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Belvedere R, Novizio N, Palazzo M, Pessolano E, Petrella A. The pro-healing effects of heparan sulfate and growth factors are enhanced by the heparinase enzyme: New association for skin wound healing treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 960:176138. [PMID: 37923158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment strategies for skin wound repair are the focus of numerous studies. New pharmacological approaches appear necessary to guarantee a correct and healthy tissue regeneration. For these reasons, we purposed to investigate the effects of the combination between heparan sulfate and growth factors further adding the heparinase enzyme. Interestingly, for the first time, we have found that this whole association retains a marked pro-healing activity when topically administered to the wound. In detail, this combination significantly enhances the motility and activation of the main cell populations involved in tissue regeneration (keratinocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells), compared with single agents administered without heparinase. Notably, using an experimental C57BL/6 mouse model of skin wounding, we observed that the topical treatment of skin lesions with heparan sulfate + growth factors + heparinase promotes the highest closure of wounds compared to each substance mixed with the other ones in all the possible combinations. Eosin/hematoxylin staining of skin biopsies revealed that treatment with the whole combination allows the formation of a well-structured matrix with numerous new vessels. Confocal analyses for vimentin, FAP1α, CK10 and CD31 have highlighted the presence of activated fibroblasts, differentiated keratinocytes and endothelial cells at the closed region of wounds. Our results encourage defining this combined treatment as a new and appealing therapy expedient in skin wound healing, as it is able to activate cell components and promote a dynamic lesions closure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Pessolano
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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2
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Binlateh T, Hutamekalin P, Yongsawatdigul J, Yamabhai M, Jitprasertwong P. Effects of collagen, chitosan and mixture on fibroblast responses and angiogenic activities in 2D and 3D in vitro models. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1642-1655. [PMID: 37222462 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidences have demonstrated the potential of collagen and chitosan on tissue repair, it remains unclear on their combination effects. Here, we examined the regenerative effects of single collagen, chitosan and their mixture on fibroblasts and endothelial cells at cellular levels. The results showed that fibroblast responses, as indicated by high proliferative rate, increased spheroid diameter and migrated area existing from spheroid edge, and decreased wound area, were significantly promoted by either collagen or chitosan stimulation. Similarly, both collagen and chitosan resulted in increased endothelial cell proliferation and migration with accelerated tube-like network formation and upregulated VE-cadherin expression, although collagen strongly provided this effect. While the 1:1 mixture (100:100 μg/mL of chitosan to collagen) treatment caused a reduction in fibroblast viability, the lower ratio of chitosan (1:10 mixture; 10:100 μg/mL) did not produce any impact on both fibroblast and endothelial cell viabilities. The 1:10 mixture also significantly enhanced the additional effects on fibroblast responses and angiogenic activities as shown by higher endothelial growth, proliferation and migration with accelerated capillary-like network formation than those treated with the single substance. Further investigation of signaling proteins found that collagen significantly increased expressions of p-Fak, p-Akt and Cdk5 whereas chitosan upregulated p-Fak and Cdk5 expressions. Comparing to the single treatments, p-Fak, p-Akt and Cdk5 were higher expressed in the 1:10 mixture. These observations indicate that proper collagen-chitosan mixture provides the combination effects on fibroblast responses and angiogenic activities when a high concentration of collagen is used, possibly through Fak/Akt and Cdk5 signaling pathways. Therefore, this study helps to define the clinical use of collagen and chitosan as promising biomaterials for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thunwa Binlateh
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Pilaiwanwadee Hutamekalin
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jirawat Yongsawatdigul
- Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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3
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Steinberg T, Dieterle MP, Ramminger I, Klein C, Brossette J, Husari A, Tomakidi P. On the Value of In Vitro Cell Systems for Mechanobiology from the Perspective of Yes-Associated Protein/Transcriptional Co-Activator with a PDZ-Binding Motif and Focal Adhesion Kinase and Their Involvement in Wound Healing, Cancer, Aging, and Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12677. [PMID: 37628858 PMCID: PMC10454169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology comprises how cells perceive different mechanical stimuli and integrate them into a process called mechanotransduction; therefore, the related mechanosignaling cascades are generally important for biomedical research. The ongoing discovery of key molecules and the subsequent elucidation of their roles in mechanobiology are fundamental to understanding cell responses and tissue conditions, such as homeostasis, aging, senescence, wound healing, and cancer. Regarding the available literature on these topics, it becomes abundantly clear that in vitro cell systems from different species and tissues have been and are extremely valuable tools for enabling the discovery and functional elucidation of key mechanobiological players. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the significant contributions of in vitro cell systems to the identification and characterization of three such key players using the selected examples of yes-associated protein (YAP), its paralog transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and their involvement in wound healing, cancer, aging, and senescence. In addition, the reader is given suggestions as to which future prospects emerge from the in vitro studies discussed herein and which research questions still remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Steinberg
