA); however, standardization is lacking, especially in lung carcinoma. Additionally, clonal hematopoiesis of uncertain clinical significance must be taken into consideration in genetic sequencing, as it introduces the potential for false positives. Various biomarkers have been investigated in liquid biopsies; however, in this review, we will concentrate on the current use of ctDNA and CTCs, focusing on the clinical relevance, current and possible future applications and limitations of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Di Capua
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Dara Bracken-Clarke
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James’ Hospital, D08NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Karine Ronan
- Faculty of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Anne-Marie Baird
- School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College, D02PN40 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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Palacín-Aliana I, García-Romero N, Asensi-Puig A, Carrión-Navarro J, González-Rumayor V, Ayuso-Sacido Á. Clinical Utility of Liquid Biopsy-Based Actionable Mutations Detected via ddPCR. Biomedicines 2021; 9:906. [PMID: 34440110 PMCID: PMC8389639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and remains a major public health challenge. The introduction of more sensitive and powerful technologies has permitted the appearance of new tumor-specific molecular aberrations with a significant cancer management improvement. Therefore, molecular pathology profiling has become fundamental not only to guide tumor diagnosis and prognosis but also to assist with therapeutic decisions in daily practice. Although tumor biopsies continue to be mandatory in cancer diagnosis and classification, several studies have demonstrated that liquid biopsies could be used as a potential tool for the detection of cancer-specific biomarkers. One of the main advantages is that circulating free DNA (cfDNA) provides information about intra-tumoral heterogeneity, reflecting dynamic changes in tumor burden. This minimally invasive tool has become an accurate and reliable instrument for monitoring cancer genetics. However, implementing liquid biopsies across the clinical practice is still ongoing. The main challenge is to detect genomic alterations at low allele fractions. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a powerful approach that can overcome this issue due to its high sensitivity and specificity. Here we explore the real-world clinical utility of the liquid biopsy ddPCR assays in the most diagnosed cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Palacín-Aliana
- Atrys Health, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (I.P.-A.); (A.A.-P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, HM Hospitales, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Science, Universidad de Alcalá, 28801 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí García-Romero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.)
- Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrià Asensi-Puig
- Atrys Health, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (I.P.-A.); (A.A.-P.); (V.G.-R.)
| | - Josefa Carrión-Navarro
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.)
- Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Ayuso-Sacido
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (N.G.-R.); (J.C.-N.)
- Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Assessment of Circulating Nucleic Acids in Cancer: From Current Status to Future Perspectives and Potential Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143460. [PMID: 34298675 PMCID: PMC8307284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current approaches for cancer detection and characterization are based on radiological procedures coupled with tissue biopsies, despite relevant limitations in terms of overall accuracy and feasibility, including relevant patients' discomfort. Liquid biopsies enable the minimally invasive collection and analysis of circulating biomarkers released from cancer cells and stroma, representing therefore a promising candidate for the substitution or integration in the current standard of care. Despite the potential, the current clinical applications of liquid biopsies are limited to a few specific purposes. The lack of standardized procedures for the pre-analytical management of body fluids samples and the detection of circulating biomarkers is one of the main factors impacting the effective advancement in the applicability of liquid biopsies to clinical practice. The aim of this work, besides depicting current methods for samples collection, storage, quality check and biomarker extraction, is to review the current techniques aimed at analyzing one of the main circulating biomarkers assessed through liquid biopsy, namely cell-free nucleic acids, with particular regard to circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). ctDNA current and potential applications are reviewed as well.
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15
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Liu L, Chen X, Petinrin OO, Zhang W, Rahaman S, Tang ZR, Wong KC. Machine Learning Protocols in Early Cancer Detection Based on Liquid Biopsy: A Survey. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:638. [PMID: 34209249 PMCID: PMC8308091 DOI: 10.3390/life11070638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advances of liquid biopsy technology, there is increasing evidence that body fluid such as blood, urine, and saliva could harbor the potential biomarkers associated with tumor origin. Traditional correlation analysis methods are no longer sufficient to capture the high-resolution complex relationships between biomarkers and cancer subtype heterogeneity. To address the challenge, researchers proposed machine learning techniques with liquid biopsy data to explore the essence of tumor origin together. In this survey, we review the machine learning protocols and provide corresponding code demos for the approaches mentioned. We discuss algorithmic principles and frameworks extensively developed to reveal cancer mechanisms and consider the future prospects in biomarker exploration and cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Liu
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (X.C.); (O.O.P.); (W.Z.); (S.R.); (Z.-R.T.)
| | - Xingjian Chen
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (X.C.); (O.O.P.); (W.Z.); (S.R.); (Z.-R.T.)
| | - Olutomilayo Olayemi Petinrin
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (X.C.); (O.O.P.); (W.Z.); (S.R.); (Z.-R.T.)
| | - Weitong Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (X.C.); (O.O.P.); (W.Z.); (S.R.); (Z.-R.T.)
| | - Saifur Rahaman
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (X.C.); (O.O.P.); (W.Z.); (S.R.); (Z.-R.T.)
| | - Zhi-Ri Tang
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (X.C.); (O.O.P.); (W.Z.); (S.R.); (Z.-R.T.)
| | - Ka-Chun Wong
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (X.C.); (O.O.P.); (W.Z.); (S.R.); (Z.-R.T.)
- Hong Kong Institute for Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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16
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Jensen SG, Epistolio S, Madsen CL, Kyneb MH, Riva A, Paganotti A, Barizzi J, Petersen RK, Børgesen M, Molinari F, Boldorini R, Lorenzen J, Sørensen E, Christensen UB, Høgdall E, Frattini M. A new sensitive and fast assay for the detection of EGFR mutations in liquid biopsies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253687. [PMID: 34166445 PMCID: PMC8224962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major perspective for the use of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the clinical setting of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is expected as predictive factor for resistance and response to EGFR TKI therapy and, especially, as a non-invasive alternative to tissue biopsy. However, ctDNA is both highly fragmented and mostly low concentrated in plasma and serum. On this basis, it is important to use a platform characterized by high sensitivity and linear performance in the low concentration range. This motivated us to evaluate the newly developed and commercially available SensiScreen® EGFR Liquid assay platform (PentaBase) with regard to sensitivity, linearity, repeatability and accuracy and finally to compare it to our already implemented methods. The validation was made in three independent European laboratories using two cohorts on a total of 68 unique liquid biopsies. RESULTS Using artificial samples containing 1600 copies of WT DNA spiked with 50% - 0.1% of mutant copies across a seven-log dilution scale, we assessed the sensitivity, linearity, repeatability and accuracy for the p.T790M, p.L858R and exon 19 deletion assays of the SensiScreen® EGFR Liquid assay platform. The lowest value detectable ranged from 0.5% to 0.1% with R2≥0,97 indicating good linearity. High PCR efficiency was shown for all three assays. In 102 single PCRs each containing theoretical one copy of the mutant at initiating, assays showed repeatable positivity in 75.5% - 80.4% of reactions. At low ctDNA levels, as in plasma, the SensiScreen® EGFR Liquid assay platform showed better sensitivity than the Therascreen® EGFR platform (Qiagen) and equal performance to the ctEGFR Mutation Detection Kit (EntroGen) and the IOT® Oncomine cell-free nucleic acids assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with 100% concordance at the sequence level. CONCLUSION For profiling clinical plasma samples, characterized by low ctDNA abundance, the SensiScreen® EGFR Liquid assay is able to identify down to 1 copy of mutant alleles and with its high sensitivity, linearity and accuracy it may be a competitive platform of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alice Riva
- Institute of Pathology, Locarno, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Paganotti
