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Appiah CO, Singh M, May L, Bakshi I, Vaidyanathan A, Dent P, Ginder G, Grant S, Bear H, Landry J. The epigenetic regulation of cancer cell recovery from therapy exposure and its implications as a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing disease recurrence. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 158:337-385. [PMID: 36990536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of cancer therapy is the elimination of disease from patients. Most directly, this occurs through therapy-induced cell death. Therapy-induced growth arrest can also be a desirable outcome, if prolonged. Unfortunately, therapy-induced growth arrest is rarely durable and the recovering cell population can contribute to cancer recurrence. Consequently, therapeutic strategies that eliminate residual cancer cells reduce opportunities for recurrence. Recovery can occur through diverse mechanisms including quiescence or diapause, exit from senescence, suppression of apoptosis, cytoprotective autophagy, and reductive divisions resulting from polyploidy. Epigenetic regulation of the genome represents a fundamental regulatory mechanism integral to cancer-specific biology, including the recovery from therapy. Epigenetic pathways are particularly attractive therapeutic targets because they are reversible, without changes in DNA, and are catalyzed by druggable enzymes. Previous use of epigenetic-targeting therapies in combination with cancer therapeutics has not been widely successful because of either unacceptable toxicity or limited efficacy. The use of epigenetic-targeting therapies after a significant interval following initial cancer therapy could potentially reduce the toxicity of combination strategies, and possibly exploit essential epigenetic states following therapy exposure. This review examines the feasibility of targeting epigenetic mechanisms using a sequential approach to eliminate residual therapy-arrested populations, that might possibly prevent recovery and disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana O Appiah
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Manjulata Singh
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lauren May
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ishita Bakshi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ashish Vaidyanathan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gordon Ginder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Steven Grant
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Harry Bear
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Joseph Landry
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Chen M, Wu GB, Hua S, Zhao ZF, Li HJ, Luo M. Identification and validation of a prognostic model of necroptosis-related lncRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:907859. [PMID: 36246594 PMCID: PMC9557293 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.907859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study focused on establishing a prognostic survival model with six necroptosis-related lncRNAs to predict overall survival (OS) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The data of gene expression and clinical information of HCC patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Cox regression with LASSO was used for constructing a necroptosis-related lncRNA survival model, which we further validated with qRT-PCR in vitro. The relative bioinformatics analysis and consensus cluster analysis were performed based on six differentially expressed lncRNAs. Results: The survival prognostic model was constructed by using data from TCGA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed a good survival prediction by this model. GSEA showed that several signaling pathways were related to HCC progression. Immune-related functional analysis showed that aDCs, macrophages, Th2 cells, and Tregs have stronger correlation with the high-risk group. The consensus cluster analysis further validated the 6-lncRNA prognostic model. Conclusion: A novel 6-lncRNA (AL606489.1, NRAV, LINC02870, DUXAP8, “ZFPM2-AS1,” and AL031985.3) prognostic model had an accurately predictive power in HCC prognosis, which might be worthy of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Hua
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Jie Li, ; Meng Luo,
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Jie Li, ; Meng Luo,
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Singhal S, Maheshwari P, Krishnamurthy PT, Patil VM. Drug Repurposing Strategies for Non-Cancer to Cancer Therapeutics. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2726-2756. [PMID: 35301945 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220317140557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Global efforts invested for the prevention and treatment of cancer need to be repositioned to develop safe, effective, and economic anticancer therapeutics by adopting rational approaches of drug discovery. Drug repurposing is one of the established approaches to reposition old, clinically approved off patent noncancer drugs with known targets into newer indications. The literature review suggests key role of drug repurposing in the development of drugs intended for cancer as well as noncancer therapeutics. A wide category of noncancer drugs namely, drugs acting on CNS, anthelmintics, cardiovascular drugs, antimalarial drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs have come out with interesting outcomes during preclinical and clinical phases. In the present article a comprehensive overview of the current scenario of drug repurposing for the treatment of cancer has been focused. The details of some successful studies along with examples have been included followed by associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Singhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Priyal Maheshwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Vaishali M Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
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Goehringer N, Peng Y, Nitzsche B, Biermann H, Pradhan R, Schobert R, Herling M, Höpfner M, Biersack B. Improved Anticancer Activities of a New Pentafluorothio-Substituted Vorinostat-Type Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121319. [PMID: 34959719 PMCID: PMC8704709 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new anticancer drugs is necessary in order deal with the disease and with the drawbacks of currently applied drugs. Epigenetic dysregulations are a central hallmark of cancerogenesis and histone deacetylases (HDACs) emerged as promising anticancer targets. HDAC inhibitors are promising epigenetic anticancer drugs and new HDAC inhibitors are sought for in order to obtain potent drug candidates. The new HDAC inhibitor SF5-SAHA was synthesized and analyzed for its anticancer properties. The new compound SF5-SAHA showed strong inhibition of tumor cell growth with IC50 values similar to or lower than that of the clinically applied reference compound vorinostat/SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid). Target specific HDAC inhibition was demonstrated by Western blot analyses. Unspecific cytotoxic effects were not observed in LDH-release measurements. Pro-apoptotic formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase-3 activity induction in prostate carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines DU145 and Hep-G2 seem to be further aspects of the mode of action. Antiangiogenic activity of SF5-SAHA was observed on chorioallantoic membranes of fertilized chicken eggs (CAM assay). The presence of the pentafluorothio-substituent of SF5-SAHA increased the antiproliferative effects in both solid tumor and leukemia/lymphoma cell models when compared with its parent compound vorinostat. Based on this preliminary study, SF5-SAHA has the prerequisites to be further developed as a new HDAC inhibitory anticancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Goehringer
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (N.G.); (B.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Yayi Peng
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Oncoproteome, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115c, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (Y.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Bianca Nitzsche
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (N.G.); (B.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Hannah Biermann
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (N.G.); (B.N.); (H.B.)
