1
|
Desai D, Maheta D, Agrawal SP, Soni Z, Frishman WH, Aronow WS. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: Pathophysiology, Management, and Research. Cardiol Rev 2024:00045415-990000000-00338. [PMID: 39329489 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a rare genetic disorder characterized by calcification of elastic fibers in the connective tissue. The abundance of elastic tissues at these sites: skin, eyes, and heart make them the most affected systems. It has multifactorial pathogenesis, meaning, it manifests due to both environmental and genetic factors, but ABCC6 gene mutation plays an important role. This gene is responsible for causing defective MRP6 protein which in return is required for cell transport in the connective tissue. The clinical features range from minor skin lesions to fatal cardiovascular complications. Thus, it is important to diagnose it early and give appropriate treatment. This article provides insight into the cardiovascular manifestations of pseudoxanthoma elasticum, its diagnosis and management plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dev Desai
- From the Department of Medicine, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Siddharth Pravin Agrawal
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York Medical College/Landmark Medical Center, Woonsocket, RI
| | - Zeal Soni
- From the Department of Medicine, Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Departments of Cardiology and Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laghi A, Mandel VD, Zubba I, Franceschini C, Demofonte I, Chello C, Miraglia E, Ardigò M, Giustini S. Comprehensive analysis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum: epidemiological, genetic, and clinical findings from the leading Italian center. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2024; 159:430-435. [PMID: 39069841 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.24.07949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare genetic autosomal recessive metabolic disease characterized by progressive mineralization and fragmentation of elastic fibers from soft connective tissues. The objective of our study was to analyze the epidemiological, genetic, cutaneous, and extracutaneous clinical data from the largest Italian monocentric cohort of PXE patients. METHODS We included all patients diagnosed with PXE and referred to Neurocutaneous Rare Diseases at Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital (Rome, Italy) between January 1983 and February 2024. A retrospective analysis of their data was performed. RESULTS We enrolled 86 patients (77.9% women), revealing compound heterozygosity in 19.8% of cases and homozygosity in 5.8%. Missense (34.9%), non-sense (5.8%), splice-site (5.8%), deletion (4.7%), and frameshift (2.3%) mutations were disclosed. Cutaneous alterations were noted in the neck (69.7%), axilla (33.7%), inguinal (17.5%), and cubital folds (11.7%). The most common ocular findings were angioid streaks (64.0%) and choroidal neovascularization (18.6%), with blindness reported in 5.8% of cases. Thicker intima-media was observed around the mid-fifties in the supra-aortic trunks (40.7%), lower limb arteries (32.6%), and renal arteries (4.7%). Regurgitation was more common in atrioventricular valves (48.8%) than in semilunar ones (10.5% and 9.3%). Dyslipidemia (19.8%), hypertension (18.8%), and fatty liver disease (12.8%) were prevalent, with calcifications found in the kidneys (25.6%), liver (15.1%), spleen (11.6%), and testicles (8.1% of males). Autoimmune diseases and depression were observed in 11.6% and 4.7% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced understanding of PXE can improve patients' quality of life and facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Laghi
- Unit of Dermatology and STDs, Department of Medicine, Celio Military Hospital, Rome, Italy -
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Victor D Mandel
- Unit of Porphyria and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zubba
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Franceschini
- Unit of Porphyria and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Demofonte
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Chello
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Miraglia
- Department of Dermatology, San Sebastiano Hospital, Frascati, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ardigò
- Unit of Porphyria and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS Humanitas Clinic, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandra Giustini
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kleinsasser B, Garreis F, Musialik M, Zahn I, Kral B, Kutlu Z, Sahin A, Paulsen F, Schicht M. Molecular detection of lacrimal apparatus and ocular surface - related ABC transporter genes. Ann Anat 2024; 255:152272. [PMID: 38697581 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The ocular system is in constant interaction with the environment and with numerous pathogens. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent one of the largest groups among the transmembrane proteins. Their relevance has been demonstrated for their defense function against biotic and abiotic stress factors, for metabolic processes in tumors and for their importance in the development of resistance to drugs. The aim of this study was to analyze which ABC transporters are expressed at the ocular surface and in the human lacrimal apparatus. Using RT-PCR, all ABC transporters known to date in humans were examined in tissue samples from human cornea, conjunctiva, meibomian glands and lacrimal glands. The RT-PCR analyses revealed the presence of all ABC transporters in the samples examined, although the results for some of the 48 transporters known in human and analyzed were different in the various tissues. The present results provide information on the expression of ABC transporters at the mRNA level on the ocular surface and in the lacrimal system. Their detection forms the basis for follow-up studies at the protein level, which will provide more information about their physiological significance at the ocular surface and in the lacrimal system and which may explain pathological effects such as drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kleinsasser
