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Joshi RC, Srivastava P, Mishra R, Burget R, Dutta MK. Biomarker profiling and integrating heterogeneous models for enhanced multi-grade breast cancer prognostication. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 255:108349. [PMID: 39096573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer remains a leading cause of female mortality worldwide, exacerbated by limited awareness, inadequate screening resources, and treatment options. Accurate and early diagnosis is crucial for improving survival rates and effective treatment. OBJECTIVES This study aims to develop an innovative artificial intelligence (AI) based model for predicting breast cancer and its various histopathological grades by integrating multiple biomarkers and subject age, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and prognostication. METHODS A novel ensemble-based machine learning (ML) framework has been introduced that integrates three distinct biomarkers-beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-alongside subject age. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and minority oversampling techniques were employed to mitigate overfitting. The model's performance was validated through rigorous five-fold cross-validation. RESULTS The proposed model demonstrated superior performance, achieving a 97.93% accuracy and a 98.06% F1-score on meticulously labeled test data across diverse age groups. Comparative analysis showed that the model outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, highlighting its robustness and generalizability. CONCLUSION By providing a comprehensive analysis of multiple biomarkers and effectively predicting tumor grades, this study offers a significant advancement in breast cancer screening, particularly in regions with limited medical resources. The proposed framework has the potential to reduce breast cancer mortality rates and improve early intervention and personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Chandra Joshi
- Amity Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Advanced Studies, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pallavi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Radim Burget
- Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Malay Kishore Dutta
- Amity Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ferreira L, Flanagan SP, Fogel R, Limson JL. Generation of epitope-specific hCG aptamers through a novel targeted selection approach. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295673. [PMID: 38394285 PMCID: PMC10890750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone used as a biomarker for several medical conditions, including pregnancy, trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic cancers. Most commercial hCG tests rely on a combination of antibodies, one of which is usually specific to the C-terminal peptide of the β-subunit. However, cleavage of this region in many hCG degradation variants prevents rapid diagnostic tests from quantifying all hCG variants in serum and urine samples. An epitope contained within the core fragment, β1, represents an under-researched opportunity for developing immunoassays specific to most variants of hCG. In the study described here, we report on a SELEX procedure tailored towards the identification of two pools of aptamers, one specific to the β-subunit of hCG and another to the β1 epitope within it. The described SELEX procedure utilized antibody-blocked targets, which is an underutilized strategy to exert negative selection pressure and in turn direct aptamer enrichment to a specific epitope. We report on the first aptamers, designated as R4_64 and R6_5, each capable of recognising two distinct sites of the hCG molecule-the β-subunit and the (presumably) β1-epitope, respectively. This study therefore presents a new SELEX approach and the generation of novel aptamer sequences that display potential hCG-specific biorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Ferreira
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Shane Patrick Flanagan
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Ronen Fogel
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Janice Leigh Limson
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Villegas-Cantoran DS, Gómez CL, Gómez-Pavón LDC, Zaca-Morán P, Castillo-López DN, Luis-Ramos A, Muñoz-Pacheco JM. Quantification of hCG Hormone Using Tapered Optical Fiber Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8538. [PMID: 37896633 PMCID: PMC10610987 DOI: 10.3390/s23208538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel technique for the quantification of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone using localized surface plasmons and a tapered optical fiber decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) is reported. The tapered optical fiber fabrication process involves stretching a single-mode optical fiber using the flame-brushing system. The waist of the tapered optical fiber reaches a diameter of 3 μm. Decoration of the taper is achieved through the photodeposition of 100 nm Au-NPs using the drop-casting technique and a radiation source emitting at 1550 nm. The presence of the hCG hormone in the sample solutions is verified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), revealing the presence of bands related to functional groups, such as C=O (1630 cm-1), which are associated with proteins and lipids, components of the hCG hormone. Quantification tests for hormone concentrations were carried out by measuring the optical power response of the tapered optical fiber with Au-NPs under the influence of hCG hormone concentrations, ranging from 1 mIU/mL to 100,000 mIU/mL. In the waist of the tapered optical fiber, the evanescent field is amplified because of localized surface plasmons generated by the nanoparticles and the laser radiation through the optical fiber. Experimental results demonstrated a proportional relationship between measured radiation power and hCG concentration, with the optical power response decreasing from 4.45 mW down to 2.5 mW, as the hCG hormone concentration increased from 1 mIU/mL up to 100,000 mIU/mL. Furthermore, the spectral analysis demonstrated a spectral shift of 14.2 nm with the increment of the hCG hormone concentration. The measurement system exhibits promising potential as a sensor for applications in the biomedical and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Saúl Villegas-Cantoran
- Grupo de Sistemas Fotónicos y Nanoóptica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.S.V.-C.); (D.N.C.-L.); (A.L.-R.); (J.M.M.-P.)