| | - Rohan Pradhan
- Care Group Sight Solution Pvt. Ltd., Dabhasa, Vadodara 391440, India;
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Marco Herling
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Oncoproteome, University Hospital Cologne, Weyertal 115c, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (Y.P.); (M.H.)
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Hematology, Cell Therapy and Hemostaseology, Liebigstraße 22, House 7, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Höpfner
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (N.G.); (B.N.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (B.B.)
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Abstract
Aim: The current investigation is focused on the targeted delivery of doxorubicin through CD44 aptamer-mediated active targeting to the human breast cancer cells. Methods: CD44 aptamer-doxorubicin (Apt-Dox) conjugates were developed by incubating different molar ratios of aptamer and doxorubicin. Cytotoxicity, selective intracellular accumulation and uptake of the Apt-Dox conjugates were analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of Apt-Dox conjugates. Results: Dox was efficiently conjugated with aptamer at 1:2 Apt-Dox molar ratios. Apt-Dox conjugate significantly inhibited the proliferation of CD44-overexpressing breast cancer cells, whereas negligible inhibition of cell proliferation was found in the control cells. Apt-Dox conjugate selectively internalized and accumulated in CD44-overexpressing cells. Conclusion: Apt-Dox conjugate selectively delivers doxorubicin to CD44-expressing cancer cells, thereby inhibiting selective cell proliferation and enhancing the targeted therapy.
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Sargazi S, Hajinezhad MR, Barani M, Rahdar A, Shahraki S, Karimi P, Cucchiarini M, Khatami M, Pandey S. Synthesis, characterization, toxicity and morphology assessments of newly prepared microemulsion systems for delivery of valproic acid. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Bieszczad B, Garbicz D, Świtalska M, Dudek MK, Warszycki D, Wietrzyk J, Grzesiuk E, Mieczkowski A. Improved HDAC Inhibition, Stronger Cytotoxic Effect and Higher Selectivity against Leukemias and Lymphomas of Novel, Tricyclic Vorinostat Analogues. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:851. [PMID: 34577551 PMCID: PMC8470702 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a class of drugs used in the cancer treatment. Here, we developed a library of 19 analogues of Vorinostat, an HDAC inhibitor used in lymphomas treatment. In Vorinostat, we replaced the hydrophobic phenyl group with various tricyclic 'caps' possessing a central, eight-membered, heterocyclic ring, and investigated the HDAC activity and cytotoxic effect on the cancer and normal cell lines. We found that 3 out of the 19 compounds, based on dibenzo[b,f]azocin-6(5H)-one, 11,12-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azocin-6(5H)-one, and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-f][1,5]diazocine-6,14(5H,13H)-dione scaffolds, showed better HDACs inhibition than the referenced Vorinostat. In leukemic cell line MV4-11 and in the lymphoma cell line Daudi, three compounds showed lower IC50 values than Vorinostat. These compounds had higher activity and selectivity against MV4-11 and Daudi cell lines than reference Vorinostat. We also observed a strong correlation between HDACs inhibition and the cytotoxic effect. Cell lines derived from solid tumours: A549 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) as well as reference BALB/3T3 (normal murine fibroblasts) were less susceptible to compounds tested. Developed derivatives show improved properties than Vorinostat, thus they could be considered as possible agents for leukemia and lymphoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Bieszczad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (B.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Damian Garbicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (B.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Marta Świtalska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.W.)
| | - Marta K. Dudek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dawid Warszycki
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (J.W.)
| | - Elżbieta Grzesiuk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (B.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (B.B.); (D.G.)