- Department of Pathology, ’Maggiore della Carità’ Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Pathology, ’Maggiore della Carità’ Hospital, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Universitá degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Jan Lorenzen
- Life Science Division, Danish Technological Institute, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev—Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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17
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El-Hussein A, Manoto SL, Ombinda-Lemboumba S, Alrowaili ZA, Mthunzi-Kufa P. A Review of Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy for Lung Cancer Treatment. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:149-161. [PMID: 32242788 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200403144945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Among the different types of cancers, lung cancer is considered to be the leading cause of death related to cancer and the most commonly diagnosed form of such disease. Chemotherapy remains a dominant treatment modality for many types of cancers at different stages. However, in many cases, cancer cells develop drug resistance and become nonresponsive to chemotherapy, thus, necessitating the exploration of alternative and /or complementary treatment modalities. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has emerged as an effective treatment modality for various malignant neoplasia and tumors. In PDT, the photochemical interaction of light, Photosensitizer (PS) and molecular oxygen produces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which induces cell death. Combination therapy, by using PDT and chemotherapy, can promote synergistic effect against this fatal disease with the elimination of drug resistance, and enhancement of the efficacy of cancer eradication. In this review, we give an overview of chemotherapeutic modalities, PDT, and the different types of drugs associated with each therapy. Furthermore, we also explored the combined use of chemotherapy and PDT in the course of lung cancer treatment and how this approach could be the last resort for thousands of patients that have been diagnosed by this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Hussein
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sello L Manoto
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), National Laser Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Ziya A Alrowaili
- Physics Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Patience Mthunzi-Kufa
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), National Laser Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
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18
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Lin J, Weng J, Lin S, Lin C, Huang J, Zhang C, Zhang S, Dong C, Ji H, Ke X. Development and validation of a novel mRNA signature for predicting early relapse in non-small cell lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2021; 51:1277-1286. [PMID: 34037221 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence after initial primary resection is still a major and ultimate cause of death for non-small cell lung cancer patients. We attempted to build an early recurrence associated gene signature to improve prognostic prediction of non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS Propensity score matching was conducted between patients in early relapse group and long-term survival group from The Cancer Genome Atlas training series (N = 579) and patients were matched 1:1. Global transcriptome analysis was then performed between the paired groups to identify tumour-specific mRNAs. Finally, using LASSO Cox regression model, we built a multi-gene early relapse classifier incorporating 40 mRNAs. The prognostic and predictive accuracy of the signature was internally validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas patients. RESULTS A total of 40 mRNAs were finally identified to build an early relapse classifier. With specific risk score formula, patients were classified into a high-risk group and a low-risk group. Relapse-free survival was significantly different between the two groups in both discovery (HR: 3.244, 95% CI: 2.338-4.500, P < 0.001) and internal validation series (HR 1.970, 95% CI 1.181-3.289, P = 0.009). Further analysis revealed that the prognostic value of this signature was independent of tumour stage, histotype and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (P < 0.05). Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under receiver operating characteristic curve of this signature was higher than TNM stage alone (0.771 vs 0.686, P < 0.05). Further, decision curve analysis curves analysis at 1 year revealed the considerable clinical utility of this signature in predicting early relapse. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a reliable signature for predicting early relapse in stage I-III non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinsen Weng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaofeng Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cuibo Lin
- Department of gynecology oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jieping Huang
- Emergency department of Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuanpeng Dong
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Haizhou Ji
- Department of gynecology oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xi Ke
- Department of abdominal oncology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital & Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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19
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Cucchiara F, Petrini I, Romei C, Crucitta S, Lucchesi M, Valleggi S, Scavone C, Capuano A, De Liperi A, Chella A, Danesi R, Del Re M. Combining liquid biopsy and radiomics for personalized treatment of lung cancer patients. State of the art and new perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105643. [PMID: 33940185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has become a paradigm for precision medicine in oncology, and liquid biopsy (LB) together with radiomics may have a great potential in this scenario. They are both minimally invasive, easy to perform, and can be repeated during patient's follow-up. Also, increasing evidence suggest that LB and radiomics may provide an efficient way to screen and diagnose tumors at an early stage, including the monitoring of any change in the tumor molecular profile. This could allow treatment optimization, improvement of patients' quality of life, and healthcare-related costs reduction. Latest reports on lung cancer patients suggest a combination of these two strategies, along with cutting-edge data analysis, to decode valuable information regarding tumor type, aggressiveness, progression, and response to treatment. The approach seems more compatible with clinical practice than the current standard, and provides new diagnostic companions being able to suggest the best treatment strategy compared to conventional methods. To implement radiomics and liquid biopsy directly into clinical practice, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system could help to link patients' clinical data together with tumor molecular profiles and imaging characteristics. AI could also solve problems and limitations related to LB and radiomics methodologies. Further work is needed, including new health policies and the access to large amounts of high-quality and well-organized data, allowing a complementary and synergistic combination of LB and imaging, to provide an attractive choice e in the personalized treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cucchiara
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Petrini
- Unit of Pneumology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Romei
- Unit II of Radio-diagnostics, Department of Diagnostic and Imaging, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Crucitta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Lucchesi
- Unit of Pneumology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Valleggi
- Unit of Pneumology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Scavone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Liperi
- Unit II of Radio-diagnostics, Department of Diagnostic and Imaging, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Chella
- Unit of Pneumology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Cardona AF, Díaz-García D, Trejo Rosales R, Rojas L, Cruz-Rico G, Nagy R, Cabrera L, Vargas C, Saam J, Barrón F, Arrieta O. Cell-Free Circulating Tumor DNA Improves Standard Genotyping of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Increases Detection of Targetable Alterations in a Selected Hispanic Cohort. Oncology 2021; 99:539-546. [PMID: 33902046 DOI: 10.1159/000514648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) genomic background among Hispanics differs from other populations. The finding of low-frequency genomic alterations in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) can increase diagnostic accuracy and could improve treatment in NSCLC. METHODS Data from 54 Hispanic patients with advanced NSCLC with high clinical suspicion for ALK, EGFR, and ROS1 mutations were collected (including young age, female sex, and non-smokers). cfDNA was extracted from plasma and analyzed using a commercial next-generation sequencing test (Guardant360) which detects genomic alterations in 74 genes. RESULTS The median age was 56 years (range 31-83). Most patients were female (661.1%) and never smokers (72.3%). Among the patients included, 96% (52/54) had cfDNA detectable alterations with a mean number of 3.37 cfDNA alterations per test (range 1-10). cfDNA was able to detect some genomic alterations previously undetected by tissue biopsy. Among patients with insufficient or unavailable tissue to perform testing, mutations in EGFR and ALK which led to a change in therapy were determined using cfDNA in 28.8 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Among patients with cfDNA alterations, 46.1% (n = 24) were switched to a targeted therapy with a median progression-free survival of 11.1 months (95% CI 7.6-14.6) and an overall survival of 40.3 months (95% CI 27.1-53.6). Concurrent genetic mutations with TP53 and KRAS negatively impacted the prognosis. CONCLUSIONS In a selected population of NSCLC Hispanic patients, comprehensive cfDNA analysis allowed a treatment change in 46.1% of the cases. Guardant360 allows the identification of genomic alterations to improve treatment selection and increase prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés F Cardona
