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Johnston JG, Welch AK, Cain BD, Sayeski PP, Gumz ML, Wingo CS. Aldosterone: Renal Action and Physiological Effects. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4409-4491. [PMID: 36994769 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone exerts profound effects on renal and cardiovascular physiology. In the kidney, aldosterone acts to preserve electrolyte and acid-base balance in response to changes in dietary sodium (Na+ ) or potassium (K+ ) intake. These physiological actions, principally through activation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), have important effects particularly in patients with renal and cardiovascular disease as demonstrated by multiple clinical trials. Multiple factors, be they genetic, humoral, dietary, or otherwise, can play a role in influencing the rate of aldosterone synthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex. Normally, aldosterone secretion and action respond to dietary Na+ intake. In the kidney, the distal nephron and collecting duct are the main targets of aldosterone and MR action, which stimulates Na+ absorption in part via the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), the principal channel responsible for the fine-tuning of Na+ balance. Our understanding of the regulatory factors that allow aldosterone, via multiple signaling pathways, to function properly clearly implicates this hormone as central to many pathophysiological effects that become dysfunctional in disease states. Numerous pathologies that affect blood pressure (BP), electrolyte balance, and overall cardiovascular health are due to abnormal secretion of aldosterone, mutations in MR, ENaC, or effectors and modulators of their action. Study of the mechanisms of these pathologies has allowed researchers and clinicians to create novel dietary and pharmacological targets to improve human health. This article covers the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion, receptors, effector molecules, and signaling pathways that modulate its action in the kidney. We also consider the role of aldosterone in disease and the benefit of mineralocorticoid antagonists. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4409-4491, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine G Johnston
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veteran Administration Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Amanda K Welch
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veteran Administration Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brian D Cain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Peter P Sayeski
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veteran Administration Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Charles S Wingo
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veteran Administration Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Matilla L, Jover E, Garaikoetxea M, Martín-Nuñez E, Arrieta V, García-Peña A, Navarro A, Fernández-Celis A, Gainza A, Álvarez V, Álvarez de la Rosa D, Sádaba R, Jaisser F, López-Andrés N. Sex-Related Signaling of Aldosterone/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Pathway in Calcific Aortic Stenosis. Hypertension 2022; 79:1724-1737. [PMID: 35549329 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are sex differences in the pathophysiology of aortic valve (AV) calcification in patients with aortic stenosis, although the molecular and cellular mechanisms have not been elucidated. Aldosterone (Aldo) promotes proteoglycan synthesis in valve interstitial cells (VICs) from mitral valves via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We investigated the influence of sex in the role of Aldo/MR pathway in AV alterations in patients with aortic stenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS MR was expressed by primary aortic VICs and in AVs from patients with aortic stenosis. MR expression positively correlated with VIC activation markers in AVs from both sexes. However, MR expression was positively associated with molecules involved in AV calcification only in AV from men. Aldo enhanced VIC activation markers in cells from men and women. Interestingly, Aldo increased the expression of calcification markers only in VICs isolated from men. In female VICs, Aldo enhanced fibrotic molecules. MR antagonism (spironolactone) blocked all the above effects. Cytokine arrays showed ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)-1 and osteopontin to be specifically increased by Aldo in male VICs. In AVs from men, MR expression positively associated with both ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and osteopontin. Only in female VICs, estradiol treatment blocked Aldo-induced VICs activation, inflammation, and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the Aldo/MR pathway could play a role in early stages of aortic stenosis by promoting VICs activation, fibrosis, and ulterior calcification. Importantly, Aldo/MR pathway is involved in fibrosis in women and in early AV calcification only in men. Accordingly, MR antagonism emerges as a new sex-specific pharmacological treatment to prevent AV alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Matilla
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Eva Jover
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Mattie Garaikoetxea
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Ernesto Martín-Nuñez
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Vanessa Arrieta
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Amaia García-Peña
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Adela Navarro
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Alicia Gainza
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Virginia Álvarez
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Diego Álvarez de la Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Laguna, La Laguna, Spain (D.A.d.l.R.)
| | - Rafael Sádaba
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, Team Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Comorbidities, Paris, France (F.J.)
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (L.M., E.J., M.G., E.M.-N., V.A., A.G.-P., A.N., A.F.-C., A.G., V.A., R.S., N.L.-A.)