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Duarte D, Cardoso A, Vale N. Synergistic Growth Inhibition of HT-29 Colon and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells with Simultaneous and Sequential Combinations of Antineoplastics and CNS Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147408. [PMID: 34299028 PMCID: PMC8306770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several central nervous system (CNS) drugs exhibit potent anti-cancer activities. This study aimed to design a novel model of combination that combines different CNS agents and antineoplastic drugs (5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and paclitaxel (PTX)) for colorectal and breast cancer therapy, respectively. Cytotoxic effects of 5-FU and PTX alone and in combination with different CNS agents were evaluated on HT-29 colon and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, respectively. Three antimalarials alone and in combination with 5-FU were also evaluated in HT-29 cells. Different schedules and concentrations in a fixed ratio were added to the cultured cells and incubated for 48 h. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT and SRB assays. Synergism was evaluated using the Chou-Talalay, Bliss Independence and HSA methods. Our results demonstrate that fluphenazine, fluoxetine and benztropine have enhanced anticancer activity when used alone as compared to being used in combination, making them ideal candidates for drug repurposing in colorectal cancer (CRC). Regarding MCF-7 cells, sertraline was the most promising candidate alone for drug repurposing, with the lowest IC50 value. For HT-29 cells, the CNS drugs sertraline and thioridazine in simultaneous combination with 5-FU demonstrated the strongest synergism among all combinations. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the combination of fluoxetine, fluphenazine and benztropine with PTX resulted in synergism for all concentrations below IC50. We also found that the antimalarial artesunate administration prior to 5-FU produces better results in reducing HT-29 cell viability than the inverse drug schedule or the simultaneous combination. These results demonstrate that CNS drugs activity differs between the two selected cell lines, both alone and in combination, and support that some CNS agents may be promising candidates for drug repurposing in these types of cancers. Additionally, these results demonstrate that 5-FU or a combination of PTX with CNS drugs should be further evaluated. These results also demonstrate that antimalarial drugs may also be used as antitumor agents in colorectal cancer, besides breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Duarte
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando Cardoso
- NeuroGen Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Future Opportunities. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030223. [PMID: 33809844 PMCID: PMC8004277 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major health problem worldwide with a continuous increasing prevalence. Despite the introduction of targeted therapies like the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib, treatment outcomes are not encouraging. The prognosis of advanced HCC is still dismal, underlying the need for novel effective treatments. Apart from the various risk factors that predispose to the development of HCC, epigenetic factors also play a functional role in tumor genesis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that remove acetyl groups from histone lysine residues of proteins, such as the core nucleosome histones, in this way not permitting DNA to loosen from the histone octamer and consequently preventing its transcription. Considering that HDAC activity is reported to be up-regulated in HCC, treatment strategies with HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) showed some promising results. This review focuses on the use of HDACIs as novel anticancer agents and explains the mechanisms of their therapeutic effects in HCC.
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Hepigenetics: A Review of Epigenetic Modulators and Potential Therapies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9593254. [PMID: 33299889 PMCID: PMC7707949 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9593254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second most lethal, following lung cancer. Currently applied therapeutic practices rely on surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or a combination thereof. These treatment options are associated with extreme adversities, and risk/benefit ratios do not always work in patients' favor. Anomalies of the epigenome lie at the epicenter of aberrant molecular mechanisms by which the disease develops and progresses. Modulation of these anomalous events poses a promising prospect for alternative treatment options, with an abundance of felicitous results reported in recent years. Herein, the most recent epigenetic modulators in hepatocellular carcinoma are recapitulated on.
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Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Triggers Sodium Valproate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells. J Gastrointest Cancer 2020; 52:899-906. [PMID: 32880040 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-020-00505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Currently used chemotherapeutic drugs have several side effects. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme inhibitors possess potential anti-cancer effects. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of sodium valproate, a HDAC inhibitor in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells. METHODS MTT assay was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of HT-29 cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction was evaluated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate staining. Dual staining with acridine orange/ethidium bromide was used to investigate the morphology-related apoptotic cell death. Mitochondrial membrane potential was analyzed by rhodamine 123 staining. E-cadherin protein expression was examined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Sodium valproate at 2 and 4 mM/mL treatments significantly induced cytotoxicity. Increased intracellular ROS expression was observed in the cells treated with sodium valproate. This treatment also induced mitochondrial dissipation, apoptosis-related morphological damage, and E-cadherin expression in HT-29 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our present results suggest that sodium valproate is cytotoxic to HT-29 cells due to its pro-oxidative and apoptosis inducing potential. Sodium valproate can be used as an adjuvant along with standard chemotherapeutic agents in CRC patients after necessary in vivo and clinical studies.
