Lysozyme Associated Liposomal Gentamicin Inhibits Bacterial Biofilm

Characterization and application of LysSGF2 and HolSGF2 as potential biocontrol agents against planktonic and biofilm cells of common pathogenic bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance represents a global health emergency, necessitating the introduction of novel antimicrobial agents. In the present study, lysozyme and holin from Shigella flexneri 1.1868 phage SGF2, named LysSGF2 and HolSGF2, respectively, were cloned, expressed, and characterized. LysSGF2 and HolSGF2 showed lytic activities against S. flexneri 1.1868 cells at 4-55 °C and pH 3.1-10.3. LysSGF2 exhibited antimicrobial activity against five gram-negative and two gram-positive bacteria. HolSGF2 showed antimicrobial activity against four gram-negative and one gram-positive species. The antibacterial activities of LysSGF2 and HolSGF2 were determined in liquid beverages, including bottled water and milk. The relative lytic activity of LysSGF2 combined with HolSGF2 against the tested bacteria was approximately 46-77 % in water. Furthermore, the combination markedly decreased the viable counts of tested bacteria by approximately 3-5 log CFU/mL. LysSGF2 and HolSGF2 could efficiently remove biofilms on polystyrene, glass, and stainless-steel. The efficacy of the LysSGF2 and HolSGF2 combination against the tested bacteria on polystyrene was 58-71 %. Combination treatment effectively killed biofilm cells formed on stainless-steel and glass by 1-4 log CFU/mL. ese results indicate that LysSGF2 and HolSGF2 can successfully control both the planktonic and biofilm cells of common pathogenic bacteria, suggesting that the combined or single use of LysSGF2 and HolSGF2 may be of great value in food processing.

Escaping the ESKAPE pathogens: A review on antibiofilm potential of nanoparticles

ESKAPE pathogens, a notorious consortium comprising Enterococcusfaecium, Staphylococcusaureus, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, and Enterobacter species, pose formidable challenges in healthcare settings due to their multidrug-resistant nature. The increasing global cases of antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE pathogens are closely related to their remarkable ability to form biofilms. Thus, understanding the unique mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of ESKAPE pathogens and the innate resilience of biofilms against traditional antimicrobial agents is important for developing innovative strategies to establish effective control methods against them. This review offers a thorough analysis of biofilm dynamics, with a focus on the general mechanisms of biofilm formation, the significant contribution of persister cells in the resistance mechanisms, and the recurrence of biofilms in comparison to planktonic cells. Additionally, this review highlights the potential strategies of nanoparticles for managing biofilms in the ESKAPE group of pathogens. Nanoparticles, with their unique physicochemical properties, provide promising opportunities for disrupting biofilm structures and improving antimicrobial effectiveness. The review has explored interactions between nanoparticles and biofilms, covering a range of nanoparticle types such as metal, metal-oxide, surface-modified, and functionalized nanoparticles, along with organic nanoparticles and nanomaterials. The additional focus of this review also encompasses green synthesis techniques of nanoparticles that involve plant extract and supernatants from bacterial and fungal cultures as reducing agents. Furthermore, the use of nanocomposites and nano emulsions in biofilm management of ESKAPE is also discussed. To conclude, the review addresses the current obstacles and future outlooks in nanoparticle-based biofilm management, stressing the necessity for further research and development to fully exploit the potential of nanoparticles in addressing biofilm-related challenges.

Liposomal drug delivery strategies to eradicate bacterial biofilms: Challenges, recent advances, and future perspectives