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Garreis
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Musialik
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Zahn
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kral
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zeynep Kutlu
- Koc University School of Medicine, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Schicht
- Department of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Toader C, Eva L, Bratu BG, Covache-Busuioc RA, Costin HP, Dumitrascu DI, Glavan LA, Corlatescu AD, Ciurea AV. Intracranial Aneurysms and Genetics: An Extensive Overview of Genomic Variations, Underlying Molecular Dynamics, Inflammatory Indicators, and Forward-Looking Insights. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1454. [PMID: 37891822 PMCID: PMC10605587 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review initiates by outlining the clinical relevance of IA, underlining the pressing need to comprehend its foundational elements. We delve into the assorted risk factors tied to IA, spotlighting both environmental and genetic influences. Additionally, we illuminate distinct genetic syndromes linked to a pronounced prevalence of intracranial aneurysms, underscoring the pivotal nature of genetics in this ailment's susceptibility. A detailed scrutiny of genome-wide association studies allows us to identify key genomic changes and locations associated with IA risk. We further detail the molecular and physiopathological dynamics instrumental in IA's evolution and escalation, with a focus on inflammation's role in affecting the vascular landscape. Wrapping up, we offer a glimpse into upcoming research directions and the promising horizons of personalized therapeutic strategies in IA intervention, emphasizing the central role of genetic insights. This thorough review solidifies genetics' cardinal role in IA, positioning it as a cornerstone resource for professionals in the realms of neurology and genomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian Eva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dunarea de Jos University, 800010 Galati, Romania
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu”, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca-Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Antonio Daniel Corlatescu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (H.P.C.); (D.-I.D.); (L.-A.G.); (A.D.C.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gambichler T, Hoffjan S, Nagel M, Terschlüsen M, Mansour R, Würfel L, Hoffmann K, Susok L, Dickel H, Doerler M. A 21-year-old woman with progressive asymptomatic skin laxity in flexural regions. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:1198-1201. [PMID: 37171041 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe a 21-year-old woman with progressive asymptomatic skin laxity in the flexural regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Gambichler
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Christian Hospital Unna, Unna, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Mato Nagel
- Center for Nephrology and Metabolic Medicine, Weißwasser, Germany
| | - Meike Terschlüsen
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rita Mansour
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lina Würfel
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Hoffmann
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Laura Susok
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Doerler
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fésűs L, Kiss N, Farkas K, Plázár D, Pálla S, Navasiolava N, Róbert L, Wikonkál NM, Martin L, Medvecz M. Correlation of systemic involvement and presence of pathological skin calcification assessed by ex vivo nonlinear microscopy in Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Arch Dermatol Res 2023; 315:1897-1908. [PMID: 36847829 PMCID: PMC10366029 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE (OMIM 264800)) is an autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder mainly caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene. PXE results in ectopic calcification primarily in the skin, eye and blood vessels that can lead to blindness, peripheral arterial disease and stroke. Previous studies found correlation between macroscopic skin involvement and severe ophthalmological and cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to investigate correlation between skin calcification and systemic involvement in PXE. Ex vivo nonlinear microscopy (NLM) imaging was performed on formalin fixed, deparaffinized, unstained skin sections to assess the extent of skin calcification. The area affected by calcification (CA) in the dermis and density of calcification (CD) was calculated. From CA and CD, calcification score (CS) was determined. The number of affected typical and nontypical skin sites were counted. Phenodex + scores were determined. The relationship between the ophthalmological, cerebro- and cardiovascular and other systemic complications and CA, CD and CS, respectively, and skin involvement were analyzed. Regression models were built for adjustment to age and sex. We found significant correlation of CA with the number of affected typical skin sites (r = 0.48), the Phenodex + score (r = 0.435), extent of vessel involvement (V-score) (r = 0.434) and disease duration (r = 0.48). CD correlated significantly with V-score (r = 0.539). CA was significantly higher in patients with more severe eye (p = 0.04) and vascular (p = 0.005) complications. We found significantly higher CD in patients with higher V-score (p = 0.018), and with internal carotid artery hypoplasia (p = 0.045). Significant correlation was found between higher CA and the presence of macula atrophy (β = - 0.44, p = 0.032) and acneiform skin changes (β = 0.40, p = 0.047). Based on our results, the assessment of skin calcification pattern with nonlinear microscopy in PXE may be useful for clinicians to identify PXE patients who develop severe systemic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fésűs