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Poudel K, Banstola A, Tran TH, Thapa RK, Gautam M, Ou W, Pham LM, Maharjan S, Jeong JH, Ku SK, Choi HG, Yong CS, Kim JO. Hyaluronic acid wreathed, trio-stimuli receptive and on-demand triggerable nanoconstruct for anchored combinatorial cancer therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 249:116815. [PMID: 32933663 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) assisted effective internalization into CD44 receptor-overexpressing cancer cells, which could offer an excellent cytotoxic profile and tumor alterations. In this study, duo-photothermal agents (copper sulfide (CuS) and graphene oxide (GO)), chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin (DOX)), and targeting moiety (HA) were incorporated into a complexed nanoconstruct for trio-responsive chemo-phototherapy. The nanosystem (CuS(DOX)-GO-HA) was demonstrating its responsive drug release and escalated photothermal behavior. The hyperthermia and photodynamic effect were observed along with efficient ROS generation in the presence of dual photosensitizers. The in vivo biodistribution and photothermal profile reflected a high accumulation and retention of the nanoconstruct in the tumor. Importantly, nanoconstructs effectively inhibit tumor growth based on tumor volume analysis and the altered expression of apoptosis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis markers. Collectively, these findings suggest that this nanoconstruct has excellent antitumor effects in CD44 overexpressed cells showing the potential for clinical translation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishwor Poudel
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Asmita Banstola
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong District, Hanoi 100803, Viet Nam; PHENIKAA Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, No.167 Hoang Ngan, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11313, Viet Nam
| | - Raj Kumar Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Milan Gautam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Wenquan Ou
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Le Minh Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Srijan Maharjan
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongan 712-715, South Korea
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea.
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Saha SK, Choi HY, Yang GM, Biswas PK, Kim K, Kang GH, Gil M, Cho SG. GPR50 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via the Notch Signaling Pathway through Direct Interaction with ADAM17. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 17:332-349. [PMID: 32405532 PMCID: PMC7210388 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and it is thus critical to identify novel molecular biomarkers of HCC prognosis and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC progression. Here, we show that G-protein-coupled receptor 50 (GPR50) in HCC is overexpressed and that GPR50 knockdown may downregulate cancer cell progression through attenuation of the Notch signaling pathway. GPR50 knockdown was found to reduce HCC progression by inactivating Notch signaling in a ligand-independent manner through a disintegrin and metalloproteinase metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17), a proteolytic enzyme that cleaves the Notch receptor, which was corroborated by GPR50 overexpression in hepatocytes. GPR50 silencing also downregulated transcription and translation of ADAM17 through the AKT/specificity protein-1 (SP1) signaling axis. Notably, GPR50 was found to directly interact with ADAM17. Overall, we demonstrate a novel GPR50-mediated regulation of the ADAM17-Notch signaling pathway, which can provide insights into HCC progression and prognosis and development of Notch-based HCC treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Polash Kumar Biswas
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Ho Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minchan Gil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sultana F, Manasa KL, Shaik SP, Bonam SR, Kamal A. Zinc Dependent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Update. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7212-7280. [PMID: 29852860 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180530094120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are an important class of enzymes that play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression that modifies the terminal of core histones leading to remodelling of chromatin topology and thereby controlling gene expression. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) counter this action and can result in hyperacetylation of histones, thereby inducing an array of cellular consequences such as activation of apoptotic pathways, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest and autophagy. Hence, there is a growing interest in the potential clinical use of HDAC inhibitors as a new class of targeted cancer therapeutics. Methodology and Result: Several research articles spanning between 2016 and 2017 were reviewed in this article and presently offer critical insights into the important strategies such as structure-based rational drug design, multi-parameter lead optimization methodologies, relevant SAR studies and biology of various class of HDAC inhibitors, such as hydroxamic acids, benzamides, cyclic peptides, aliphatic acids, summarising the clinical trials and results of various combination drug therapy till date. CONCLUSION This review will provide a platform to the synthetic chemists and biologists to cater the needs of both molecular targeted therapy and combination drug therapy to design and synthesize safe and selective HDAC inhibitors in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Sultana
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Kesari Lakshmi Manasa
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Siddiq Pasha Shaik
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad-500007, India.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India.,School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062, India
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15
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Successful stories of drug repurposing for cancer therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. DRUG REPURPOSING IN CANCER THERAPY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7471801 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819668-7.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121656. [PMID: 31861179 PMCID: PMC6952790 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autophagy is a well-known and extensively described cell pathway, numerous studies have been recently interested in studying the importance of its regulation at different molecular levels, including the translational and post-translational levels. Therefore, this review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in cancer and summarizes the. following: (i) how ATG genes are regulated by epigenetics, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications; (ii) how epidrugs are able to modulate autophagy in cancer and to alter cancer-related phenotypes (proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, etc.) and; (iii) how epigenetic enzymes can also regulate autophagy at the protein level. One noteable observation was that researchers most often reported conclusions about the regulation of the autophagy flux, following the use of epidrugs, based only on the analysis of LC3B-II form in treated cells. However, it is now widely accepted that an increase in LC3B-II form could be the consequence of an induction of the autophagy flux, as well as a block in the autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, in our review, all the published results describing a link between epidrugs and autophagy were systematically reanalyzed to determine whether autophagy flux was indeed increased, or inhibited, following the use of these potentially new interesting treatments targeting the autophagy process. Altogether, these recent data strongly support the idea that the determination of autophagy status could be crucial for future anticancer therapies. Indeed, the use of a combination of epidrugs and autophagy inhibitors could be beneficial for some cancer patients, whereas, in other cases, an increase of autophagy, which is frequently observed following the use of epidrugs, could lead to increased autophagy cell death.