- Clinical and Traslational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diego Díaz-García
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Leonardo Rojas
- Oncology Department, Clínica Colsanitas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Graciela Cruz-Rico
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Cabrera
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Vargas
- Clinical and Traslational Oncology Group, Clínica del Country, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Feliciano Barrón
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Werner S, Heidrich I, Pantel K. Clinical management and biology of tumor dormancy in breast cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 78:49-62. [PMID: 33582172 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical tumor dormancy is specified as an extended latency period between removal of the primary tumor and subsequent relapse in a cancer patient who has been clinically disease-free. In particular, patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer can undergo extended periods of more than five years before they relapse with overt metastatic disease. Recent studies have shown that minimal residual disease in breast cancer patients can be monitored by different liquid biopsy approaches like analysis of circulating tumor cells or cell-free tumor DNA. Even though the biological principles underlying tumor dormancy in breast cancer patients remain largely unknown, clinical observations and experimental studies have identified emerging mechanisms that control the state of tumor dormancy. In this review, we illustrate the latest discoveries on different molecular aspects that contribute to the control of tumor dormancy and distant metastatic relapse, then discuss current treatments affecting minimal residual disease and dormant cancer cells, and finally highlight how novel liquid biopsy based diagnostic methodologies can be integrated into the detection and molecular characterization of minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Werner
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; Mildred-Scheel-Nachwuchszentrum HaTRiCs4, Universitäres Cancer Center Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Heidrich
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Institute for Tumor Biology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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22
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Lv L, Liu Z, Liu Y, Zhang W, Jiang L, Li T, Lu X, Lei X, Liang W, Lin J. Distinct EGFR Mutation Pattern in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Xuanwei Region of China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:519073. [PMID: 33224870 PMCID: PMC7667261 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.519073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Xuanwei region of China, lung cancer incidence and mortality are among the highest in China, attributed to severe air pollution generated by combustion of smoky coal. No study has yet comprehensively evaluated the prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation characteristics in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Xuanwei. This meta-analysis was designed to analyze the EGFR mutation pattern in NSCLC patients in Xuanwei region of Yunnan Province in China. Methods Electronic databases were comprehensively searched and relevant literatures were retrieved. The odds ratio (OR) for EGFR mutations between Xuanwei region and non-Xuanwei region was calculated, and the absolute incidence of EGFR mutations in Xuanwei was pooled by mutation subtype. Results Seven studies involving 1,355 patients with NSCLC from Yunnan Province (442 in Xuanwei and 913 in other regions) were included. The EGFR mutation rate ranged between 30.19% and 55.56%. Higher uncommon EGFR mutations (OR: 5.69, 95%CI: 2.23–14.49, P<0.001) and lower common EGFR mutations (OR: 0.18, 95%CI: 0.07–0.45, P<0.001) were found in Xuanwei region, compared with non-Xuanwei region. Specifically, the uncommon EGFR mutation rate was 59.50% and common EGFR mutation rate was 40.50% in Xuanwei. The mutation incidence of exon 18 G719X (OR: 3.21, 95%CI: 1.48–6.97, P=0.003), exon 20 S768I (OR: 6.44; 95%CI: 2.66–15.60; P<0.001), and exon 18 G719X + 20 S768I (OR: 6.55; 95%CI: 1.92–22.33; P=0.003) in Xuanwei were significantly higher, while the frequency of 19 deletion (OR: 0.28, 95%CI: 0.11–0.77, P<0.001) and 21 L858R mutation (OR: 0.51, 95%CI: 0.31–0.84, P=0.007) were lower. Conclusions The results highlight the distinct EGFR mutation spectrum of NSCLC patients in Xuanwei region compared with other regions, with higher uncommon mutations but lower common mutations. The distinct Xuanwei featured genetic variations provide a unique model to further study carcinogenesis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease and China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lifeng Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuefen Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease and China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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23
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Hernández Jiménez J, Borrás Blasco C. [Analysis of liquid biopsies for cancer diagnosis: Systematic review]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2020; 55:343-349. [PMID: 33032851 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer has increased in recent years, especially in those over 65 years of age, posing a major health problem. Many tumours have a poor prognosis because they are diagnosed at very advanced stages. It is therefore especially important to incorporate liquid biopsy into clinical practice as a method for detecting tumours at very early stages. A systematic review was conducted, with the main objective of analysing the available literature on the use of liquid biopsy in the early diagnosis of cancer, and as a secondary objective, to determine the types of tumours that can be diagnosed early by liquid biopsy and the available biomarkers. The results indicate a lack of agreement with the biomarkers detected and the technologies applied. This highlights the need for multicentre studies to look at large cohorts and to establish protocols of action, as well as to increase analytical validity and the possibility of using a screening test for each type of tumour. This could be a very important step forward, as it could improve the management of cancer patients to a great extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Hernández Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - Consuelo Borrás Blasco
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España.
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Belloum Y, Janning M, Mohme M, Simon R, Kropidlowski J, Sartori A, Irwin D, Westphal M, Lamszus K, Loges S, Riethdorf S, Pantel K, Wikman H. Discovery of Targetable Genetic Alterations in NSCLC Patients with Different Metastatic Patterns Using a MassARRAY-Based Circulating Tumor DNA Assay. Cells 2020; 9:E2337. [PMID: 33105541 PMCID: PMC7690267 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has shown great promise as a minimally invasive liquid biopsy for personalized cancer diagnostics especially among metastatic patients. Here, we used a novel sensitive assay to detect clinically relevant mutations in ctDNA in blood plasma from metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, including patients with a limited oligo-brain metastatic disease. We analyzed 66 plasma samples from 56 metastatic NSCLC patients for 74 hotspot mutations in five genes commonly mutated in NSCLC using a novel MassARRAY-based lung cancer panel with a turnaround time of only 3 days. Mutations in plasma DNA could be detected in 28 out of 56 patients (50.0%), with a variant allele frequency (VAF) ranging between 0.1% and 5.0%. Mutations were detected in 50.0% of patients with oligo-brain metastatic disease, although the median VAF was lower (0.4%) compared to multi-brain metastatic patients (0.9%) and patients with extra-cranial metastatic progression (1.2%). We observed an overall concordance of 86.4% (n = 38/44) for EGFR status between plasma and tissue. The MassARRAY technology can detect clinically relevant mutations in plasma DNA from metastatic NSCLC patients including patients with limited, oligo-brain metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Belloum
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.J.); (J.K.); (S.L.); (S.R.); (K.P.)
| | - Melanie Janning
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.J.); (J.K.); (S.L.); (S.R.); (K.P.)
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Malte Mohme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.M.); (M.W.); (K.L.)
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Jolanthe Kropidlowski
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.J.); (J.K.); (S.L.); (S.R.); (K.P.)
| | | | - Darryl Irwin
- Agena Bioscience GmbH, 22761 Hamburg, Germany; (A.S.); (D.I.)
| | - Manfred Westphal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.M.); (M.W.); (K.L.)
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.M.); (M.W.); (K.L.)
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.J.); (J.K.); (S.L.); (S.R.); (K.P.)
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.J.); (J.K.); (S.L.); (S.R.); (K.P.)
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.J.); (J.K.); (S.L.); (S.R.); (K.P.)
| | - Harriet Wikman
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (Y.B.); (M.J.); (J.K.); (S.L.); (S.R.); (K.P.)