| | - Celia Lizeth Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencias, Ecocampus Valsequillo, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (C.L.G.); (P.Z.-M.)
| | - Luz del Carmen Gómez-Pavón
- Grupo de Sistemas Fotónicos y Nanoóptica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.S.V.-C.); (D.N.C.-L.); (A.L.-R.); (J.M.M.-P.)
| | - Placido Zaca-Morán
- Instituto de Ciencias, Ecocampus Valsequillo, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (C.L.G.); (P.Z.-M.)
| | - Dulce Natalia Castillo-López
- Grupo de Sistemas Fotónicos y Nanoóptica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.S.V.-C.); (D.N.C.-L.); (A.L.-R.); (J.M.M.-P.)
| | - Arnulfo Luis-Ramos
- Grupo de Sistemas Fotónicos y Nanoóptica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.S.V.-C.); (D.N.C.-L.); (A.L.-R.); (J.M.M.-P.)
| | - Jesús Manuel Muñoz-Pacheco
- Grupo de Sistemas Fotónicos y Nanoóptica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (D.S.V.-C.); (D.N.C.-L.); (A.L.-R.); (J.M.M.-P.)
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Wang Q, Mu Y, Ji S, Liu Y, Lou Y, Wei S, Dong X, Zhang B. Case Report: Complete pathological remission of human chorionic gonadotrophin-producing gallbladder carcinoma with multiple liver metastases after treatment with chemotherapy plus an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1173520. [PMID: 37841278 PMCID: PMC10570427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1173520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) producing human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) is an extremely rare and highly invasive tumor with a poor prognosis. This unfavorable clinical outcome is partly due to the aggressive nature of the tumor and its insensitivity to chemotherapy. Case presentation We herein report a case of primary GBC producing HCG with liver metastases in a 58-year-old woman. The patient presented with a markedly elevated β-HCG level and a mass in the gallbladder with multiple liver metastases. A definitive diagnosis was obtained after a needle biopsy of the liver metastases, showing poorly differentiated carcinoma with large-scale necrosis and strong positivity of immunostaining for HCG in tumor cells. The patient received chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus capecitabine) combined with carrellizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). Pathological complete response was achieved after eight courses of combined therapy, which was confirmed by pathological analysis of resected specimens. After surgery, two courses of chemotherapy plus ICIs were adopted again. Complete response remained for approximately 1 year up to the present. Tumor tissue was collected to perform immunostaining of PD-L1, whole-exome sequencing, and RNA-seq. Low-TMB (1.51 mut/Mb), MSS, and high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%) were observed in the tumor. Besides, the dominant types of infiltrating immune cells were macrophage and CD4+ T cells. Compared to other gallbladder adenocarcinoma without HCG, the proportion of M1 macrophage was at a higher level and the gene sets of MYC targets v1 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling were highly expressed in our case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of complete remission of HCG-producing gallbladder carcinoma with liver metastases after chemotherapy combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Furthermore, this is also the first report that described the tumor genetic feature and tumor immune microenvironment atlas of HCG-producing GBC. Conclusion chemotherapy plus an immune checkpoint inhibitor may provide a potentially curative option for gallbladder carcinoma with HCG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wang
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Yunchuan Mu
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Shunxian Ji
- Department of Pathology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Yanbo Lou
- Department of Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
| | - Shumei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sarda AK, Jogdand SD. Predisposing and Overall Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Breast Cancer: A Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e45956. [PMID: 37900385 PMCID: PMC10600026 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, has been the subject of extensive and quickly changing scientific study and practice. Cancer remains a mystery despite the enormous effort put into understanding the genesis of cancerous cells, the development of malignant tissues, and the process by which they propagate and recur. Cells from humans that have been recruited by cancer and, to some extent, changed into pathogenic organisms or the foundation of tumors serve as agents of destruction. Understanding cancers leads to challenging philosophical issues since they undermine and use multicellular organization processes. Cancer metastasizing cells adopt new phenotypes while discarding previous behaviors. The absence of comprehensive knowledge of this has hampered the development of therapeutics for metastatic illness. For systems-level experimental and computational metastasis modeling, integrating these complex and interconnected features continues to be a problem because metastasis has typically been studied in separate physiological compartments. Lung, breast, and prostate cancers accounted for the bulk of the 18 million new cases of cancer that were diagnosed in 2018. The most frequent cancer in women is breast cancer. Animal experimentation plays a significant role in primary and translational breast cancer research. In theory, such breast cancer models should be comparable to breast cancer in humans in terms of tumor etiology, biological behavior, pathology, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Sarda