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17
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Zhu F, Jiang D, Zhang M, Zhao B. 2,4-Dihydroxy-3'-methoxy-4'-ethoxychalcone suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma via the PI3K/akt/mTOR signaling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:641-648. [PMID: 31564190 PMCID: PMC6781472 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1662814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Context: Caragana pruinosa Kom. (Fabaceae), a commonly used folk medicine, has been found to possess antitumor effects. However, the antiproliferative effect of 2,4-dihydroxy-3'-methoxy-4'-ethoxychalcone (DMEC) derived from C. pruinosa against multiple myeloma (MM) has never been investigated. Objective: This study systematically evaluates the antiproliferative effect of DMEC against MM cells. Materials and methods: The antiproliferative effect of DMEC (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 μM) on MM cells lines, including RPMI8226, MM.1S, and U266, was examined using Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay after 24 h incubation. The proapoptotic effect of DMEC (20 μM) was determined using fluorescent microscope and flow cytometer, and its possible underlying mechanisms were further studied by using western blotting analysis. Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of DMEC on RPMI8226, MM.1S, and U266 cells were calculated as 25.97, 18.36, and 15.02 μM, respectively. The inhibitory effect of DMEC on MM cells was related to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via upregulation of the cleaved-caspase-3 (C-3), cleaved-caspase-9 (C-9), Bad, and cytochrome C (Cyto C), but downregulation of the Bcl-2 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Furthermore, DMEC (5, 10, and 20 μM) reduced the expression of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated (p)-protein kinase B (Akt), and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), which were further evidenced by pretreatment with IGF-1, a PI3K activator. Conclusion: Collectively, our results indicate that the DMEC could be treated as a new candidate for treatment of multiple myeloma in the future. Also, an in vivo study is warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- FengChen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Yongchuan Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - DianMing Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - MingHua Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Yongchuan Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Yongchuan Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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18
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Chen JC, Lee IN, Huang C, Wu YP, Chung CY, Lee MH, Lin MHC, Yang JT. Valproic acid-induced amphiregulin secretion confers resistance to temozolomide treatment in human glioma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:756. [PMID: 31370819 PMCID: PMC6670223 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most severe type of primary brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Although extensive treatments for GBM, including resection, irradiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, have been tried, the prognosis is still poor. Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, is a front-line chemotherapeutic drug for the clinical treatment of GBM; however, its effects are very limited because of the chemoresistance. Valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitor activity, has been shown to have synergistic effects with TMZ against GBM. The mechanism of action of VPA on TMZ combination therapy is still unclear. Accumulating evidence has shown that secreted proteins are responsible for the cross talking among cells in the tumor microenvironment, which may play a critical role in the regulation of drug responses. METHODS To understand the effect of VPA on secreted proteins in GBM cells, we first used the antibody array to analyze the cell culture supernatant from VPA-treated and untreated GBM cells. The results were further confirmed by lentivirus-mediated knockdown and exogenous recombinant administration. RESULTS Our results showed that amphiregulin (AR) was highly secreted in VPA-treated cells. Knockdown of AR can sensitize GBM cells to TMZ. Furthermore, pretreatment of exogenous recombinant AR significantly increased EGFR activation and conferred resistance to TMZ. To further verify the effect of AR on TMZ resistance, cells pre-treated with AR neutralizing antibody markedly increased sensitivity to TMZ. In addition, we also observed that the expression of AR was positively correlated with the resistance of TMZ in different GBM cell lines. CONCLUSIONS The present study aimed to identify the secreted proteins that contribute to the modulation of drug response. Understanding the full set of secreted proteins present in glial cells might help reveal potential therapeutic opportunities. The results indicated that AR may potentially serve as biomarker and therapeutic approach for chemotherapy regimens in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, 60004 Taiwan
| | - I-Neng Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yen Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Martin Hsiu-Chu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33302 Taiwan
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19
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Li H, Zhang Z, Gao C, Wu S, Duan Q, Wu H, Wang C, Shen Q, Yin T. Combination chemotherapy of valproic acid (VPA) and gemcitabine regulates STAT3/Bmi1 pathway to differentially potentiate the motility of pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:50. [PMID: 31244991 PMCID: PMC6582499 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine is the standard first-line chemotherapy regimen for pancreatic cancer. However, its therapeutic value is substantially limited in pancreatic cancer patients due to occurrence of resistance towards gemcitabine. A strategy of combined chemo-regimens is widely employed in clinical settings in attempt to reduce the chance of developing therapeutic resistance. Valproic acid (VPA) has been reported as a promising anticancer drug in various clinical trials and studies. However, the clinical value and potential dose-effect of VPA in combination with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer treatment are under investigated. RESULTS In this study, we determined the synergistic effect of VPA and gemcitabine and found that high-dose VPA significantly and dose-dependently enhanced the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Intriguingly, low-dose VPA potentiated the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells that already showed gemcitabine-induced motility. Moreover, low-dose VPA increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which activated AKT to further stimulate the activation of STAT3, Bmi1 expression and eventually promoted the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells induced by gemcitabine. Whereas high-dose VPA stimulated excessive ROS accumulation that promoted p38 activation, which suppressed the activation of STAT3 and Bmi1. CONCLUSION Pancreatic cancer cells respond differentially towards low- or high-dose of VPA in combination with gemcitabine, and a low VPA further potentiate pancreatic cancer cell to migrate and invade. Our results suggest that STAT3/Bmi1 signaling cascade, which is regulated by ROS-dependent, AKT- or p38-modulated pathways, primarily mediated the sensitivity and motility of pancreatic cancer cells towards combined gemcitabine and VPA regimen. These findings suggest a highly clinically relevant new mechanism of developing resistance against combined chemo-regimens, warranting further mechanistic and translational exploration for VPA in combination with gemcitabine and other chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Zhengle Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 China