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Philipp Dieterle
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Imke Ramminger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Klein
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julie Brossette
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayman Husari
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Neves LMG, Wilgus TA, Bayat A. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Approaches for Investigation of Skin Scarring: Human and Animal Models. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:97-116. [PMID: 34915768 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: The cutaneous repair process naturally results in different types of scarring that are classified as normal or pathological. Affected individuals are often affected from an esthetic, physical (functional), and psychosocial perspective. The distinct nature of scarring in humans, particularly the formation of pathological scars, makes the study of skin scarring a challenge for researchers in this area. Several established experimental models exist for studying scar formation. However, the increasing development and validation of newly emerging models have made it possible to carry out studies focused on different variables that influence this unique process. Recent Advances: Experimental models such as in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models have obtained different degrees of success in the reproduction of the scar formation in its native milieu and true environment. These models also differ in their ability to elucidate the molecular, cellular, and structural mechanisms involved in scarring, as well as for testing new agents and approaches for therapies. The models reviewed here, including cells derived from human skin and in vivo animal models, have contributed to the advancement of skin scarring research. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The absence of experimental models that faithfully reproduce the typical characteristics of the different types of human skin scars makes the improvement of validated models and the establishment of new ones a critical unmet need. The fields of wound healing research combined with tissue engineering have offered newer alternatives for experimental studies with the potential to provide clinically useful knowledge about scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M G Neves
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, Wound Healing Theme, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Traci A Wilgus
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, Centre for Dermatology Research, Wound Healing Theme, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Wound Healing Unit, Hair and Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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5
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Ma Y, Liu Z, Miao L, Jiang X, Ruan H, Xuan R, Xu S. Mechanisms underlying pathological scarring by fibroblasts during wound healing. Int Wound J 2023. [PMID: 36726192 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological scarring is an abnormal outcome of wound healing, which often manifests as excessive proliferation and transdifferentiation of fibroblasts (FBs), and excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix. FBs are the most important effector cells involved in wound healing and scar formation. The factors that promote pathological scar formation often act on the proliferation and function of FB. In this study, we describe the factors that lead to abnormal FB formation in pathological scarring in terms of the microenvironment, signalling pathways, epigenetics, and autophagy. These findings suggest that understanding the causes of abnormal FB formation may aid in the development of precise and effective preventive and treatment strategies for pathological scarring that are associated with improved quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - LinLin Miao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongyu Ruan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Rongrong Xuan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Suling Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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6
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Yin J, Zhang S, Yang C, Wang Y, Shi B, Zheng Q, Zeng N, Huang H. Mechanotransduction in skin wound healing and scar formation: Potential therapeutic targets for controlling hypertrophic scarring. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028410. [PMID: 36325354 PMCID: PMC9618819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring (HTS) is a major source of morbidity after cutaneous injury. Recent studies indicate that mechanical force significantly impacts wound healing and skin regeneration which opens up a new direction to combat scarring. Hence, a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms is essential in the development of efficacious scar therapeutics. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the mechanotransduction signaling pathways in scar formation and some strategies that offload mechanical forces in the wounded region for scar prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ni Zeng
- *Correspondence: Ni Zeng, ; Hanyao Huang,
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7