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Norbert Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Klára Farkas
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Dóra Plázár
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Sára Pálla
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Nastassia Navasiolava
- PXE National Reference Centre, Angers University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Lili Róbert
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Norbert M Wikonkál
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Ludovic Martin
- PXE National Reference Centre, Angers University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Márta Medvecz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Szeri F, Miko A, Navasiolava N, Kaposi A, Verschuere S, Molnar B, Li Q, Terry SF, Boraldi F, Uitto J, van de Wetering K, Martin L, Quaglino D, Vanakker OM, Tory K, Aranyi T. The pathogenic c.1171A>G (p.Arg391Gly) and c.2359G>A (p.Val787Ile) ABCC6 variants display incomplete penetrance causing pseudoxanthoma elasticum in a subset of individuals. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1872-1881. [PMID: 36317459 PMCID: PMC9772137 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
ABCC6 promotes ATP efflux from hepatocytes to bloodstream. ATP is metabolized to pyrophosphate, an inhibitor of ectopic calcification. Pathogenic variants of ABCC6 cause pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a highly variable recessive ectopic calcification disorder. Incomplete penetrance may initiate disease heterogeneity, hence symptoms may not, or differently manifest in carriers. Here, we investigated whether incomplete penetrance is a source of heterogeneity in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. By integrating clinical and genetic data of 589 patients, we created the largest European cohort. Based on allele frequency alterations, we identified two incomplete penetrant pathogenic variants, c.2359G>A (p.Val787Ile) and c.1171A>G (p.Arg391Gly), with 6.5% and 2% penetrance, respectively. However, when penetrant, the c.1171A>G (p.Arg391Gly) manifested a clinically unaltered severity. After applying in silico and in vitro characterization, we suggest that incomplete penetrant variants are only deleterious if a yet unknown interacting partner of ABCC6 is mutated simultaneously. The low penetrance of these variants should be contemplated in genetic counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Szeri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Miko
- MTA-SE Lendület Nephrogenetic Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary,1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nastassia Navasiolava
- PXE Consultation Center, MAGEC Nord Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Ambrus Kaposi
- MTA-SE Lendület Nephrogenetic Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary,1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shana Verschuere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Beatrix Molnar
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koen van de Wetering
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, and The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ludovic Martin
- PXE Consultation Center, MAGEC Nord Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy,Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnologies (CIB), Italy
| | | | - Kalman Tory
- MTA-SE Lendület Nephrogenetic Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary,1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas Aranyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ding P, Gao Y, Wang J, Xiang H, Zhang C, Wang L, Ji G, Wu T. Progress and challenges of multidrug resistance proteins in diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4483-4501. [PMID: 36381332 PMCID: PMC9641395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the first choice for patients with advanced cancers when other treatments are ineffective. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is an unavoidable factor that negatively affects the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy drugs. Researchers are trying to reduce MDR, improve the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs, and alleviate patient suffering to positively contribute to disease treatment. MDR also occurs in inflammation and genetic disorders, which increases the difficulty of clinically beneficial treatments. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) is an active transporter that plays an important role in the barrier and secretory functions of many normal cells. As the C subfamily in the ABC family, multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs/ABCCs) export a variety of antitumour drugs and are expressed in a variety of cancers. The present review summarises the role of MRPs in cancer and other diseases and recent research progress of MRP inhibitors to better examine the mechanism and function of MRPs, and establish a good relationship with clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peilun Ding
- Department of Hepatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dean M, Moitra K, Allikmets R. The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1162-1182. [PMID: 35642569 PMCID: PMC9357071 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily comprises membrane proteins that efflux various substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes. Mutations in ABC genes cause 21 human disorders or phenotypes with Mendelian inheritance, including cystic fibrosis, adrenoleukodystrophy, retinal degeneration, cholesterol, and bile transport defects. To provide tools to study the function of human ABC transporters we compiled data from multiple genomics databases. We analyzed ABC gene conservation within human populations and across vertebrates and surveyed phenotypes of ABC gene mutations in mice. Most mouse ABC gene disruption mutations have a phenotype that mimics human disease, indicating they are applicable models. Interestingly, several ABCA family genes, whose human function is unknown, have cholesterol level phenotypes in the mouse. Genome-wide association studies confirm and extend ABC traits and suggest several new functions to investigate. Whole-exome sequencing of tumors from diverse cancer types demonstrates that mutations in ABC genes are not common in cancer, but specific genes are overexpressed in select tumor types. Finally, an analysis of the frequency of loss-of-function mutations demonstrates that many human ABC genes are essential with a low level of variants, while others have a higher level of genetic diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10032