- Medicine and Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sangita D Jogdand
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Mohammed A, Ahmed T, Bhat RR, Mallik E, Arulprakasam A. Association of serum beta hCG levels in women with palpable malignant breast lesions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13208. [PMID: 37580469 PMCID: PMC10425361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine whether serum Beta hCG can be used as a tumour marker in Breast malignancies. The objective of this study is to evaluate the serum Beta hCG in various stages of breast carcinoma and to correlate its level with disease severity and prognosis. Cross sectional analytical study of assessing serum Beta hCG in 200 patients with palpable breast malignancies at hospitals in urban Mangalore, India. In our study there was No increase in serum Beta hCG, in women with breast malignancies, but there was a pattern amongst the negative results. A Beta hCG of < 5mIU/mL is taken as negative, but in our study of 200 individuals, a mean value of 2mIU/mL was used as differentiation between low and high risk individuals. With our study we tried to correlate the value of Beta hCG with malignant breast lesions, and even though women with such lesions did not have a value of > 5mIU/mL, we found substantial evidence that women who had a value of > 2mIU/mL had a more advanced disease, be it in terms of staging, and comparing it with markers like ki67. A direct correlation between Beta hCG and severity of the disease in terms of staging was proved, hereby directly affecting the outcome of patients. Higher the level of Beta hCG, graver the prognosis. Even though Beta hCG cannot be used as tumour marker, it can be used to prognosticate the severity in women with palpable breast malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaque Mohammed
- Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Talha Ahmed
- Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
| | - Rahul R Bhat
- Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Esha Mallik
- Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Aashika Arulprakasam
- Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Daggez M, Dolanbay M, Akgun H, Gülseren V, Keklikcioglu SA, Ozcelik B, Serin IS. Human chorionic gonadotropin expression in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma: could it be a new marker? Int J Gynecol Cancer 2023; 33:707-712. [PMID: 37001896 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2023-004279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveHuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone expressed in a variety of tumors and is correlated with advanced stage disease and poor prognosis. This study aimed to determine hCG expression immunohistochemically in endometrial specimens obtained from patients with normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma, and to determine if there is a correlation between invasiveness and hCG positivity.MethodsThe histologic materials and medical records for patients diagnosed with normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia with/without atypia, and endometrial carcinoma between September 2017 and September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining for hCG was performed and analyzed semi-quantitatively.ResultsA total of 96 patients were included: normal endometrium (27.1%) (n=26); endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (25%) (n=24); atypical endometrial hyperplasia (22.9%) (n=22); endometrioid endometrial cancer (25%) (n=24). Median age of the patients was 48 (range 28–81) years. hCG was positive in 8.3% of patients with endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, 18.2% in those with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and 41.7% in those with endometrial cancer (p<0.001). None of the patients with normal endometrium had a positive hCG. The rate of endometrial cancer was 62.5% in the hCG-positive group and 17.5% in the hCG-negative group.ConclusionhCG is expressed to a significantly greater degree in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma and it may be potentially used as a marker for these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Daggez
- Gynecologic Oncology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dolanbay
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hulya Akgun
- Pathology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Varol Gülseren
- Gynecologic Oncology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | - Bulent Ozcelik
- Gynecologic Oncology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Wang W, Ge L, Zhang LL, Wang LR, Lu YY, Gou L, Gou RQ, Xu TY, Ma XL, Zhang XH. Mechanism of human chorionic gonadotropin in endometrial receptivity via the miR-126-3p/PI3K/Akt/eNOS axis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2023; 39:468-477. [PMID: 36912344 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) might affect endometrial receptivity, exerting integral roles in embryo implantation. This study explored the action of hCG in endometrial receptivity via the miR-126-3p/PIK3R2/PI3K/Akt/eNOS axis. The embryo implantation dysfunction (EID) mouse models were established by administrating mifepristone and human endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) were used for in vivo experiments, both followed by hCG treatment. Expression level of CD105 and protein levels of cadherin CD144 and CD146 in mice were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The levels of miR-126-3p and PIK3R2 mRNA and PIK3R2, p-PI3K p85 α, PI3K p110 α, p-Akt, Akt, p-eNOS, and eNOS protein levels were measured. Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 and EdU assays. The binding sites of miR-126-3p and PIK3R2 were predicted and verified. hCG-treated EECs were further transfected with miR-126-inhibitor for functional rescue experiments. hCG ameliorated endometrial receptivity in EID mice. Moreover, hCG promoted miR-126-3p and suppressed PIK3R2 in EID mice and EECs. miR-126-3p targeted PIK3R2. EEC proliferation was enhanced after hCG treatment but inhibited by miR-126-3p downregulation. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments validated that hCG activated the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway through the miR-126-3p/PIK3R2 axis. Collectively, hCG improves endometrial receptivity by activating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway via regulating miR-126-3p/PIK3R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- The Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liang Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Province Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- The Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Li-Rong Wang
- The Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yong-Yan Lu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Li Gou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rui-Qiang Gou
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tong-Yu Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ma
- The Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Hong Zhang
- The Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine and Embryo, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Cancer Biomarkers: Status and Its Future Direction. Indian J Surg 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-023-03723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
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10
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Furlong SA, Sauerbrun-Cutler MT, Dibble EH, Carpentier B. Fertility Treatments and Breast Cancer: A Significant Risk for Our Patients? JOURNAL OF BREAST IMAGING 2022; 4:568-581. [PMID: 38416995 DOI: 10.1093/jbi/wbac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Fertility medications have been postulated to increase the risk of breast cancer because of the transient but substantial elevation in hormones occurring with their use. Multiple studies exploring the relationship between fertility medications and risk of breast cancer are limited by the wide variety of fertility treatment regimens and confounded by infertility as an independent risk factor for breast cancer. The Practice Committee Guidelines of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine acknowledge that although this relationship is complex, no additional risk of breast cancer has been consistently linked to infertility medications. This article reviews the major studies both supporting and refuting this statement and makes recommendations regarding risk counseling and breast cancer screening in patients with a history of fertility treatments and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Furlong
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Providence, RI, USA
| | - May-Tal Sauerbrun-Cutler
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Women and Infants Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Dibble
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bianca Carpentier
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Rhode Island Hospital, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Providence, RI, USA
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Liu X, Yue J, Pervaiz R, Zhang H, Wang L. Association between fertility treatments and breast cancer risk in women with a family history or BRCA mutations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:986477. [PMID: 36176466 PMCID: PMC9513064 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.986477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Women with hereditary breast cancer factors are more likely to be infertile and tend to receive fertility treatments. The safety of fertility treatments that contain hormone-related medications for ovarian stimulation has gained wide attention; however, evidence of the safety of fertility treatments is limited. This study aims to assess the association between fertility treatments and the incidence rate of breast cancer in women with a family history of breast cancer or BRCA mutations. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Studies concerning the effect of fertility treatments on breast cancer risk in genetically susceptible women were included. The fixed and random effects models were used to estimate the summary effects. Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions instrument was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. A total of 5,282 studies were screened. Five cohort studies and three case-control studies were included. Breast cancer risk was not significantly increased by fertility treatments in general genetically susceptible women [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96-1.45], women with a family history of breast cancer (pooled OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.97-1.89), or women with BRCA mutations (pooled OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.74-1.4). In subgroup analyses, there was no significant increase in breast cancer risk whether in BRCA1 mutation carriers (pooled OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.81-1.72), BRCA2 mutation carriers (pooled OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.09-3.34), or in the women treated with in vitro fertilization (pooled OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.51-1.1), clomiphene citrate (pooled OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.78-1.45) or gonadotropins (pooled OR 1.32, 95% CI 0.8-2.18). This is the first meta-analysis concerning the impact of fertility treatments on breast cancer risk in genetically susceptible women. Despite the finding that fertility treatment did not significantly increase breast cancer risk in genetically susceptible women, large prospective cohorts with more detailed information are required. Further investigations are needed to explore subtypes of breast cancer, genetic background of hormone-related breast cancer, and the association between BRCA mutations and the incidence of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO(CRD42021281336).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yue
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruqiya Pervaiz
- Faculty of Chemical and Life Science, Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Hanwang Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Wang, ; Hanwang Zhang,
| | - Lan Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Wang, ; Hanwang Zhang,
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Zhong Y, Chen X, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Chen T, Nie X, Cheng W. Ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma with elevated β-human chorionic gonadotropin: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28144. [PMID: 34941061 PMCID: PMC8702252 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta. However, hCG (particularly β-hCG) is also expressed in many normal nontrophoblastic tissues. Here, we report the case of a 50-year-old woman diagnosed with ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma with elevated β-hCG, which was insensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs and had a poor prognosis. PATIENT CONCERNS A 50-year-old woman with abdominal distention was admitted to our hospital. Pelvic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were highly suggestive of multiple metastases of ovarian cancer. Surprisingly, an elevation in β-hCG levels was also measured. DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent laparoscopic examination and was diagnosed with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. After 2 prior chemotherapies with paclitaxel and carboplatin, the patient underwent cytoreductive surgery and continued receiving chemotherapy. However, recurrent lesions were observed during the period of chemotherapy, and the level of β-hCG increased. Alternative chemotherapy with liposomal doxorubicin was administered, but it also had a poor therapeutic effect. OUTCOMES The progression was rapid with a continuous increase in β-hCG levels, and the patient died 9 months after surgery. LESSONS Gynecologists should be aware of women with ovarian carcinoma with an elevated β-hCG level, which suggests a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Women Health, Zhangqiu Women and Children Health Hospital, Zhangqiu District, Ji’nan, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianglin Nie
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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CHORIONIC GONADOTROPINE: STRUCTURAL HETEROGENEITY, METABOLIC PATHWAY, FUNCTIONS, OBTAINING AND POSSIBILITIES OF CLINICAL APPLICATION. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech14.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is one of the key hormones needed for pregnancy sustaining. At the same time, it performs many other biological functions, which is due to the effect on the immune cells’ activity, the ability to bind to at least three types of receptors and activate various signaling cascades. Several structural forms of hCG and their combinations have been identified. This structural heterogeneity is the cause of variations not only in the degree and direction of the hormone functional activity, but in the mechanisms of its action, the degree of binding to other molecules and the conditions of dissociation as well. Aim. To review the current understanding of the role and mechanisms of the biological activity of hCG and its isoforms, as well as the identification of physicochemical factors that affect the completeness of hCG release from biological raw materials and the stability of the isolated drug during further storage. Methods. A computerized literature search was performed using three electronic databases from 1980 to 2020. Descriptive and comparative analyzes were performed for discovered studies in molecular biology, biochemistry and clinical practice. Results. A detailed biochemical and physiological analysis of hCG and its related molecules are provided in this review. The features of measuring its content in tissues, isolation and purification methods, difficulties associated with low-temperature storage, as well as the spectrum of hCG preparations clinical use of and their proposed new therapeutic possibilities are considered. Conclusions. HCG is characterized by a wide range of versatile functions, and its field of application in laboratory diagnostics and clinical practice is still expanding. At the same time, to elucidate the mechanisms of its multiple therapeutic effects, including antitumor action, as well as the mechanisms of dissociation under conditions of low-temperature storage, which can solve the problem of maintaining the stability of this hormone, it remains relevant.