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25
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Liu Y, Du Q, Sun D, Han R, Teng M, Chen S, You H, Dong Y. Clinical applications of circulating tumor DNA in monitoring breast cancer drug resistance. Future Oncol 2020; 16:2863-2878. [PMID: 32976028 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Unfortunately, treatments often fail because of the development of drug resistance, the underlying mechanisms of which remain unclear. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is free DNA released into the blood by necrosis, apoptosis or direct secretion by tumor cells. In contrast to repeated, highly invasive tumor biopsies, ctDNA reflects all molecular alterations of tumors dynamically and captures both spatial and temporal tumor heterogeneity. Highly sensitive technologies, including personalized digital PCR and deep sequencing, make it possible to monitor response to therapies, predict drug resistance and tailor treatment regimens by identifying the genomic alteration profile of ctDNA, thereby achieving precision medicine. This review focuses on the current status of ctDNA biology, the technologies used to detect ctDNA and the potential clinical applications of identifying drug resistance mechanisms by detecting tumor-specific genomic alterations in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Ruiying Han
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Siying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Haisheng You
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Yalin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
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26
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Heidrich I, Ačkar L, Mossahebi Mohammadi P, Pantel K. Liquid biopsies: Potential and challenges. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:528-545. [PMID: 32683679 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of tumor cells or tumor cell products obtained from blood or other body fluids ("liquid biopsy" [LB]) provides a broad range of opportunities in the field of oncology. Clinical application areas include early detection of cancer or tumor recurrence, individual risk assessment and therapy monitoring. LB allows to portray the entire disease as tumor cells or tumor cell products are released from all metastatic or primary tumor sites, providing comprehensive and real-time information on tumor cell evolution, therapeutic targets and mechanisms of resistance to therapy. Here, we focus on the most prominent LB markers, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA), in the blood of patients with breast, prostate, lung and colorectal cancer, as the four most frequent tumor types in Europe. After a brief introduction of key technologies used to detect CTCs and ctDNA, we discuss recent clinical studies on these biomarkers for early detection and prognostication of cancer as well as prediction and monitoring of cancer therapies. We also point out current methodological and biological limitations that still hamper the implementation of LB into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Heidrich
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucija Ačkar
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Parinaz Mossahebi Mohammadi
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Kim J, Ahn JK, Kim JS, Choi BR, Cho J, Lee H. Highly selective detection of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) using a dumbbell DNA probe with a gap-filling approach. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Song Y, Jia Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu P, Zhang S, Bing Z, Cao L, Cao Z, Rossi E, Zamarchi R, Denis MG, Camps C, Fernandez-Diaz AB, Liang N, Li S. Potential treatment strategy for the rare osimertinib resistant mutation EGFR L718Q. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:2771-2780. [PMID: 32642185 PMCID: PMC7330377 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2020.03.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) L718Q is a rare resistant mutation which independently leads to third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance. Although a few studies have examined its resistance mechanisms, no effective treatment strategy has yet been proposed for patients with this mutation. Here, we report an effective treatment strategy for the rare EGFR L718Q mutation for the first time. A 44-year-old Chinese male patient initially presented with the sensitizing EGFR L858R mutation, and the progression-free survival (PFS) time after initial icotinib treatment was 9 months. When the progression of the disease (PD) and the EGFR T790M mutation were identified, he did not respond to the osimertinib treatment. Through comprehensive next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the surgical specimen, the rare EGFR L718Q mutation was eventually identified as having a frequency of 68.84%, together with an EGFR amplification with a copy number of 11.54. The previous treatment response was retrospectively explained, and the patient faced the challenge of not being able to benefit from any targeted therapy. Following chemotherapy with a personalized regimen which effectively modified the proportion of sensitive and resistant cells, significant response to osimertinib re-challenge was observed, and another PFS of 4.7 months was achieved. Unfortunately, four EGFR mutations, EGFR L858, T790M, L718Q, and C797S, were simultaneously detected in his late stage, and led to further progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;,Peking Union Medical College, Eight-Year MD Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;,Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Medical Research Center, Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China;,Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhongxing Bing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhili Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Elisabetta Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Italy;,Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Rita Zamarchi
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Marc G. Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and INSERM U1232, Nantes University Hospital, 9 quai Moncousu, F-44093 Nantes Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Camps
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, General University Hospital Research Foundation, ValenciaSpain;,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain;,Unidad Mixta TRIAL CIPF-FIHGUV, Valencia, Spain;,Medical Oncology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Medicine Department, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Amaya B. Fernandez-Diaz
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Medicine Department, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shanqing Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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29
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Peng R, Zhang R, Horan MP, Zhou L, Chai SY, Pillay N, Tay KH, Badrick T, Li J. From Somatic Variants Toward Precision Oncology: An Investigation of Reporting Practice for Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis. Oncologist 2020; 25:218-228. [PMID: 32162803 PMCID: PMC7066684 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the accelerated development of next-generation sequencing (NGS), identified variants, and targeted therapies, clinicians who confront the complicated and multifarious genetic information may not effectively incorporate NGS-based circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis into routine patient care. Consequently, standardized ctDNA testing reports are of vital importance. In an effort to guarantee high-quality reporting performance, we conducted an investigation of the current detection and reporting practices for NGS-based ctDNA analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A set of simulated ctDNA samples with known variants at known allelic frequencies and a corresponding case scenario were distributed to 66 genetic testing laboratories for ctDNA analysis. Written reports were collected to evaluate the detection accuracy, reporting integrity, and information sufficiency using 21 predefined criteria. RESULTS Current reporting practices for NGS-based ctDNA analysis were found to be far from satisfactory, especially regarding testing interpretation and methodological details. Only 42.4% of laboratories reported the results in complete concordance with the expected results. Moreover, 74.2% of reports only listed aberrations with direct and well-known treatment consequences for the tumor type in question. Genetic aberrations for which experimental agents and/or drug access programs are available may thus be overlooked. Furthermore, methodological details for the interpretation of results were missing from the majority of reports (87.9%). CONCLUSION This proof-of-principle study suggests that the capacity for accurate identification of variants, rational interpretation of genotypes, comprehensive recommendation of potential medications, and detailed description of methodologies need to be further improved before ctDNA analysis can be formally implemented in the clinic. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Accurate, comprehensive, and standardized clinical sequencing reports can help to translate complex genetic information into patient-centered clinical decisions, thereby shepherding precision oncology into daily practice. However, standards, guidelines, and quality requirements for clinical reports of next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis are currently absent. By using a set of simulated clinical ctDNA samples and a corresponding case scenario, current practices were evaluated to identify deficiencies in clinical sequencing reports of ctDNA analysis. The recommendations provided here may serve as a roadmap for the improved implementation of NGS-based ctDNA analysis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxue Peng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Martin P. Horan
- Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance ProgramsSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Li Zhou
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Sze Yee Chai
- Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance ProgramsSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Nalishia Pillay
- Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance ProgramsSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kwang Hong Tay
- Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance ProgramsSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tony Badrick
- Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance ProgramsSt LeonardsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingPeople's Republic of China
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30