Typical antibiotic treatments are often ineffectual against biofilm-related infections since bacteria residing within biofilms have developed various mechanisms to resist antibiotics. To overcome these limitations, antimicrobial-loaded liposomal nanoparticles are a promising anti-biofilm strategy as they have demonstrated improved antibiotic delivery and eradication of bacteria residing in biofilms. Antibiotic-loaded liposomal nanoparticles revealed remarkably higher antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities than free drugs in experimental settings. Moreover, liposomal nanoparticles can be used efficaciously for the combinational delivery of antibiotics and other antimicrobial compounds/peptide which facilitate, for instance, significant breakdown of the biofilm matrix, increased bacterial elimination from biofilms and depletion of metabolic activity of various pathogens. Drug-loaded liposomes have mitigated recurrent infections and are considered a promising tool to address challenges associated to antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that surface charge and polyethylene glycol modification of liposomes have a notable impact on their antibacterial biofilm activity. Future investigations should tackle the persistent hurdles associated with development of safe and effective liposomes for clinical application and investigate novel antibacterial treatments, including CRISPR-Cas gene editing, natural compounds, phages, and nano-mediated approaches. Herein, we emphasize the significance of liposomes in inhibition and eradication of various bacterial biofilms, their challenges, recent advances, and future perspectives.

Lipid-based nanomedicines for the treatment of bacterial respiratory infections: current state and new perspectives

The global threat posed by antimicrobial resistance demands urgent action and the development of effective drugs. Lower respiratory tract infections remain the deadliest communicable disease worldwide, often challenging to treat due to the presence of bacteria that form recalcitrant biofilms. There is consensus that novel anti-infectives with reduced resistance compared with conventional antibiotics are needed, leading to extensive research on innovative antibacterial agents. This review explores the recent progress in lipid-based nanomedicines developed to counteract bacterial respiratory infections, especially those involving biofilm growth; focuses on improved drug bioavailability and targeting and highlights novel strategies to enhance treatment efficacy while emphasizing the importance of continued research in this dynamic field.

Preparation and characterization of lysozyme loaded liposomal dry powder inhalation using non-ionic surfactants

Delivering protein drugs through dry powder inhalation (DPI) remains a significant challenge. Liposomes offer a promising solution, providing protection for proteins from external environment and controlled release capabilities. Furthermore, the use of non-ionic surfactants plays a crucial role in protecting the activity of proteins because of how the surfactants positioning themselves at the liquid-gas interface during the spray-drying process. In this study, lysozyme-loaded liposomal DPI formulations were prepared using various non-ionic surfactants, including polysorbate 80, poloxamer 188, poloxamer 407, and sucrose stearate. Lysozyme solution and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine liposomes were subjected through high-pressure homogenization to form lysozyme-loaded liposomes. Formulations of homogenized lysozyme liposomes were spray-dried and further characterized. The particle size of reconstituted liposomal lysozyme DPI was from 129.5 to 816.9 nm. The formulations showed encapsulation efficiency up to 32.5% with zeta potential value of around - 30 mV, and spherical structures were observed. The aerosol dispersion performance of the dry powder inhalers was evaluated with emitted doses reaching up to 103% and fine particle fractions up to 28.4%. Significantly higher lysozyme activity was confirmed in formulation with drug to PS 80 ratio of 1: 0.5 w/w (92.1%) compared to that of formulation containing no surfactant (59.8%). The formulation stood out as the only formulation that maintained protein activity while demonstrating good aerosol performance.

Independent antioxidant and anticancer properties of a novel thermostable lysozyme isolated from Bacillus paralicheniformis: in silico and in vitro studies

In this study, we evaluated the independent anticancer properties of a novel heat-stable lysozyme derived from the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus paralicheniformis (BplzC) to identify potential alternative therapies to address the suboptimal outcomes of current cancer treatments. Using the String 10.5 database, an in-silico protein-protein interaction study predicted that BplzC was a strong functional partner of cytochrome c, indicating a potential role in cancer cell apoptosis. Further, the HDOCK server predicted that BplzC strongly bound to cell death receptors, such as cytokines FAS receptor, leading to activation of cytochrome c and subsequent apoptosis in the cancer cell line. In vitro assays demonstrated uniform apoptotic activity of BplzC against various cancer cell lines, while showing no apoptotic activity against normal non-cancer cell lines. And showing no apoptotic activity against normal non-cancer cell lines suggested a very specific mode of action and without any adverse side effects. Additionally, BplzC exhibited ROS scavenging activity and reducing ability comparable to ascorbic acid, and significantly accelerated HEK293 cell migration. Our findings suggest that BplzC has specific cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and may be a valuable natural source of antioxidants for future use in the nutritional and pharmaceutical sectors.