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li B, Liu Q, Chen X, Chen T, Dang W, Zhao J, Cui G, Chen K, Wu Y. A Novel Idiopathic Atrial Calcification: Pathologic Manifestations and Potential Mechanism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:788958. [PMID: 35387434 PMCID: PMC8978529 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.788958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac calcification is a type of ectopic pathologic calcification of unknown etiology and mechanisms. Once diagnosed, the location, extent and morphology of the calcified lesions, as well as their functional significance in the heart, are usually the focus of case reports. Calcification is mostly distributed in myocardium, but rarely reported in atrium. In addition, because of limited sampling and complex pathological mechanisms, the etiology underlying the formation of these calcified lesions also remains unclear. Methods Two cardiac calcifications were found in a patient, died of trauma-induced subarachnoid hemorrhage after slightly drinking, during a standard autopsy. The location and morphological characteristics of the calcified lesions were determined by computed tomography (CT) and CT-based 3D reconstruction. The specific histopathological characteristics of the lesions were determined by multi-staining. The concentration of free calcium and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) in plasma reflected the change of calcium metabolism. The expression and membranal localization of the ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 6 (ABCC6) in hepatocytes were detected by immunofluorescence. The variants of the ABCC6 were detected by Sanger sequencing and potential pathogenic variants were further identified by in silico analysis. Results The present study describes a patient with idiopathic calcification with two pear-shaped and irregularly hollow lesions symmetrically distributed in the patient's atrium. Massive accumulation of calcium salts was identified by multi-staining. For this patient, the plasma concentration of free calcium was higher than the control, indicating that calcium metabolism was disturbed. Furthermore, the plasma PPi of the patient was lower than the normal. By using immunofluorescence, the expression and membranal localization of ABCC6 was decreased and impaired in hepatocytes, respectively. Combined with Sanger sequencing and in silico analysis, 7 variants were identified. Conclusions This study described a novel patient with symmetrically distributed idiopathic atrial calcifications. Furthermore, all the results indicated that these pathologic calcifications may be secondary to reduced plasma PPi content due to ABCC6 dysfunction in hepatocytes. Moreover, these findings provided novel clues to the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic atrial calcification in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Junda Forensic Medicine Expertise Station, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Shaanxi Junda Forensic Medicine Expertise Station, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xihui Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Junda Forensic Medicine Expertise Station, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tangdong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Junda Forensic Medicine Expertise Station, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhui Dang
- Shaanxi Junda Forensic Medicine Expertise Station, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shaanxi Junda Forensic Medicine Expertise Station, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Guangbin Cui
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Kun Chen
| | - Yuanming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Junda Forensic Medicine Expertise Station, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanming Wu
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Structural and Functional Characterization of the ABCC6 Transporter in Hepatic Cells: Role on PXE, Cancer Therapy and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062858. [PMID: 33799762 PMCID: PMC8000515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a complex autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations of ABCC6 transporter and characterized by ectopic mineralization of soft connective tissues. Compared to the other ABC transporters, very few studies are available to explain the structural components and working of a full ABCC6 transporter, which may provide some idea about its physiological role in humans. Some studies suggest that mutations of ABCC6 in the liver lead to a decrease in some circulating factor and indicate that PXE is a metabolic disease. It has been reported that ABCC6 mediates the efflux of ATP, which is hydrolyzed in PPi and AMP; in the extracellular milieu, PPi gives potent anti-mineralization effect, whereas AMP is hydrolyzed to Pi and adenosine which affects some cellular properties by modulating the purinergic pathway. Structural and functional studies have demonstrated that silencing or inhibition of ABCC6 with probenecid changed the expression of several genes and proteins such as NT5E and TNAP, as well as Lamin, and CDK1, which are involved in cell motility and cell cycle. Furthermore, a change in cytoskeleton rearrangement and decreased motility of HepG2 cells makes ABCC6 a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Collectively, these findings suggested that ABCC6 transporter performs functions that modify both the external and internal compartments of the cells.