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Chen Z, Miao H, Zeng Q, Xu S, Chen Z, Liu K. Circulating cell-free DNA as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomark Med 2019; 14:587-597. [PMID: 31845833 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the application of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) screening, EGFR and KRAS mutation detection. Materials & methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted. The summary sensitivity and specificity for cfDNA in NSCLC diagnosis, EGFR and KRAS mutation detection were calculated. Results: The sensitivity and specificity for NSCLC diagnosis, EGFR and KRAS mutation detection were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.72-0.87) and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.68-0.91), 0.780 (95% CI: 0.711-0.853) and 0.962 (95% CI: 0.942-0.984), 0.628 (95% CI: 0.244-0.919) and 0.959 (95% CI: 0.932-0.998), respectively. Conclusion: cfDNA was a minimally invasive approach for NSCLC diagnosis, but its clinical utility warranted more future investigations because of the suboptimal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoumiao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Huiwen Miao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Qingxin Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
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31
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de Melo-Silva AJ, Lucena JP, Hueneburg T. The evolution of molecular diagnosis using digital polymerase chain reaction to detect cancer via cell-free DNA and circulating tumor cells. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:735-743. [PMID: 31829466 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important causes of death worldwide. The onset of cancer may be initiated due to a variety of factors such as environment, genetics or even due to personal lifestyle choices. To counteract this tremendous increase, the demand for a new technology has risen. By this means, the use of digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) has been shown to be a promising methodology in the early detection of many types of cancers. Furthermore, several researchers confirmed that the use of tumor cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTC) in peripheral blood is essential in revealing an early prognosis of such diseases. Besides this, it was established that dPCR might be used in a much more efficient, accurate, and reliable manner to amplify a variety of genetic material up to the identification of mutations in hematological diseases. Therefore, this article demonstrates the differences between conventional PCR and dPCR as a molecular technique to detect the early onset of cancer. Furthermore, CTC and cfDNA were officially approved by the Food and Drug Administration as new biological biomarkers in cancer development and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex José de Melo-Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, IAM/FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife-PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Jessica Paula Lucena
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, IAM/FIOCRUZ-PE, Recife-PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Thomas Hueneburg
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne-Vic, 3010 Parkeville VIC, Australia
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32
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Song Y, Wang S, Zhao Y, Jiang N, Qiao G, Zhao J, Di Y, Wang X, Ren J. [Dynamic Changes of Circulating Tumor DNA in Peripheral Blood Predict the Efficacy of TKI in the Treatment of Lung Adenocarcinoma with EGFR Mutation]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2019; 22:568-573. [PMID: 31526460 PMCID: PMC6754570 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2019.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
背景与目的 有表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)突变的非小细胞肺腺癌,患者在给予酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs)的治疗中获得非常好的疗效,但绝大多数患者都会出现耐药,使得发现出现耐药的时间及可能耐药机制的检测有着越来越大的意义,目前二代基因测序方法(next generation sequencing, NGS)的出现使其成为可能。本文拟通过研究靶向治疗前后有EGFR突变的非小细胞肺癌循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA)突变频率及突变谱的变化来监测靶向治疗效果。 方法 本中心入组22例通过组织活检或外周血ctDNA检查出EGFR突变的患者,分别于治疗前、服用TKI后2个月及临床进展时收集患者的外周血8 mL行ctDNA测序。 结果 EGFR敏感突变患者应用靶向药物治疗效果显著,EGFR敏感突变的患者在用TKI治疗后,相比治疗前突变基因突变丰度明显降低(P=0.015, 3); 患者的中位无进展生存期较长(无进展生存时间=390 d)。同时我们发现伴随TP53基因突变时应用针对EGFR敏感突变的靶向药物治疗效果欠佳(中位无进展生存时间为120 d vs 630 d,P=0.000, 2)。 结论 EGFR敏感突变的患者在用TKI治疗后,突变基因突变丰度明显降低的患者的生存期更长(P < 0.05),突变丰度减低不明显或伴有其他突变者预示着TKI耐药。
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Ni Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Guoliang Qiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yan Di
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
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33
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Chai SY, Peng R, Zhang R, Zhou L, Pillay N, Tay KH, Badrick T, Li J, Horan MP. External Quality Assurance of Current Technology for the Testing of Cancer-Associated Circulating Free DNA Variants. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1595-1603. [PMID: 31487000 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy testing is rapidly emerging as a diagnostic means of identifying circulating free DNA (cfDNA) disease-associated variants. However, the reporting of cfDNA variants remains inconsistent due in part to the application of multiple testing pipelines which raise uncertainty about current cfDNA detection efficiency. External quality assurance (EQA) programs are required to monitor, evaluate and help improve laboratory performance for cfDNA variant detection and in clinical interpretation. This study therefore evaluated the performance of diagnostic laboratories currently performing cfDNA testing in China, Australia and New Zealand. A total of 89 laboratories participated in this EQA program. Reference testing material comprised of cfDNA manufactured to contain six different genotypes in four different genes (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, NRAS). The predicted genotypic variant allelic frequencies ranged between 0.5% - 2.5%. Proficiency testing used a z-score on the laboratory consensus allelic frequency data to compare laboratory performance for the detection of the different genotypes. Allelic frequency genotyping data were received from 88 of the 89 laboratories. Next generation sequencing and digital PCR testing platforms were primarily used by participants in this pilot EQA. The average consensus data for each cfDNA genotype identified allelic frequencies ranging between 0.39% - 4.4%. Z-score proficiency testing found that >92% of clinical laboratories were concordant for detecting the cfDNA variants. The data from this pilot study suggest that current cfDNA testing platforms can detect cfDNA allelic frequency variants from 0.39% and above with high levels of confidence. In addition, these data highlight the importance of laboratories enrolling on EQA programs so that proficiency in cfDNA diagnostic testing can be determined and potential sources of error identified and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Yee Chai
- RCPAQAP Molecular Genetics, St Leonard's, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rongxue Peng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P R China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P R China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P R China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P R China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P R China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P R China.,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P R China
| | | | - Kwang Hong Tay
- RCPAQAP Molecular Genetics, St Leonard's, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tony Badrick
- RCPAQAP Molecular Genetics, St Leonard's, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, P R China. .,Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P R China. .,Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P R China.
| | - Martin P Horan
- RCPAQAP Molecular Genetics, St Leonard's, Sydney, Australia.
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Han AL, Kim HR, Choi KH, Hwang KE, Zhu M, Huang Y, Wu M, Lee YJ, Park MC, Cho JH, Park DS. Comparison of cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2 and PANAMutyper-R- EGFR for Detection and Semi-Quantification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Plasma and Pleural Effusion Supernatant. Ann Lab Med 2019; 39:478-487. [PMID: 31037867 PMCID: PMC6502955 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.5.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation tests are less invasive than tissue EGFR mutation tests. We determined which of two kits is more efficient: cobas EGFR Mutation test v2 (cobasv2; Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, USA) or PANAMutyper-R-EGFR (Mutyper; Panagene, Daejeon, Korea). We also evaluated whether pleural effusion supernatant (PE-SUP) samples are assayable, similar to plasma samples, using these two kits. Methods We analyzed 156 plasma and PE-SUP samples (31 paired samples) from 116 individuals. We compared the kits in terms of accuracy, assessed genotype concordance (weighted κ with 95% confidence intervals), and calculated Spearman's rho between semi-quantitatively measured EGFR-mutant levels (SQIs) measured by each kit. We also compared sensitivity using 47 EGFR-mutant harboring samples divided into more-dilute and less-dilute samples (dilution ratio: ≥ or <1:1,000). Results cobasv2 tended to have higher accuracy than Mutyper (73% vs 69%, P=0.53), and PE-SUP samples had significantly higher accuracy than plasma samples (97% vs 55–71%) for both kits. Genotype concordance was 98% (κ=0.92, 0.88–0.96). SQIs showed strong positive correlations (P<0.0001). In less-dilute samples, accuracy and sensitivity did not differ significantly between kits. In more-dilute samples, cobasv2 tended to have higher sensitivity than Mutyper (43% vs 20%, P=0.07). Conclusions The kits have similar performance in terms of EGFR mutation detection and semi-quantification in plasma and PE-SUP samples. cobasv2 tends to outperform Mutyper in detecting less-abundant EGFR-mutants. PE-SUP samples are assayable using either kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lum Han
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hak Ryul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Keum Ha Choi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ki Eun Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Mengyu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Yuya Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Moxin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Young Jin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Min Cheol Park
- Department of Oriental Medical Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology & Dermatology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Do Sim Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.,Wonkwang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Wonkwang University Hospital, Iksan, Korea.