Liposomes-Based Drug Delivery Systems of Anti-Biofilm Agents to Combat Bacterial Biofilm Formation

All currently approved antibiotics are being met by some degree of resistance by the bacteria they target. Biofilm formation is one of the crucial enablers of bacterial resistance, making it an important bacterial process to target for overcoming antibiotic resistance. Accordingly, several drug delivery systems that target biofilm formation have been developed. One of these systems is based on lipid-based nanocarriers (liposomes), which have shown strong efficacy against biofilms of bacterial pathogens. Liposomes come in various types, namely conventional (charged or neutral), stimuli-responsive, deformable, targeted, and stealth. This paper reviews studies employing liposomal formulations against biofilms of medically salient gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species reported recently. When it comes to gram-negative species, liposomal formulations of various types were reported to be efficacious against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and members of the genera Klebsiella, Salmonella, Aeromonas, Serratia, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella. A range of liposomal formulations were also effective against gram-positive biofilms, including mostly biofilms of Staphylococcal strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus subspecies bovis, followed by Streptococcal strains (pneumonia, oralis, and mutans), Cutibacterium acnes, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Listeria monocytogenes biofilms. This review outlines the benefits and limitations of using liposomal formulations as means to combat different multidrug-resistant bacteria, urging the investigation of the effects of bacterial gram-stain on liposomal efficiency and the inclusion of pathogenic bacterial strains previously unstudied.

Disrupting biofilm and eradicating bacteria by Ag-Fe3O4@MoS2 MNPs nanocomposite carrying enzyme and antibiotics

In this study, novel multilayered magnetic nanoparticles (ML-MNPs) loaded with DNase and/or vancomycin (Vanc) were fabricated for eliminating multispecies biofilms. Iron-oxide MNPs (IO-core) (500-800 nm) were synthesized via co-precipitation; further, the IO-core was coated with heavy-metal-based layers (Ag and MoS₂ NPs) using solvent evaporation. DNase and Vanc were loaded onto the outermost layer of the ML-MNP formed by nanoporous MoS₂ NPs through physical deposition and adsorption. The biofilms of S. mutans or E. faecalis (or both) were formed in a brain-heart-infusion broth (BHI) for 3 days, followed by treatment with ML-MNPs for 24 h. The results revealed that coatings of Ag (200 nm) and ultrasmall MoS₂ (20 nm) were assembled as outer layers of ML-MNPs successfully, and they formed Ag-Fe₃O₄@MoS₂ MNPs (3-5 μm). The DNase-Vanc-loaded MNPs caused nanochannels digging and resulted in the enhanced penetration of MNPs towards the bottom layers of biofilm, which resulted in a decrease in the thickness of the 72-h biofilm from 48 to 58 μm to 0-4 μm. The sustained release of Vanc caused a synergistic bacterial killing up to 96%-100%. The heavy-metal-based layers of MNPs act as nanozymes to interfere with bacterial metabolism and proliferation, which adversely affects biofilm integrity. Further, loading DNase/Vanc onto the nanoporous-MoS₂-layer of ML-MNPs promoted nanochannel creation through the biofilm. Therefore, DNase-and Vanc-loaded ML-MNPs exhibited potent effects on biofilm disruption and bacterial killing.

Applications of Lysozyme, an Innate Immune Defense Factor, as an Alternative Antibiotic

Lysozyme is a ~14 kDa protein present in many mucosal secretions (tears, saliva, and mucus) and tissues of animals and plants, and plays an important role in the innate immunity, providing protection against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Three main different types of lysozymes are known: the c-type (chicken or conventional type), the g-type (goose type), and the i-type (invertebrate type). It has long been the subject of several applications due to its antimicrobial properties. The problem of antibiotic resistance has stimulated the search for new molecules or new applications of known compounds. The use of lysozyme as an alternative antibiotic is the subject of this review, which covers the results published over the past two decades. This review is focused on the applications of lysozyme in medicine, (the treatment of infectious diseases, wound healing, and anti-biofilm), veterinary, feed, food preservation, and crop protection. It is available from a wide range of sources, in addition to the well-known chicken egg white, and its synergism with other compounds, endowed with antimicrobial activity, are also summarized. An overview of the modified lysozyme applications is provided in the form of tables.