| | - Chenggang Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Shihong Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Qingke Duan
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Chunyou Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022 China
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20
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Abdelaleem M, Ezzat H, Osama M, Megahed A, Alaa W, Gaber A, Shafei A, Refaat A. Prospects for repurposing CNS drugs for cancer treatment. Oncol Rev 2019; 13:411. [PMID: 31044029 PMCID: PMC6478007 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2019.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing is the idea of using an already approved drug for another disease or disorder away from its initial use. This new approach ensures the reduction in high cost required for developing a new drug in addition to the time consumed, especially in the tumor disorders that show an unceasing rising rate with an unmet success rate of new anticancer drugs. In our review, we will review the anti-cancer effect of some CNS drugs, including both therapeutic and preventive, by searching the literature for preclinical or clinical evidence for anticancer potential of central nervous system drugs over the last 8 years period (2010-2018) and including only evidence from Q1 journals as indicated by Scimago website (www.scimagojr.com). We concluded that Some Central Nervous system drugs show a great potential as anti-cancer in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials through different mechanisms and pathways in different types of cancer that reveal a promising evidence for the repurposing of CNS drugs for new indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossam Ezzat
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Adel Megahed
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Waleed Alaa
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman Shafei
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa Refaat
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt.,Research Center, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.,Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Liu Z, Jing Q, Wang Y, Li Y, Mi F, Xiang C, Fu R. The short-term effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors, chidamide and valproic acid, on the NF‑κB pathway in multiple myeloma cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:285-293. [PMID: 30387821 PMCID: PMC6257846 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Research regarding histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) has garnered interest for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). In addition, the high expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in MM cells is considered an important factor in the occurrence and development of MM. The present study aimed to determine the short-term effects of HDACis, chidamide and valproic acid (VPA), on MM cells, their effects on NF-κB and the underlying mechanisms. The present study measured HDAC activity, and the proliferation and apoptosis of U266 and RPMI8226 MM cells following treatment with various concentrations of chidamide and VPA for 6 and 48 h. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-IκB kinase (IKK)α/β, NF-κB p65 and inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) in U266 and RPMI8226 cells at various time points following treatment with chidamide and VPA (0, 2, 4 and 6 h). The results revealed that chidamide and VPA had no significant effect on the HDAC activity, proliferation and apoptosis of cells at 6 h; however, cell HDAC activity and proliferation were inhibited, and apoptosis was induced at 48 h. Furthermore, the expression levels of IκBα were gradually increased over time, whereas the expression levels of NF-κB p65 gradually decreased. These findings indicated that long-term (48 h) treatment with the HDACis chidamide and VPA inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of MM cells; however, these HDACis had little effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the short term (6 h). Notably, in the short term (2-6 h), hyperactivation of NF-κB was inhibited via the IκBα-NF-κB p65 pathway. These findings indicated that cell growth may be inhibited and drug susceptibility may be promoted by blocking the NF-κB pathway at an early stage, when HDACis are combined with other drugs in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Qian Jing
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yanqi Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Fu Mi
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chenhuan Xiang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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22
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Cytokeratin 19 (KRT19) has a Role in the Reprogramming of Cancer Stem Cell-Like Cells to Less Aggressive and More Drug-Sensitive Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051423. [PMID: 29747452 PMCID: PMC5983664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokeratin 19 (KRT19) is a cytoplasmic intermediate filament protein, which is responsible for structural rigidity and multipurpose scaffolds. In several cancers, KRT19 is overexpressed and may play a crucial role in tumorigenic transformation. In our previous study, we revealed the role of KRT19 as signaling component which mediated Wnt/NOTCH crosstalk through NUMB transcription in breast cancer. Here, we investigated the function of KRT19 in cancer reprogramming and drug resistance in breast cancer cells. We found that expression of KRT19 was attenuated in several patients-derived breast cancer tissues and patients with a low expression of KRT19 were significantly correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Consistently, highly aggressive and drug-resistant breast cancer patient-derived cancer stem cell-like cells (konkuk university-cancer stem cell-like cell (KU-CSLCs)) displayed higher expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, including ALDH1, CXCR4, and CD133, but a much lower expression of KRT19 than that is seen in highly aggressive triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells. Moreover, we revealed that the knockdown of KRT19 in MDA-MB231 cells led to an enhancement of cancer properties, such as cell proliferation, sphere formation, migration, and drug resistance, while the overexpression of KRT19 in KU-CSLCs resulted in the significant attenuation of cancer properties. KRT19 regulated cancer stem cell reprogramming by modulating the expression of cancer stem cell markers (ALDH1, CXCR4, and CD133), as well as the phosphorylation of Src and GSK3β (Tyr216). Therefore, our data may imply that the modulation of KRT19 expression could be involved in cancer stem cell reprogramming and drug sensitivity, which might have clinical implications for cancer or cancer stem cell treatment.