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35
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Sharma P, Mehta M, Dhanjal DS, Kaur S, Gupta G, Singh H, Thangavelu L, Rajeshkumar S, Tambuwala M, Bakshi HA, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Satija S. Emerging trends in the novel drug delivery approaches for the treatment of lung cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 309:108720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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36
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de Kock R, Deiman B, Kraaijvanger R, Scharnhorst V. Optimized (Pre) Analytical Conditions and Workflow for Droplet Digital PCR Analysis of Cell-Free DNA from Patients with Suspected Lung Carcinoma. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:895-902. [PMID: 31229652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with suspected lung carcinoma, the analysis of circulating tumor DNA, obtained by liquid biopsy, has the potential to support cancer diagnosis and guide targeted therapy. To ensure sensitive and reproducible detection of circulating tumor DNA in routine clinical practice, a standardized (pre) analytical workflow is required. Plasma was obtained from patients and healthy volunteers. Using the QIAmp Circulating Nucleic Acid Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), six different procedures for the isolation of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were compared. cfDNA was analyzed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for KRAS G12/13 mutations and for EGFR Ex19Del, L858R, and L861Q mutations using an in-house EGFR multiplex assay. A new isolation procedure that yields extracts with significantly higher cfDNA concentrations than described previously was selected (P < 0.001). EGFR and KRAS assay sensitivity of at least 0.2% fractional abundance was guaranteed for approximately 76% of patient samples in one run. A flowchart that includes validity criteria for a standardized analytical workflow of ddPCR analysis was designed. An improved protocol for cfDNA isolation enables a higher cfDNA input for ddPCR. The use of sensitive KRAS and EGFR multiplex assays and accompanying validity criteria allows for controlled and efficient testing of patient samples at lower costs. Using the suggested workflow, a guaranteed, reliable, and sensitive analysis of cfDNA can be performed using ddPCR in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco de Kock
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Clinical Laboratory, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Clinical Laboratory, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Birgit Deiman
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Clinical Laboratory, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Raisa Kraaijvanger
- Faculty of Science, Medical Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Volkher Scharnhorst
- Expert Center Clinical Chemistry Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Clinical Laboratory, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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37
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Zhao Z, Fan J, Hsu YMS, Lyon CJ, Ning B, Hu TY. Extracellular vesicles as cancer liquid biopsies: from discovery, validation, to clinical application. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1114-1140. [PMID: 30882822 PMCID: PMC6469512 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01123k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Substantial research has been devoted to elucidate the roles that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play in the regulation of both normal and pathological processes, and multiple studies have demonstrated their potential as a source of cancer biomarkers. However, several factors have slowed the development of liquid biopsy EV biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, including logistical and technical difficulties associated with reproducibly obtaining highly purified EVs suitable for diagnostic analysis. Significant effort has focused on addressing these problems, and multiple groups have now reported EV analysis methods using liquid biopsies that have the potential for clinical translation. However, there are still important issues that must be addressed if these discoveries and technical advances are to be used for clinical translation of EV cancer biomarkers from liquid biopsies. To address these issues, this review focuses on the potential application of EV biomarkers for diagnosis of major cancer types, discussing approaches for EV biomarker discovery and verification, EV clinical assay development, analytical and clinical validation, clinical trials, regulatory submission, and end user utilization for the intended clinical application. This review also discusses key difficulties related to these steps, and recommendations for how to best accomplish steps in order to translate EV-based biomarkers into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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38
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Saarenheimo J, Eigeliene N, Andersen H, Tiirola M, Jekunen A. The Value of Liquid Biopsies for Guiding Therapy Decisions in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:129. [PMID: 30891428 PMCID: PMC6411700 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies have allowed for an individualized treatment approach in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The initial therapeutic decisions and success of targeted therapy depend on genetic identification of personal tumor profiles. Tissue biopsy is the gold standard for molecular analysis, but non-invasive or minimally invasive liquid biopsy methods are also now used in clinical practice, allowing for later monitoring and optimization of the cancer treatment. The inclusion of liquid biopsy in the management of NSCLC provides strong evidence on early treatment response, which becomes a basis for determining disease progression and the need for changes in treatment. Liquid biopsies can drive the decision making for treatment strategies to achieve better patient outcomes. Cell-free DNA and circulating tumor cells obtained from the blood are promising markers for determining patient status. They may improve cancer treatments, allow for better treatment control, enable early interventions, and change decision making from reactive actions toward more predictive early interventions. This review aimed to present current knowledge on and the usefulness of liquid biopsy studies in NSCLC from the perspective of how it has allowed individualized treatments according to gene profiling and how the method may alter the treatment decisions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatta Saarenheimo
- Department of Pathology, Vasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nano Science Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Natalja Eigeliene
- Department of Oncology, Vasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Andersen
- Department of Pulmonology, Vasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nano Science Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Antti Jekunen
- Department of Oncology, Vasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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39
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Shin DH, Shim HS, Kim TJ, Park HS, Choi YL, Kim WS, Kim L, Chang SH, Song JS, Kim HJ, Han JH, Lee CH, Lee GK, Jang SJ. Provisional Guideline Recommendation for EGFR Gene Mutation Testing in Liquid Samples of Lung Cancer Patients: A Proposal by the Korean Cardiopulmonary Pathology Study Group. J Pathol Transl Med 2019; 53:153-158. [PMID: 30813707 PMCID: PMC6527939 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2019.02.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy for detection of mutation from circulating tumor DNA is a new technology which is attractive in that it is non-invasive. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is an effective first line drug for advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients who harbor activating EGFR mutation. During the course of treatment, resistance against TKI arises which can be contributed to EGFR T790M mutation in about 50-60% of patients. Third generation TKI may overcome the resistance. In patients who cannot undergo tissue biopsy due to variable reasons, liquid biopsy is an excellent alternative for the detection of EGFR T790M mutation. However, this relatively novel method requires standardization and vigorous quality insurance. Thus, a standard set of guideline recommendations for liquid biopsy for EGFR mutation testing suitable for the Korean medical community is necessary. In this article, we propose a set of provisional guideline recommendations that was discussed and approved by the Cardiopulmonary Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyo Sup Shim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heae Surng Park
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun La Choi
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Seop Kim
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lucia Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Chang
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Joon Seon Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Geon Kook Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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40
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Alimirzaie S, Bagherzadeh M, Akbari MR. Liquid biopsy in breast cancer: A comprehensive review. Clin Genet 2019; 95:643-660. [PMID: 30671931 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Due to its complexity in nature, effective breast cancer treatment can encounter many challenges. Traditional methods of cancer detection such as tissue biopsy are not comprehensive enough to capture the entire genomic landscape of breast tumors. However, with the introduction of novel techniques, the application of liquid biopsy has been enhanced, enabling the improvement of various aspects of breast cancer management including early diagnosis and screening, prediction of prognosis, early detection of relapse, serial sampling and efficient longitudinal monitoring of disease progress and response to treatment. Various components of tumor cells released into the blood circulation can be analyzed in liquid biopsy sampling, some of which include circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free RNA, tumor-educated platelets and exosomes. These components can be utilized for different purposes. As an example, ctDNA can be sequenced for genetic profiling of the tumors to enhance individualized treatment and longitudinal screening. CTC plasma count analysis or ctDNA detection after curative tumor resection surgery could facilitate early detection of minimal residual disease, aiding in the initiation of adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence. Furthermore, CTC plasma count can be assessed to determine the stage and prognosis of breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the various components of liquid biopsy used in breast cancer diagnosis and will expand on aspects that require further focus in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Alimirzaie
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Bagherzadeh
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad R Akbari