Enhancing the therapeutic use of biofilm-dispersing enzymes with smart drug delivery systems

Biofilm-dispersing enzymes degrade the extracellular polymeric matrix surrounding bacterial biofilms, disperse the microbial community and increase their susceptibility to antibiotics and immune cells. Challenges for the clinical translation of biofilm-dispersing enzymes involve their susceptibility to denaturation, degradation, and clearance upon administration in vivo. Drug delivery systems aim to overcome these limitations through encapsulation, stabilization and protection from the exterior environment, thereby maintaining the enzymatic activity. Smart drug delivery systems offer target specificity, releasing payloads at the site of infection while minimizing unnecessary systemic exposure. This review highlights critical advances of biofilm-dispersing enzymes as a novel therapeutic approach for biofilm-associated infections. We explore how smart, bio-responsive delivery systems overcome the limiting factors of biofilm-dispersing enzymes and summarize the key systems designed. This review will guide future developments, focusing on utilizing selective and specific therapies in a targeted fashion to meet the unmet therapeutic needs of biofilm infections.

Novel Nanotherapeutics as Next-generation Anti-infective Agents: Current Trends and Future Prospectives

With the ever-increasing population and improvement in the healthcare system in the 21st century, the incidence of chronic microbial infections and associated health disorders has also increased at a striking pace. The ability of pathogenic microorganisms to form biofilm matrix aggravates the situation due to antibiotic resistance phenomenon resulting in resistance against conventional antibiotic therapy which has become a public health concern. The canonical Quorum Sensing (QS) signaling system hierarchically regulates the expression of an array of virulence phenotypes and controls the development of biofilm dynamics. It is imperative to develop an alternative, yet effective and non-conventional therapeutic approach, popularly known as "anti-infective therapy" which seems to be interesting. In this regard, targeting microbial QS associated virulence and biofilm development proves to be a quite astonishing approach in counteracting the paucity of traditional antibiotics. A number of synthetic and natural compounds are exploited for their efficacy in combating QS associated microbial infections but the bioavailability and biocompatibility limit their widespread applications. In this context, the nanotechnological intervention offers a new paradigm for widespread biomedical applications starting from targeted drug delivery to diagnostics for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, particularly to fight against microbial infections and antibiotics resistance in biofilms. A wide range of nanomaterials ranging from metallic nanoparticles to polymeric nanoparticles and recent advances in the development of carbon-based nanomaterials such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO) also immensely exhibited intrinsic antiinfective properties when targeted towards microbial infections and associated MDR phenomenon. In addition, the use of nano-based platforms as carriers emphatically increases the efficacy of targeted and sitespecific delivery of potential drug candidates for preventing microbial infections.

Impact of nanosystems in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms treatment

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is considered by the World Health Organization as a high priority pathogen for which new therapies are needed. This is particularly important for biofilm implant-associated infections once the only available treatment option implies a surgical procedure combined with antibiotic therapy. Consequently, these infections represent an economic burden for Healthcare Systems. A new strategy has emerged to tackle this problem: for small bugs, small particles. Here, we describe how nanotechnology-based systems have been studied to treat S. aureus biofilms. Their features, drawbacks and potentialities to impact the treatment of these infections are highlighted. Furthermore, we also outline biofilm models and assays required for preclinical validation of those nanosystems to smooth the process of clinical translation.

Antibiotics Application Strategies to Control Biofilm Formation in Pathogenic Bacteria

BACKGROUND

The establishment of a biofilm by most pathogenic bacteria has been known as one of the resistance mechanisms against antibiotics. A biofilm is a structural component where the bacterial community adheres to the biotic or abiotic surfaces by the help of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) produced by bacterial cells. The biofilm matrix possesses the ability to resist several adverse environmental factors, including the effect of antibiotics. Therefore, the resistance of bacterial biofilm-forming cells could be increased up to 1000 times than the planktonic cells, hence requiring a significantly high concentration of antibiotics for treatment.