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23
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Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is a valuable anticancer drug for hematologic and solid tumors. Yet, it can cause multi-organ toxicities in various patients. Since toxicity evaluation is a major criterion to discuss for every experiment, the current mini-review focuses on the toxicity of Dox to multiple organs and suggests the most probable mechanism. Though several mechanisms have been suggested, the role of oxidative stress remains elusive among other mechanisms and remains the most probable mechanism for cardiotoxic effect of Dox.
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24
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Di Fazio P, Matrood S. Targeting autophagy in liver cancer. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 3:39. [PMID: 30148224 PMCID: PMC6088143 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2018.06.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process conserved in animals. It is characterized by the main role of recycling all the non-functional products of the cells. Once, autophagy players detect non-functioning sub-cellular organelles and proteins, they start the so-called nucleation process. The organelles will be surrounded by a double membrane vesicle mainly constituted by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and autophagy proteins, e.g., MAP1LC3B, Beclin-1, VPS34, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1) and ubiquitination-related proteins. Then the autophagic membrane will go through an elongation phase involving additional autophagy players. Once the autophagic vesicle is complete, the sub-cellular organelles will be isolated from the rest of the cytosol and driven to the final fusion with lysosomes. Here, the digestion process will end. Alteration and or impairment of autophagy have been shown to be correlated with development of diseases affecting the central nervous system, e.g., Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, autophagy defect is responsible for tumorigenesis in blood and solid malignancies, in particular liver cancer. Malignancies of the liver are determined by several genetics and epigenetics mechanisms triggering the up-regulation of survival mechanisms and resistance to cell death. Furthermore, liver cancer could result from pathologic conditions like cirrhosis and fibrosis related to virus infection, aflatoxin, alcohol consumption and high fat diet together with insulin resistance. The role exerted by autophagy in the pathogenesis of the liver and tumor development has been evidenced in recent years. The alteration of autophagy assumes a fundamental role for liver tumorigenesis determining an accumulation of non-functional proteins and organelles that trigger oxidative stress leading to genotoxic stress and gene alterations. Furthermore, the absence of this degradation mechanism could prompt the cells to alter their metabolic status and turn into malignant cells. Interestingly, the heterozygous loss of function of Beclin-1 is able to trigger liver tumorigenesis or even the simple accumulation of proteins caused by the block of the final autolysosome fusion and degradation process is responsible for liver cancer development. This review highlights the importance of targeting the autophagy process in liver cancer in order to restore its function and to promote autophagy-mediated cell demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Di Fazio
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sami Matrood
- Department of Visceral Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, Marburg, Germany
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25
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Mazinani SA, Stuart JA, Yan H. Microwave-assisted delivery of an anticancer drug to cancer cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:31465-31470. [PMID: 35548232 PMCID: PMC9085619 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05605f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of MCF-7 breast and PC-3 prostate cancer cells to 10 W microwaves at 2.45 GHz increased their uptake of the cancer drug doxorubicin from media by almost 100%, concomitantly increasing cell death, while microwave exposure alone had no cellular toxicity. Addition of inhibitors of endocytosis during the treatment of MCF-7 cells with doxorubicin and microwaves showed no impact on the uptake of the anticancer drug. Furthermore, the uptake of oligonucleotides by MCF-7 cells is not affected by the treatment with microwaves. These observations suggest that endocytosis is not involved in the uptake of doxorubicin while cells are exposed to microwave irradiation. Thus, targeted low power microwave irradiation could be a safe and effective means of promoting chemotoxin delivery to cancer cells, potentially reducing the dosages and side effects of anti-cancer drugs. Exposure of MCF-7 breast and PC-3 prostate cancer cells to 10 W microwaves at 2.45 GHz increased their uptake of doxorubicin from media by almost 100%, concomitantly increasing cell death, while microwave exposure alone had no cellular toxicity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Atrin Mazinani
- Department of Chemistry
- Brock University
- St. Catharines
- Canada L2S 3A1
- Centre for Biotechnology
| | - Jeffrey A. Stuart
- Centre for Biotechnology
- Brock University
- St. Catharines
- Canada L2S 3A1
- Department of Biological Sciences
| | - Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Brock University
- St. Catharines
- Canada L2S 3A1
- Centre for Biotechnology