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Zhang W, Deng X, Liu H, Ke J, Xiang M, Ma Y, Zhang L, Yang M, Liu Y, Huang F. Identification and Verification of Potential Hub Genes in Amphetamine-Type Stimulant (ATS) and Opioid Dependence by Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:837123. [PMID: 35432486 PMCID: PMC9006114 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.837123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) and opioid dependencies are chronic inflammatory diseases with similar symptoms and common genomics. However, their coexpressive genes have not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to identify and verify the coexpressive hub genes and pathway involved in the pathogenesis of ATS and opioid dependencies. Methods: The microarray of ATS- and opioid-treatment mouse models was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. GEO2R and Venn diagram were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and coexpressive DEGs (CDEGs). Functional annotation and protein–protein interaction network detected the potential functions. The hub genes were screened using the CytoHubba and MCODE plugin with different algorithms, and further validated by receiver operating characteristic analysis in the GSE15774 database. We also validated the hub genes mRNA levels in BV2 cells using qPCR. Result: Forty-four CDEGs were identified between ATS and opioid databases, which were prominently enriched in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The top 10 hub genes were mainly enriched in apoptotic process (CD44, Dusp1, Sgk1, and Hspa1b), neuron differentiation, migration, and proliferation (Nr4a2 and Ddit4), response to external stimulation (Fos and Cdkn1a), and transcriptional regulation (Nr4a2 and Npas4). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis found that six hub genes (Fos, Dusp1, Sgk1, Ddit4, Cdkn1a, and Nr4a2) have an area under the curve (AUC) of more than 0.70 in GSE15774. The mRNA levels of Fos, Dusp1, Sgk1, Ddit4, Cdkn1a, PI3K, and Akt in BV2 cells and GSE15774 with METH and heroin treatments were higher than those of controls. However, the Nr4a2 mRNA levels increased in BV2 cells and decreased in the bioinformatic analysis. Conclusions: The identification of hub genes was associated with ATS and opioid dependencies, which were involved in apoptosis, neuron differentiation, migration, and proliferation. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of substance dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Deng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jianlin Ke
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Criminal Investigation, Nanchong Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanchong, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Liu, ; Feijun Huang,
| | - Feijun Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Liu, ; Feijun Huang,
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Viengchareun S, Pussard E, Castanet M, Sachs LM, Vu TA, Boileau P, Lombès M, Martinerie L. The invention of aldosterone, how the past resurfaces in pediatric endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111375. [PMID: 34197901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium and water homeostasis are drastically modified at birth, in mammals, by the transition from aquatic life to terrestrial life. Accumulating evidence during the past ten years underscores the central role for the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway, in the fine regulation of this equilibrium, at this critical period of development. Interestingly, regarding evolution, while the mineralocorticoid receptor is expressed in fish, the appearance of its related ligand, aldosterone, coincides with terrestrial life, as it is first detected in lungfish and amphibian. Thus, aldosterone is likely one of the main hormones regulating the transition from an aquatic environment to an air environment. This review will focus on the different actors of the mineralocorticoid signaling pathway from aldosterone secretion in the adrenal gland, to mineralocorticoid receptor expression in the kidney, summarizing their regulation and roles throughout fetal and neonatal development, in the light of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eric Pussard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Mireille Castanet
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, CHU Rouen, Department of Pediatrics, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 Molecular Physiology and Adaption, Department Adaptation of Life, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Thi An Vu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascal Boileau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy-Saint-Germain, 10, Rue du Champ Gaillard 78300 Poissy France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Université de Paris, 75019, Paris, France; Pediatric Endocrinology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debre, 75019, Paris, France.
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Laulhé M, Dumeige L, Vu TA, Hani I, Pussard E, Lombès M, Viengchareun S, Martinerie L. Sexual Dimorphism of Corticosteroid Signaling during Kidney Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105275. [PMID: 34069759 PMCID: PMC8155845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism involves differences between biological sexes that go beyond sexual characteristics. In mammals, differences between sexes have been demonstrated regarding various biological processes, including blood pressure and predisposition to develop hypertension early in adulthood, which may rely on early events during development and in the neonatal period. Recent studies suggest that corticosteroid signaling pathways (comprising glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid signaling pathways) have distinct tissue-specific expression and regulation during this specific temporal window in a sex-dependent manner, most notably in the kidney. This review outlines the evidence for a gender differential expression and activation of renal corticosteroid signaling pathways in the mammalian fetus and neonate, from mouse to human, that may favor mineralocorticoid signaling in females and glucocorticoid signaling in males. Determining the effects of such differences may shed light on short term and long term pathophysiological consequences, markedly for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Laulhé
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, CEDEX, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.L.); (L.D.); (T.A.V.); (I.H.); (E.P.); (M.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Laurence Dumeige
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, CEDEX, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.L.); (L.D.); (T.A.V.); (I.H.); (E.P.); (M.L.); (S.V.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debre, France & Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Thi An Vu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, CEDEX, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.L.); (L.D.); (T.A.V.); (I.H.); (E.P.); (M.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Imene Hani
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, CEDEX, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.L.); (L.D.); (T.A.V.); (I.H.); (E.P.); (M.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Eric Pussard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, CEDEX, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.L.); (L.D.); (T.A.V.); (I.H.); (E.P.); (M.L.); (S.V.)