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14
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Farhud DD, Zokaei S, Keykhaei M, Hedayati M, Zarif Yeganeh M. In-Vitro Fertilization Impact on the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:438-447. [PMID: 34178791 PMCID: PMC8214614 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i3.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Due to the increasing prevalence of infertility, the number of referrals to infertility treatment centers has also increased. Nowadays, assisted reproductive technology (ART), including in vitro fertilization (IVF), is a treatment for infertility or genetic problems. Considering the possible consequences of this method among women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and kids conceived by IVF, extensive research has been conducted in this regard. Methods Overall, 100 articles were entered into the study, and relevant articles were searched and extracted from PubMed, Springer, and Google Scholar databases. In IVF procedure, medications such as Clomiphene citrate and gonadotropins are used to stimulate and mature follicles and thus increase ovulation. Results There are conflicting opinions on this issue. Some findings report a slight increase in cancer risk for hormone-sensitive cancers including breast cancer. The long-term use of IVF medications can increase estrogen hormones and cause excessive expression of genes, resulting in an increased risk of breast cancer, which is one of the most frequent cancers among women. Conclusion There are some risks to be aware of, which followed the hypothesis that long IVF treatment process may lead to breast cancer among IVF candidates. Furthermore, the risk of breast cancer may be increased in those women with a positive family history and related inherited genes. Therefore, women candidates for IVF should be informed of the probable implications of the reproductive therapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush D Farhud
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Basic Sciences, Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Zokaei
- School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keykhaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Zarif Yeganeh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-Mediated Induction of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020264. [PMID: 33572731 PMCID: PMC7911704 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that specifically binds to luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and exerts several roles, including the support of pregnancy and fetal gonadal steroidogenesis. Since hCG is also expressed by some tumor types, like breast cancer, many efforts have been made to study its role in neoplesia, with some studies showing a cancer-supportive role and others showing a cancer-protective role. A critical examination of the literature highlighted that the in vitro effect of hCG has been tested in the presence of fetal serum, which contains other gonadotropins, in the culture medium. Thus, we hypothesized that the use of serum in the cell culture medium might influence the cell response to the hCG treatment due to the presence of other hormones. Thus, we analyzed the in vitro effect of highly purified hCG on cell proliferation and the activation of the down-stream signal transduction pathway in three breast cancer cell lines, particularly focusing on MCF7, cultured in serum-deprived conditions. Our data show that hCG increases cell proliferation and activates the down-stream target Akt, together with a decrease of the LHR mRNA expression level. Finally, we also tested the differentiation capacity of hCG on MCF7 cancer stem cells (CSCs) and show that it favors the proliferation and differentiation of these cells, thus suggesting that hCG also renders cells more able to colonize and invade the organs.
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Sengodan SK, Hemalatha SK, Nadhan R, Somanathan T, Mathew AP, Chil A, Kopczynski J, Nair RS, Kumar JM, Srinivas P. β-hCG-induced mutant BRCA1 ignites drug resistance in susceptible breast tissue. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:1415-1426. [PMID: 30963174 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-hCG expression in breast cancer is highly controversial with reports supporting both protective and tumorigenic effects. It has also been reported that risk of breast cancer at an early age is increased with full-term pregnancies if a woman is a BRCA1 mutation carrier. We have already demonstrated that BRCA1-defective cells express high levels of β-hCG and that when BRCA1 is restored, β-hCG level is reduced. Also, BRCA1 can bind to the promoter and reduce the levels of β-hCG. β-hCG induces tumorigenicity in BRCA1-defective cells by directly binding to TGFBRII and induces TGFBRII-mediated cell proliferation. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism of action of β-hCG on BRCA1 expression and its influence on drug sensitivity in breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that β-hCG induces mutant BRCA1 protein expression in BRCA1 mutant cells; however, in BRCA1 wild-type cells, β-hCG reduced wild-type BRCA1 protein expression. Transcriptionally, β-hCG could induce Slug/LSD1-mediated repression of wild-type and mutant BRCA1 messenger RNA levels. However, β-hCG induces HSP90-mediated stabilization of mutant BRCA1 and hence the overexpression of mutant BRCA1 protein, resulting in partial restoration of homologous recombination repair of damaged DNA. This contributes to drug resistance to HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG in BRCA1-defective cancer cells. A combination of HSP90 inhibitor and TGFBRII inhibitor has shown to sensitize β-hCG expressing BRCA1-defective breast cancers to cell death. Targeting the β-hCG-HSP90-TGFBRII axis could prove an effective treatment strategy for BRCA1-mutated breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Kumar Sengodan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sreelatha K Hemalatha
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Revathy Nadhan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Thara Somanathan
- Department of Pathology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Peter Mathew
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Arkadiusz Chil