METHODS

Up to the present, several methodologies employing antibiotics as an anti-biofilm, antivirulence or quorum quenching agent have been developed for biofilm inhibition and eradication of a pre-formed mature biofilm.

RESULTS

Among the anti-biofilm strategies being tested, the sub-minimal inhibitory concentration of several antibiotics either alone or in combination has been shown to inhibit biofilm formation and down-regulate the production of virulence factors. The combinatorial strategies include (1) combination of multiple antibiotics, (2) combination of antibiotics with non-antibiotic agents and (3) loading of antibiotics onto a carrier.

CONCLUSION

The present review paper describes the role of several antibiotics as biofilm inhibitors and also the alternative strategies adopted for applications in eradicating and inhibiting the formation of biofilm by pathogenic bacteria.

Gentamicin decorated phosphatidylcholine-chitosan nanoparticles against biofilms and intracellular bacteria

Biofilms and intracellular bacteria often cause a series of overwhelming public health issues due to their strong drug resistance. Hence, chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs), phosphatidylcholine and gentamicin were used to synthesize a novel nanodrug delivery system (GPC NPs). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated that the surface zeta-potential of GPC NPs was -19.5 mV. The morphology of GPC NPs was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gentamicin adsorption and release behaviors of GPC NPs were also investigated. The GPC NPs could effectively damage and remove the biofilm formed by pathogens through permeation of the antibiotic into the biofilm. In addition, the nanoparticles were readily engulfed by macrophages which facilitated the killing of intracellular bacteria and had neglectable cytotoxicity. Our study indicated that GPC NPs could be used as a promising nanoantibacterial agent against biofilms and intracellular bacteria.

Azalomycin F5a Eradicates Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm by Rapidly Penetrating and Subsequently Inducing Cell Lysis

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a serious threat to public health. Bacterial biofilm, as a natural lifestyle, is a major contributor to resistance to antimicrobials. Azalomycin F_5a, a natural guanidine-containing polyhydroxy macrolide, has remarkable activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, a major causative agent of hospital-acquired infections. To further evaluate its potential to be developed as a new antimicrobial agent, its influence on S. aureus biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet method, and then its eradication effect against mature biofilms was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, the drop plate method, and regrowth experiments. The results showed that azalomycin F_5a could significantly inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation, and such effects were concentration dependent. In addition, it can also eradicate S. aureus mature biofilms with the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 32.0 μg/mL. As extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) plays important roles in the structural integrity of bacterial biofilm, its influence on the eDNA release in S. aureus biofilm was further analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Combined with our previous works, these results indicate that azalomycin F_5a could rapidly penetrate biofilm and causes damages to the cell membrane, leading to an increase in DNase release and eventually eradicating S. aureus biofilm.

Preparation and characterization of endolysin-containing liposomes and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities against gram-negative bacteria

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in treating bacterial infections cause the rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, suggesting that the development of alternative strategies to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria is urgently needed. Endolysins are bacteriophage-encoded enzymes that can degrade peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, and they have great potential as alternative antimicrobial agents. However, exogenous application of recombinant endolysin is limited to Gram-positive bacteria because endolysins cannot penetrate the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Here, a liposome-mediated endolysin encapsulation system was developed, and its ability to penetrate the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria was tested. The phage-derived endolysin BSP16Lys was isolated, characterized, and used for encapsulation into a cationic liposome comprised of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol, and hexadecylamine. The BSP16Lys-encapsulated liposome had a high zeta potential value (over 30 mV) with an average diameter of 303 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of BSP16Lys into the liposome was 35.27%. Salmonella Typhimuriumand Escherichia coli cells treated with BSP16Lys-encapsulated liposomes showed 2.2-log CFU/mL and 1.6-log CFU/mL reductions in the viable cell numbers, respectively, without treatment of a membrane permeabilizer. These results showed potential for liposome-mediated delivery of endolysin for exogenous application against Gram-negative bacteria.