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Zhu W, Liang Q, Yang X, Yu Y, Shen X, Sun G. Combination of sorafenib and Valproic acid synergistically induces cell apoptosis and inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth via down-regulating Notch3 and pAkt. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:2503-2514. [PMID: 29312803 PMCID: PMC5752690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is currently the only approved first-line targeted drug against advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, unsatisfactory efficacy and resistance of sorafenib raises the urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic strategies for HCC. Here, we evaluated the effects of combination of histone deacetylase inhibitor Valproic acid (VPA) and sorafenib in HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Co-treatment of sorafenib and VPA synergistically inhibited HCC cell viability, induced cell apoptosis, along with the up-regulation of p21, Bax, cleaved caspase9, cleaved caspase3, cleaved PARP and down-regulation of Bcl-xL, suggesting this combination activated intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Our further experiment results showed that sorafenib plus VPA decreased tumor burden more effectively than sorafenib or VPA mono-therapy in nude mice subcutaneous xenograft model. Histological and serological analysis demonstrated well tolerance of this combination in vivo. On a molecular level, our results presented a possible crosstalk between Notch3 and Akt signaling. Sorafenib increased the expression of Notch3 in a dosage dependent manner, along with the phosphorylation of Akt in HCC cells. In comparison, this induction of Notch3 and pAkt could be decreased by VPA, implying that Notch3 and pAkt are of significance in the treatment of HCC, which may account for the synergism of sorafenib and VPA. In conclusion, the combination of sorafenib and VPA offers a potential targeting therapeutic regimen for HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangchun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200240, China
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Valproic Acid Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Proton Therapy by Suppressing NRF2 Activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14986. [PMID: 29118323 PMCID: PMC5678087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although efficacy of combined histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and conventional photon radiotherapy is being tested in clinical trials, their combined effect with proton beam radiotherapy has yet to be determined. Here, we compared combined effect of valproic acid (VPA), a class I and II HDAC inhibitor and antiepileptic drug with proton and photon irradiation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that VPA sensitized more Hep3B cells to proton than to photon irradiation. VPA prolonged proton-induced DNA damage and augmented proton-induced apoptosis. In addition, VPA further increased proton-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and suppressed expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a key transcription factor regulating antioxidant response. Downregulation of NRF2 by siRNA transfection increased proton-induced apoptotic cell death, supporting NRF2 as a target of VPA in radiosensitization. In Hep3B tumor xenograft models, VPA significantly enhanced proton-induced tumor growth delay with increased apoptosis and decreased NRF2 expression in vivo. Collectively, our study highlights a proton radiosensitizing effect of VPA in HCC cells. As NRF2 is an emerging prognostic marker contributing to radioresistance in HCC, targeting NRF2 pathway may impact clinical outcome of proton beam radiotherapy.
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28
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Verma T, Mallik SB, Ramalingayya GV, Nayak PG, Kishore A, Pai KSR, Nandakumar K. Sodium valproate enhances doxorubicin-induced cognitive dysfunction in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:736-741. [PMID: 29049976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing number of scientific reports have highlighted the role of histone acetylation/deacetylation in neurodegenerative conditions, including chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction (also known as chemobrain). Multiple sources state that increased activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a detrimental role in chemobrain. In the present study, sodium valproate, a well-known HDAC inhibitor, was explored for its neuroprotective potential against chemobrain development. METHODS Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapeutic agent, was used to induce chemobrain in experimental animals while treating with sodium valproate simultaneously. The animals were subjected to novel object recognition test (NORT) in order to assess their cognitive status and further, brain antioxidant levels were estimated. The animal body weights and survival were noted throughout the period of the study. Blood parameters such as red blood cell count, white blood cell count and haemoglobin levels were also measured. RESULTS Our findings are in contradiction to the known neuroprotective properties of valproic acid. We observed that sodium valproate failed to prevent chemobrain development in DOX treated animals. In fact, treatment with sodium valproate dose dependently worsened cognitive status in DOX treated animals including their brain antioxidant status, possibly leading to neuronal damage through free radical induced toxicity. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the caution that needs to be exercised in projecting HDAC inhibitors as in vivo neuroprotective agents, due to the complexity of existing neurological pathways and the diverse roles of histone deacetylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaneshwar Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Sanchari Basu Mallik
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - G V Ramalingayya
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India; Discovery Biology, Suven Life Sciences Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 502307, India
| | - Pawan G Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Anoop Kishore
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - K Sreedhara R Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krishnadas Nandakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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