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Kielce Cancer Center, Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Rakesh Sathish Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Oncology Research, Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Priya Srinivas
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Raimundo L, Ramos H, Loureiro JB, Calheiros J, Saraiva L. BRCA1/P53: Two strengths in cancer chemoprevention. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188339. [PMID: 31917206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing emphasis has been given to prevention as a feasible approach to reduce the cancer burden. However, for its clinical success, further advances are required to identify effective chemopreventive agents. This review affords a critical and up-to-date discussion of issues related to cancer prevention, including an in-depth knowledge on BRCA1 and p53 tumor suppressor proteins as key molecular players. Indeed, it compiles the most recent advances on the topic, highlighting the unique potential of BRCA1 and p53 germline mutations as molecular biomarkers for risk assessment and targets for chemoprevention. Relevant evidences are herein provided supporting the effectiveness of distinct pharmacological agents in cancer prevention, by targeting BRCA1 and p53. Moreover, the rationale for using germline mutant BRCA1- or p53-related cancer syndromes as model systems to investigate effective chemopreventive agents is also addressed. Altogether, this work provides an innovative conception about the dependence on p53 and BRCA1 co-inactivation in tumor formation and development, emphasizing the relationship between these two proteins as an encouraging direction for future personalized pharmacological interventions in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Raimundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Calheiros
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Zhong Y, Wang Y, Huang J, Xu X, Pan W, Gao S, Zhang Y, Su M. Association of hCG and LHCGR expression patterns with clinicopathological parameters in ovarian cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:748-754. [PMID: 30712886 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its critical role during pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been shown to be expressed by various tumor types. Recent studies have similarly documented the presence of the luteinizing hormone (LH)/hCG receptor (LHCGR) in a variety of nongonadal organs; however, its clinicopathological significance in ovarian cancer remains unclear. The present study used a combination of immunohistochemical, real-time PCR, and western blot analyses to examine hCG and LHCGR expression in normal and cancerous tissues collected from patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). hCG and LHCGR expression levels were resultantly shown to be significantly increased and decreased in cancerous versus normal (or benign) ovarian tissues, respectively (P < 0.05), and both expression pattern changes were associated with more advanced tumor stages and a higher rate of metastasis. Furthermore, patients with tumors with high or low levels of hCG and LHCGR, respectively, experienced a worse overall survival (OS) rate than those with low hCG or high LHCGR expression levels (P < 0.05). In fact, hCG and LHCGR expression levels were independent prognostic factors of patient OS (P < 0.05) for EOC. Collectively, these findings indicate that hCG and LHCGR expression pattern changes are associated with EOC occurrence and progression. Thus, hCG and LHCGR represent promising potential targets to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nantong University, China; Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Weidong Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Sainan Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yuquan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Min Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
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McGowan EM, Lin Y, Hatoum D. Good Guy or Bad Guy? The Duality of Wild-Type p53 in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Origin, Treatment, and Recurrence. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060172. [PMID: 29857525 PMCID: PMC6025368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
"Lactation is at one point perilously near becoming a cancerous process if it is at all arrested", Beatson, 1896. Most breast cancers arise from the milk-producing cells that are characterized by aberrant cellular, molecular, and epigenetic translation. By understanding the underlying molecular disruptions leading to the origin of cancer, we might be able to design novel strategies for more efficacious treatments or, ambitiously, divert the cancerous process. It is an established reality that full-term pregnancy in a young woman provides a lifetime reduction in breast cancer risk, whereas delay in full-term pregnancy increases short-term breast cancer risk and the probability of latent breast cancer development. Hormonal activation of the p53 protein (encode by the TP53 gene) in the mammary gland at a critical time in pregnancy has been identified as one of the most important determinants of whether the mammary gland develops latent breast cancer. This review discusses what is known about the protective influence of female hormones in young parous women, with a specific focus on the opportune role of wild-type p53 reprogramming in mammary cell differentiation. The importance of p53 as a protector or perpetrator in hormone-dependent breast cancer, resistance to treatment, and recurrence is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M McGowan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
| | - Diana Hatoum
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
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20
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Heidegger H, Jeschke U. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)-An Endocrine, Regulator of Gestation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051502. [PMID: 29772831 PMCID: PMC5983709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Heidegger
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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