Collapse
|
12
|
Katano H, Nishikawa Y, Yamada H, Iwata T, Mase M. Profile of genetic variations in severely calcified carotid plaques by whole-exome sequencing. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:286. [PMID: 33033648 PMCID: PMC7538800 DOI: 10.25259/sni_387_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The precise mechanisms of carotid calcification and its clinical significance have not been established. Methods: We classified ten plaques from carotid endarterectomy patients into high- and low-calcified plaques based on the Agatston calcium scores. We performed whole-exome sequencing for genetic profiles with single nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertions, and deletions. Bioinformatic data mining was then conducted to disclose specific gene variations to either high- or low-calcified carotid plaques. Results: In the carotid plaques, G:C>A:T/C:G>T:A transitions as SNVs, insT after C/insC after A as insertions, and delA after G/delT after C as deletions were most frequently observed, but no significant difference was observed between the high- and low-calcified plaque groups in their proportion of base-pair substitution types. In the bioinformatic analysis, SNVs of ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 6 (ADCC6) were more commonly found in high-calcified plaques and SNVs of KLKB1 were more commonly found in low-calcified plaques compared to the other group. No new genetic variants related to calcification or atherosclerosis among those not registered in dbSNP was detected. Conclusion: Our findings clarified the features of base-pair substitutions in carotid plaques, showing no relation to calcification. However, genetic variants in ADCC6 relating to vascular calcification for high-calcified plaques, and in KLKB1 encoding kallikrein associated with vascular regulation of atherosclerosis for low-calcified plaques were more specifically extracted. These results contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of molecular activity and calcium formation in carotid plaques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Katano
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medical Informatics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhito Mase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin BD, Colas F, Nijman IJ, Medic J, Brands W, Parr JR, van Eijk KR, Klauck SM, Chiocchetti AG, Freitag CM, Maestrini E, Bacchelli E, Coon H, Vicente A, Oliveira G, Pagnamenta AT, Gallagher L, Ennis S, Anney R, Bourgeron T, Luykx JJ, Vorstman J. The role of rare compound heterozygous events in autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:204. [PMID: 32572023 PMCID: PMC7308334 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genetic variants underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may contribute to a better understanding of their underlying biology. To examine the possible role of a specific type of compound heterozygosity in ASD, namely, the occurrence of a deletion together with a functional nucleotide variant on the remaining allele, we sequenced 550 genes in 149 individuals with ASD and their deletion-transmitting parents. This approach allowed us to identify additional sequence variants occurring in the remaining allele of the deletion. Our main goal was to compare the rate of sequence variants in remaining alleles of deleted regions between probands and the deletion-transmitting parents. We also examined the predicted functional effect of the identified variants using Combined Annotation-Dependent Depletion (CADD) scores. The single nucleotide variant-deletion co-occurrence was observed in 13.4% of probands, compared with 8.1% of parents. The cumulative burden of sequence variants (n = 68) in pooled proband sequences was higher than the burden in pooled sequences from the deletion-transmitting parents (n = 41, X2 = 6.69, p = 0.0097). After filtering for those variants predicted to be most deleterious, we observed 21 of such variants in probands versus 8 in their deletion-transmitting parents (X2 = 5.82, p = 0.016). Finally, cumulative CADD scores conferred by these variants were significantly higher in probands than in deletion-transmitting parents (burden test, β = 0.13; p = 1.0 × 10-5). Our findings suggest that the compound heterozygosity described in the current study may be one of several mechanisms explaining variable penetrance of CNVs with known pathogenicity for ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Danae Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Colas
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac J Nijman
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelena Medic
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William Brands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy R Parr
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Kristel R van Eijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine M Klauck
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis and Division of Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas G Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elena Maestrini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bacchelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Astrid Vicente
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Oxford BRC, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Ennis
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Anney
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
D'Marco L, Lima-Martínez M, Karohl C, Chacín M, Bermúdez V. Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: An Interesting Model to Evaluate Chronic Kidney Disease-Like Vascular Damage without Renal Disease. KIDNEY DISEASES 2020; 6:92-97. [PMID: 32309291 DOI: 10.1159/000505026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE; OMIM 264800) is an inherited multisystem disorder associated with accumulation of mineralized and fragmented elastic fibers in the skin, vascular walls, and brush membrane in the eye. Carriers exhibit characteristic lesions in the cardiovascular system, and peripheral and coronary arterial disease as well as mitral valvulopathy often present as a cardiovascular feature of this disease. PXE and chronic kidney disease (CKD) share some common patterns in the vascular damage and in therapeutic approaches as well. Summary To date, treating PXE has focused more on careful follow-up examinations with retinal specialists and cardiologist, avoiding long-term anticoagulation. Like CKD, maintaining a low-calcium diet, increasing dietary magnesium, and administering phosphate binders such as aluminum hydroxide or sevelamer may yield a modest benefit. Recently, 4-phenylbutyrate acid (4-PBA) has demonstrated a maturation of ABCC6 mutant effects into the plasma membrane. Moreover, in a humanized mouse model of PXE, 4-PBA administration restored the physiological function of ABCC6 mutants, resulting in enhanced calcification inhibition and thus a promising strategy for allele-specific therapy of ABCC6-associated calcification disorders. Key Message Vascular compromise in PXE patients share some components similar to CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis D'Marco