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, CEDEX, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.L.); (L.D.); (T.A.V.); (I.H.); (E.P.); (M.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Say Viengchareun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, CEDEX, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.L.); (L.D.); (T.A.V.); (I.H.); (E.P.); (M.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, CEDEX, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.L.); (L.D.); (T.A.V.); (I.H.); (E.P.); (M.L.); (S.V.)
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debre, France & Université de Paris, 75019 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Mozaffari MS. Role of GILZ in the Kidney and the Cardiovascular System: Relevance to Cardiorenal Complications of COVID-19. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:398-405. [PMID: 33008869 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are extensively used for a variety of conditions, including those associated with dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses as primary etiopathogenic factors. Indeed, the proinflammatory cytokine storm of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the latest condition for which the use of a glucocorticoid has been advocated. Recognition of serious adverse effects of glucocorticoids has led to research aimed at unraveling molecular basis by which they impact immune and inflammatory events with the ultimate objective of devising novel therapies to circumvent glucocorticoids-related adverse outcomes. Consequently, glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) protein was discovered and is increasingly recognized as the pivotal regulator of the effects of glucocorticoids on immune and inflammatory responses. Importantly, the advent of GILZ-based options raises the prospect of their eventual therapeutic use for a variety of conditions accompanied with dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses and associated target organ complications. Thus, the objective of this minireview is to describe our current understanding of the role of GILZ in the cardiovascular system and the kidney along with outcome of GILZ-based interventions on associated disorders. This information is also of relevance for emerging complications of COVID-19. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) was initially discovered as the pivotal mediator of immune regulatory/suppressive effects of glucocorticoids. Since the use of glucocorticoids is associated with serious adverse effects, GILZ-based formulations could offer therapeutic advantages. Thus, this minireview will describe our current understanding of the role of GILZ in the kidney and the cardiovascular system, which is of relevance and significance for pathologies affecting them, including the multiorgan complications of coronavirus disease 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood S Mozaffari
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, the Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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7
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Engler L, Adolf C, Heinrich DA, Brem AK, Riester A, Franke A, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Steiger A, Künzel H. Effects of chronically high levels of aldosterone on different cognitive dimensions: an investigation in patients with primary aldosteronism. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:407-415. [PMID: 30865927 PMCID: PMC6454298 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a natural model for chronic aldosterone excess in humans and associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Cognitive deficits are inherent to the symptomatology of depression and anxiety disorders. Mineralocorticoid receptors and aldosterone appear to play a role in memory. Aldosterone was additionally supposed to be a risk factor for cognitive decline in patients with essential hypertension. The objective of this study was to investigate possible effects of chronically high aldosterone concentrations on cognitive function. A range of cognitive dimensions were assessed in 19 patients (9 males, 10 females); mean age 47.1 (12.5) under standardized treatment and several rating scales for anxiety, depression, quality of life and sleep were administered. Cognitive parameters were compared to standard norms from a large, healthy standardization sample. Patients showed increased levels of anxiety and depression without meeting diagnostic criteria for a disorder. Besides a numerically lower attention score, patients did not show any significant differences in the cognitive dimensions. Anxiety and depression were negatively correlated with quantitative performance in males. In females, a negative correlation between sleep disturbances and abstract reasoning and a positive correlation with quantitative performance were found. Our data showed no specific effect of chronic aldosterone in the tested cognitive parameters overall at least in younger patients, but they indicate sexually dimorphic regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Engler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Christian Adolf
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Daniel A Heinrich
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Division of Interventional Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Riester
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Anna Franke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Reincke:
| | - Axel Steiger
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Künzel
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany
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Colafella KMM, Denton KM. Sex-specific differences in hypertension and associated cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:185-201. [PMID: 29380817 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although intrinsic mechanisms that regulate arterial blood pressure (BP) are similar in men and women, marked variations exist at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. These physiological disparities between the sexes likely contribute to differences in disease onset, susceptibility, prevalence and treatment responses. Key systems that are important in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD), including the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the immune system, are differentially activated in males and females. Biological age also contributes to sexual dimorphism, as premenopausal women experience a higher degree of cardioprotection than men of similar age. Furthermore, sex hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone as well as sex chromosome complement likely contribute to sex differences in BP and CVD. At the cellular level, differences in cell senescence pathways may contribute to increased longevity in women and may also limit organ damage caused by hypertension. In addition, many lifestyle and environmental factors - such as smoking, alcohol consumption and diet - may influence BP and CVD in a sex-specific manner. Evidence suggests that cardioprotection in women is lost under conditions of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatment strategies for hypertension and CVD that are tailored according to sex could lead to improved outcomes for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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