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Pisapia P, Malapelle U, Troncone G. Liquid Biopsy and Lung Cancer. Acta Cytol 2018; 63:489-496. [PMID: 30566947 DOI: 10.1159/000492710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients potentially responsive to targeted therapies relies on a number of relevant biomarkers, including EGFR, ALK, ROS-1, and PD-L1. Biomarker identification is most commonly based on surgical sample collection. However, when tissues are difficult to reach or when multiple analyses are necessary to monitor tumor progression and treatment response, liquid biopsy is a valid noninvasive alternative. This analysis, which is preferentially performed on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) extracted from plasma samples, has the major advantage of reducing the inherent risks and discomfort of tissue biopsy. However, a major disadvantage is that it yields only a low number of ctDNA targets. Thus, to avoid false-positive and false-negative results, it is important to adopt and validate technologies with high sensitivity and specificity in the pre-analytical phase of sampling. This review succinctly addresses the principal methodologies for analyzing plasma-derived ctDNA in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Pisapia
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,
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42
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Fettke H, Kwan EM, Azad AA. Cell-free DNA in cancer: current insights. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 42:13-28. [PMID: 30367445 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field of liquid biopsies in oncology is rapidly expanding, with the application of cell-free circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) showing promise in this era of precision medicine. Compared with traditional clinical and radiographic tumour monitoring methods, the analysis of ctDNA provides a minimally-invasive and technically feasible approach to assess temporal and spatial molecular evolutions of the tumour landscape. The constantly advancing technological platforms available for ctDNA extraction and analysis allow greater analytical sensitivities than ever before. The potential translational impact of ctDNA as a blood-based biomarker for the identification, characterization and monitoring of cancer has been demonstrated in numerous proof-of-concept studies, with ctDNA analysis beginning to be applied clinically across multiple facets of oncology. CONCLUSIONS In this review we discuss the biology, recent advancements, technical considerations and clinical implications of ctDNA in the context of cancer, and highlight important challenges and future directions for the integration of ctDNA into standardised patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Fettke
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Edmond M Kwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arun A Azad
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Otoukesh B, Boddouhi B, Moghtadaei M, Kaghazian P, Kaghazian M. Novel molecular insights and new therapeutic strategies in osteosarcoma. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:158. [PMID: 30349420 PMCID: PMC6192346 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most prevalent malignant cancers with lower survival and poor overall prognosis mainly in children and adolescents. Identifying the molecular mechanisms and OS stem cells (OSCs) as new concepts involved in disease pathogenesis and progression may potentially lead to new therapeutic targets. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of OSCs can be one of the most important and effective strategies for the treatment of OS. This review describes the new molecular targets of OS as well as novel therapeutic approaches in the design of future investigations and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Otoukesh
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Bahram Boddouhi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Mehdi Moghtadaei
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613131 Iran
| | - Peyman Kaghazian
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Kaghazian
- Department of Biology, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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44
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Parker CS, Siracuse CG, Litle VR. Identifying lung cancer in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S3392-S3397. [PMID: 30505526 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of lung cancer can be delayed in patients with a history of infection with pulmonary tuberculosis that present with new lesions on chest imaging, due to a high initial index of suspicion for mycobacterium tuberculosis complex rather than malignancy. This may lead to diagnosis of malignancy at a more advanced stage of the disease with subsequent increased morbidity and mortality. We reviewed the current literature to evaluate various methods of differentiating between a diagnosis of lung cancer and tuberculosis including radiography, computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and various biological markers. We included only papers published in English. Based on current data, we recommend that patients established as high risk, according to the American Association of Thoracic Surgery, patients with age greater than or equal to 55 years and a smoking history of greater than or equal to 30 pack years, should be assessed with CT for underlying malignancy prior to beginning tuberculosis treatment, even in the presence of a clinical or microbiologic diagnosis of tuberculosis. In patients with equivocal CT findings, we recommend examination of tumor markers miR128, miR210, miR126 along with CEA, if these tests are at the clinician's disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra S Parker
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Virginia R Litle
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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45
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Gill RR, Murphy DJ, Kravets S, Sholl LM, Janne PA, Johnson BE. Success of genomic profiling of non-small cell lung cancer biopsies obtained by trans-thoracic percutaneous needle biopsy. J Surg Oncol 2018; 118:1170-1177. [PMID: 30261097 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genomic profiling for personalized targeted therapy has become standard of care. We report the success of genomic profiling of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) obtained by trans-thoracic needle biopsy (TTNB) in a single center experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with NSCLC who underwent TTNB for genomic were identified. Pathology specimens were evaluated for tumor adequacy and then analyzed for selected exons of epidermal growth factor receptor, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and ERBB2. ALK rearrangements were detected with fluorescence in situ hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry. Technical success was recorded and the factors affecting successful profiling were evaluated. Complications (pneumothorax, hemorrhage, and admission) were recorded. Comparison of yield and complications were done between the two groups (core biopsy and fine needle aspiration only group). Utility of PET-CT to guide the needle track for optimized yield was assessed in a subset of patients. RESULTS Between December 6, 2009, and December 30, 2016, 765 patients with NSCLC underwent TTNB. Five-hundred and seventy-seven of 765 (75%) of all TTNB were profiled, for genomic analysis. Five-hundred and eight of 577 (88%) were successfully profiled. The number of samples obtained ranged from 1 to 10 (1 to 2 cm, 18 to 20 G). Lesions biopsied ranged in size from 0.6 to 16 cm. No statistically significant difference was observed in the incidence of pneumothorax between two groups (P = 0.26). PET guidance was not found to be statistically significant ( P = 0.79) in the overall yield. CONCLUSION Computed tomographic guided TTNB is a safe and efficacious technique for genomic profiling, enables the acquisition of sufficient tissue for genetic mutation analyses allowing for personalized therapy with an acceptable complication rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu R Gill
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David John Murphy
- Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas, NHS Foundation Trust & King's College, London, UK
| | - Sasha Kravets
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynnette Mary Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pasi Antero Janne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce Evan Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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46
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Lee Y, Park S, Kim WS, Lee JC, Jang SJ, Choi J, Choi C. Correlation between progression-free survival, tumor burden, and circulating tumor DNA in the initial diagnosis of advanced-stage EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:1104-1110. [PMID: 29989342 PMCID: PMC6119619 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to identify whether the presence of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in plasma before treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is associated with clinical outcomes. METHODS Fifty-seven pairs of tissues and plasma samples were obtained from patients with NSCLC adenocarcinoma harboring activating EGFR mutations before the administration of EGFR-TKI treatment. ctDNA mutation was identified using the PANAMutyper EGFR mutation kit. Both qualitative and quantitative analyzes of the data were performed. RESULTS Concordance rates with tissue biopsy were 40.4% and 59.6% for the qualitative and quantitative methods, respectively. Bone metastasis showed a statistically significant correlation with ctDNA detection (odds ratio 3.985, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.027-15.457; P = 0.046). Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly shorter in the group detected with ctDNA than in the undetected ctDNA group (median PFS 9.8 vs. 20.7 months; hazard ratio [HR] 2.30, 95% CI 1.202-4.385; P = 0.012). Detection of ctDNA before treatment with EGFR-TKIs (HR 2.388, 95% CI 1.138-5.014; P = 0.021) and extra-thoracic lymph node metastasis (HR 13.533, 95% CI 2.474-68.747; P = 0.002) were independently associated with PFS. Six of 11 patients (45.5%) monitored by serial sampling showed a dynamic change in ctDNA prior to disease progression. CONCLUSION Quantitative testing can increase the sensitivity of the ctDNA detection test. Patients with detectable ctDNA had significantly shorter PFS after receiving EGFR-TKIs than those with undetectable ctDNA. Tumor burden may be associated with plasma ctDNA detection. A shorter PFS was associated with detection of ctDNA and extra-thoracic lymph node metastasis. Dynamic changes in the ctDNA level may help predict clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkyoung Lee
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineChungnam National University HospitalDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Sojung Park
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hallym University Medical CenterUniversity of Hallym College of MedicineKangwonKorea
| | - Woo Sung Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan, College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan, College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan, College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jene Choi
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan, College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Chang‐Min Choi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan, College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan, College of MedicineSeoulKorea
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47