Silica-gentamicin nanohybrids: combating antibiotic resistance, bacterial biofilms, and in vivo toxicity

INTRODUCTION

Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern in health care. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), forming biofilms, is a common cause of resistant orthopedic implant infections. Gentamicin is a crucial antibiotic preventing orthopedic infections. Silica-gentamicin (SiO2-G) delivery systems have attracted significant interest in preventing the formation of biofilms. However, compelling scientific evidence addressing their efficacy against planktonic MRSA and MRSA biofilms is still lacking, and their safety has not extensively been studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this work, we have investigated the effects of SiO2-G nanohybrids against planktonic MRSA as well as MRSA and Escherichia coli biofilms and then evaluated their toxicity in zebrafish embryos, which are an excellent model for assessing the toxicity of nanotherapeutics.

RESULTS

SiO2-G nanohybrids inhibited the growth and killed planktonic MRSA at a minimum concentration of 500 µg/mL. SiO2-G nanohybrids entirely eradicated E. coli cells in biofilms at a minimum concentration of 250 µg/mL and utterly deformed their ultrastructure through the deterioration of bacterial shapes and wrinkling of their cell walls. Zebrafish embryos exposed to SiO2-G nanohybrids (500 and 1,000 µg/mL) showed a nonsignificant increase in mortality rates, 13.4±9.4 and 15%±7.1%, respectively, mainly detected 24 hours post fertilization (hpf). Frequencies of malformations were significantly different from the control group only 24 hpf at the higher exposure concentration.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, this work provides the first comprehensive in vivo assessment of SiO2-G nanohybrids as a biocompatible drug delivery system and describes the efficacy of SiO2-G nanohybrids in combating planktonic MRSA cells and eradicating E. coli biofilms.

Light controllable chitosan micelles with ROS generation and essential oil release for the treatment of bacterial biofilm

Bacterial biofilms are widely associated with persistent infections and food contamination. High resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents resulted in an urgent need for novel formulation to eliminate these bacterial communities. Herein we fabricated light controllable chitosan micelles loading with thymol (T-TCP) for elimination of biofilm. Due to the exterior chitosan, T-TCP micelles easily bind to negative biofilm through electrostatic interaction and efficiently deliver the essential oil payloads. Under irradiation, T-TCP micelles generated ROS, which triggered simultaneous thymol release and also resulted in additional ROS-inducing bactericidal effects, both effectively eradicating biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. This formulation provided a platform for other water-insoluble antimicrobials and might be used as a potent and controllable solution to biofilm fighting.

Inhalable Levofloxacin Liposomes Complemented with Lysozyme for Treatment of Pulmonary Infection in Rats: Effective Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Strategy

Treatment of bacterial infections becomes increasingly complicated due to increasing bacterial resistance and difficulty in developing new antimicrobial agents. Emphasis should be laid on improvising the existing treatment modalities. We studied the improved antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of levofloxacin (LFX) and lysozyme (LYS) in microbiological studies. LFX at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration with LYS eradicated > 85% of preformed biofilm. LFX was actively loaded into the liposomes using pH gradient method and was spray-dried with LYS solution. Percent entrapment of LFX in liposome was > 80% and prolonged cumulative release of 85% LFX at the end of 12 h. In vitro lung deposition study and solid-state characterization for spray dried LFX liposome in combination with LYS (LFX liposome-LYS) was performed. Co-spray dried product had mass median aerodynamic diameter ranging < 5 μm. In pharmacodynamic study, Staphylococcus aureus infected rats were treated with LFX liposome-LYS. Lungs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and nasal fluid were evaluated for microbial burden. Expression of cytokine levels in BALF and serum were also studied by ELISA. In addition, mRNA expression for lung inflammatory mediators and lung myeloperoxidase activity were carried out. Further, lungs and histological changes were observed grossly. Untreated infected rat lungs demonstrated higher mRNA expression for inflammatory markers, cytokine levels, and microbial load compared to vehicle control. Conversely, LFX liposome-LYS significantly abated these adverse repercussions. Histology findings were also in agreement of above. Acute toxicity study revealed safeness of LFX liposome-LYS. Our findings confirm LFX liposome-LYS exhibited prolonged, improved antibiofilm and antimicrobial efficacy in treating S. aureus infection.