- Nephrology Department, Hospital Clinico Universitario, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos Lima-Martínez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Bolívar, Venezuela
| | - Cristina Karohl
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
COLLER BARRYS. THE GORDON WILSON LECTURE: THE ETHICS OF HUMAN GENOME EDITING. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2020; 131:99-118. [PMID: 32675851 PMCID: PMC7358513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human genome editing has undergone major technological advances, raising the possibility of treating or preventing many illnesses. Somatic (nonheritable) genome editing, both in vitro and in vivo, is already being employed under a robust regulatory and ethical framework developed for human gene therapy. In contrast, the prospect of germline (heritable) genome editing is much more contentious, and there is currently no consensus on the proper path forward. The 2017 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and National Academy of Medicine (NAM) report proposed a series of requirements designed to minimize ethical objections while allowing couples to accept the risks of genome editing in order to have a biologically related child without passing on a known genetic disorder. It is vital to prevent gene editing from resulting in unintended negative consequences for individuals with genetic variants. The utilization of genome editing to enhance human function is highly contentious; it may be better to focus on whether an edit creates an "unfair advantage" rather than an enhancement.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Advances in human genome editing, in particular the development of the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 method, have led to increasing concerns about the ethics of editing the human genome. In response, the US National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine constituted a multidisciplinary, international committee to review the current status and make recommendations. I was a member of that committee, and the core of this review reflects the committee's conclusions. The committee's report, issued in February 2017, recommends the application of current ethical and regulatory standards for gene therapy to somatic (nonheritable) human genome editing. It also recommends allowing experimental germline genome editing to proceed if ( a) it is restricted to preventing transmission of a serious disease or condition, ( b) the edit is a modification to a common DNA sequence known not to be associated with disease, and ( c) the research is conducted under a stringent set of ethical and regulatory requirements. Crossing the so-called red line of germline genome editing raises important bioethical issues, most importantly, serious concern about the potential negative impact on individuals with disabilities. This review highlights some of the major ethical considerations in human genome editing in light of the report's recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry S Coller
- Allen and Frances Adler Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ostuni A, Castiglione Morelli MA, Cuviello F, Bavoso A, Bisaccia F. Structural characterization of the L0 cytoplasmic loop of human multidrug resistance protein 6 (MRP6). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1861:380-386. [PMID: 30423326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ABCC6 is a member of the C subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters whose mutations are correlated to Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, an autosomal recessive, progressive disorder characterized by ectopic mineralization and fragmentation of elastic fibers. Structural studies of the entire protein have been hindered by its large size, membrane association, and domain complexity. Studies previously performed have contributed to shed light on the structure and function of the nucleotide binding domains and of the N-terminal region. Here we report the expression in E. coli of the polypeptide E205-G279 contained in the cytoplasmic L0 loop. For the first time structural studies in solution were performed. Far-UV CD spectra showed that L0 is structured, assuming predominantly α-helix in TFE solution and turns in phosphate buffer. Fluorescence spectra indicated some flexibility of the regions containing aromatic residues. 1H NMR spectroscopy identified three helical regions separated by more flexible regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ostuni
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza 85100, Italy.
| | | | - Flavia Cuviello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza 85100, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bavoso
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza 85100, Italy
| | - Faustino Bisaccia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, viale Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza 85100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Morassi Sasso
- University of Campinas (Unicamp), Hospital das Clínicas do Estado, Department of Dermatology and Pathology. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Cintra
- University of Campinas (Unicamp), Hospital das Clínicas do Estado, Department of Pathology. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elemir Macedo de Souza
- University of Campinas (Unicamp), Hospital das Clínicas do Estado, Department of Dermatology and Pathology. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|