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Suryavanshi M, Mehta A, Panigrahi MK, Jaipuria J, Saifi M, Jain K, Kumar D, Verma H, Sharma SK, Batra U, Dutta K, Talwar V, Doval DC. The detection of primary and secondary EGFR mutations using droplet digital PCR in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Lung India 2018; 35:384-389. [PMID: 30168456 PMCID: PMC6120312 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_472_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We share our experience of using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (DdPCR) in liquid biopsy specimens for detecting primary and secondary epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations among patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer who had tissue biopsy initially analyzed for del19, L858R and T790M. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three groups of patients were chosen: Group 1: patients positive for EGFR mutation (del 19 or L858R) by conventional tissue biopsy that were treatment naïve, Group 2: patients positive for EGFR mutation (del 19 or L858R) by conventional tissue biopsy with acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, documented by radiology, and Group 3: no known EGFR mutation detected on primary tissue biopsy and treatment naive. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-three patients were included in the study. Group 1 had 40 cases, of which 21 (52.5%) and 19 (47.5%) were positive for del19 and L858R mutations, respectively, by tissue biopsy. DdPCR detected primary mutation in all but 5 cases. DdPCR additionally found four patients to have T790M mutation. Group 2 had 73 cases and DdPCR detected T790M mutation in 39 (53.4%) cases. Liquid biopsy also picked the original primary mutation in 56/73 cases. Secondary tissue biopsy for T790M mutation status was performed in 11 patients and while it detected mutation in 2 out of 11 cases, DdPCR detected the same in 7 cases, thus providing significantly superior yield (46% difference, McNemar's test, P value 0.063). Tissue biopsy additionally detected c-MET amplification in a patient who had T790M mutation on liquid biopsy. Group 3 had 20 patients and none were falsely positive for EGFR mutation on liquid biopsy. Overall, DdPCR had a Cohen's kappa of 0.82 (standard error 0.074, 95% CI 0.68-0.97) indicating "very good agreement" with conventional tissue biopsy. CONCLUSION DdPCR demonstrated 87.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity in detecting primary EGFR mutations in patients who were treatment naïve with overall positive and negative predictive value of 100% and 80%, respectively. DdPCR demonstrated T790M mutation postprogression on TKI therapy in 53.4% patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushumi Suryavanshi
- Molecular Diagnostics, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Mehta
- Molecular Diagnostics, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Panigrahi
- Molecular Diagnostics, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Jiten Jaipuria
- Department of Urogynaeoncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Mumtaz Saifi
- Molecular Diagnostics, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Kavita Jain
- Department of Pathology, Action Balaji Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Dushyant Kumar
- Molecular Diagnostics, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Haristuti Verma
- Molecular Diagnostics, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Sharma
- Molecular Diagnostics, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Ullas Batra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumardeep Dutta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Talwar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra Doval
- Department of Medical Oncology, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
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48
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Bracht JWP, Mayo-de-Las-Casas C, Berenguer J, Karachaliou N, Rosell R. The Present and Future of Liquid Biopsies in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Combining Four Biosources for Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prediction, and Disease Monitoring. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20:70. [PMID: 30030656 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-018-0720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Liquid biopsies have potential as tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response to therapy. Herein, we will extensively review four liquid biosources, tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) and we will clarify their optimal application in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosis and therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Liquid biopsies are a minimally invasive alternative to tissue biopsies-especially important in NSCLC patients-since tumor tissue is often unavailable or insufficient for complete genetic analysis. The main advantages of liquid biopsies include the possibility for repeated sampling, the lower cost, and the fact that they can reflect the complete molecular status of the patient better than a single-site biopsy. This is specifically important for lung adenocarcinoma patients since the detection of specific genetic alterations can predict response to targeted therapies. Molecular analysis is currently cardinal for therapy decision-making and disease monitoring in lung cancer patients. Liquid biopsies can make easier our daily clinical practice and if prospectively tested and validated may serve as a means for lung cancer early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Mayo-de-Las-Casas
- Pangaea Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Sabino Arana 5-19, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Berenguer
- Pangaea Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Sabino Arana 5-19, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niki Karachaliou
- Pangaea Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Sabino Arana 5-19, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell (IOR), University Hospital Sagrat Cor, QuironSalud Group, Viladomat 288, 08029, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Pangaea Oncology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Sabino Arana 5-19, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera de Canyet, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigació en Ciències Germans Trias i Pujol, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell (IOR), Quirón-Dexeus University Institute, Sabino Arana 5-19, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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49
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Extracellular vesicles and ctDNA in lung cancer: biomarker sources and therapeutic applications. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:171-183. [PMID: 29948020 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. Recently, targeted therapy and anti-programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy have made great progress in treatment of lung cancer. However, responses to these therapies are variable, influenced by genetic alterations, high microsatellite instability and mismatch repair deficiency. Liquid biopsy of extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) emerges as a new promising non-invasive means that enables not only biomarker determination, but also continuous monitoring of cancer treatment. Notably, tumor extracellular vesicles play important roles in tumor formation and progression, and also serve as natural carriers for anti-tumor drugs and short-interfering RNA. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in understanding the relationships of extracellular vesicles and ctDNA in cancer biology, diagnosis and drug delivery. In particular, the application of extracellular vesicles and ctDNA in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy is discussed.
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50
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Rolfo C, Mack PC, Scagliotti GV, Baas P, Barlesi F, Bivona TG, Herbst RS, Mok TS, Peled N, Pirker R, Raez LE, Reck M, Riess JW, Sequist LV, Shepherd FA, Sholl LM, Tan DSW, Wakelee HA, Wistuba II, Wynes MW, Carbone DP, Hirsch FR, Gandara DR. Liquid Biopsy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): A Statement Paper from the IASLC. J Thorac Oncol 2018; 13:1248-1268. [PMID: 29885479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and analysis of circulating cell-free tumor DNA in plasma is a powerful tool with considerable potential to improve clinical outcomes across multiple cancer types, including NSCLC. Assays of this nature that use blood as opposed to tumor samples are frequently referred to as liquid biopsies. An increasing number of innovative platforms have been recently developed that improve not only the fidelity of the molecular analysis but also the number of tests performed on a single specimen. Circulating tumor DNA assays for detection of both EGFR sensitizing and resistance mutations have already entered clinical practice and many other molecular tests - such as detection of resistance mutations for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase rearrangements - are likely to do so in the near future. Due to an abundance of new evidence, an appraisal was warranted to review strengths and weaknesses, to describe what is already in clinical practice and what has yet to be implemented, and to highlight areas in need of further investigation. A multidisciplinary panel of experts in the field of thoracic oncology with interest and expertise in liquid biopsy and molecular pathology was convened by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer to evaluate current available evidence with the aim of producing a set of recommendations for the use of liquid biopsy for molecular analysis in guiding the clinical management of advanced NSCLC patients as well as identifying unmet needs. In summary, the panel concluded that liquid biopsy approaches have significant potential to improve patient care, and immediate implementation in the clinic is justified in a number of therapeutic settings relevant to NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rolfo
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip C Mack
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Giorgio V Scagliotti
- University of Turin, Department of Oncology at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paul Baas
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute and Department of Pulmonary Disease, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Multidisciplinary Oncology and Therapeutic Innovations Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Tony S Mok
- State Key Laboratory of South China, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nir Peled
- Institute of Oncology, Soroka Medical Center and Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Robert Pirker
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis E Raez
- Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Healthcare System/Florida International University (FIU) Miami, Florida
| | - Martin Reck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Jonathan W Riess
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Lecia V Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frances A Shepherd
- University Health Network and Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- National Cancer Centre Singapore and Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Heather A Wakelee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Murry W Wynes
- International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David P Carbone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - David R Gandara
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
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