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Zhang M, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhao J, Wang X. The potential of functionalized dressing releasing flavonoids facilitates scar-free healing. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:978120. [PMID: 36262272 PMCID: PMC9573991 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.978120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Scars are pathological marks left after an injury heals that inflict physical and psychological harm, especially the great threat to development and aesthetics posed by oral and maxillofacial scars. The differential expression of genes such as transforming growth factor-β, local adherent plaque kinase, and yes-related transcriptional regulators at infancy or the oral mucosa is thought to be the reason of scarless regenerative capacity after tissue defects. Currently, tissue engineering products for defect repair frequently overlook the management of postoperative scars, and inhibitors of important genes alone have negative consequences for the organism. Natural flavonoids have hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, which promote wound healing and have anti-scar properties by interfering with the transmission of key signaling pathways involved in scar formation. The combination of flavonoid-rich drug dressings provides a platform for clinical translation of compounds that aid in drug disintegration, prolonged release, and targeted delivery. Therefore, we present a review of the mechanisms and effects of flavonoids in promoting scar-free regeneration and the application of flavonoid-laden dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaohang Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China,Jing Zhao,
| | - Xing Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China,Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China,*Correspondence: Xing Wang,
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8
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Trotsyuk AA, Chen K, Hyung S, Ma KC, Henn D, Mermin-Bunnell AM, Mittal S, Padmanabhan J, Larson MR, Steele SR, Sivaraj D, Bonham CA, Noishiki C, Rodrigues M, Jiang Y, Jing S, Niu S, Chattopadhyay A, Perrault DP, Leeolou MC, Fischer KS, Gurusankar G, Choi Kussie H, Wan DC, Januszyk M, Longaker MT, Gurtner GC. Inhibiting Fibroblast Mechanotransduction Modulates Severity of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:511-523. [PMID: 34544267 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease that affects 63 in every 100,000 Americans. Its etiology remains unknown, although inflammatory pathways appear to be important. Given the dynamic environment of the lung, we examined the significance of mechanotransduction on both inflammatory and fibrotic signaling during IPF. Innovation: Mechanotransduction pathways have not been thoroughly examined in the context of lung disease, and pharmacologic approaches for IPF do not currently target these pathways. The interplay between mechanical strain and inflammation in pulmonary fibrosis remains incompletely understood. Approach: In this study, we used conditional KO mice to block mechanotransduction by knocking out Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) expression in fibroblasts, followed by induction of pulmonary fibrosis using bleomycin. We examined both normal human and human IPF fibroblasts and used immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western Blot to evaluate the effects of FAK inhibitor (FAK-I) on modulating fibrotic and inflammatory genes. Results: Our data indicate that the deletion of FAK in mice reduces expression of fibrotic and inflammatory genes in lungs. Similarly, mechanical straining in normal human lung fibroblasts activates inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. The FAK inhibition decreases these signals but has a less effect on IPF fibroblasts as compared with normal human fibroblasts. Conclusion: Administering FAK-I at early stages of fibrosis may attenuate the FAK-mediated fibrotic response pathway in IPF, potentially mediating disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A Trotsyuk
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kellen Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sun Hyung
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kun Cathy Ma
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dominic Henn
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alana M Mermin-Bunnell
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Smiti Mittal
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jagannath Padmanabhan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Madelyn R Larson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sydney R Steele
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dharshan Sivaraj
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Clark A Bonham
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chikage Noishiki
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melanie Rodrigues
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Serena Jing
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Arhana Chattopadhyay
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David P Perrault
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa C Leeolou
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Katharina S Fischer
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Hudson Choi Kussie
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Januszyk
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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9
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Mascharak S, desJardins-Park HE, Davitt MF, Guardino NJ, Gurtner GC, Wan DC, Longaker MT. Modulating Cellular Responses to Mechanical Forces to Promote Wound Regeneration. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:479-495. [PMID: 34465219 PMCID: PMC9245727 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Skin scarring poses a major biomedical burden for hundreds of millions of patients annually. However, this burden could be mitigated by therapies that promote wound regeneration, with full recovery of skin's normal adnexa, matrix ultrastructure, and mechanical strength. Recent Advances: The observation of wound regeneration in several mouse models suggests a retained capacity for postnatal mammalian skin to regenerate under the right conditions. Mechanical forces are a major contributor to skin fibrosis and a prime target for devices and therapeutics that could promote skin regeneration. Critical Issues: Wound-induced hair neogenesis, Acomys "spiny" mice, Murphy Roths Large mice, and mice treated with mechanotransduction inhibitors all show various degrees of wound regeneration. Comparison of regenerating wounds in these models against scarring wounds reveals differences in extracellular matrix interactions and in mechanosensitive activation of key signaling pathways, including Wnt, Sonic hedgehog, focal adhesion kinase, and Yes-associated protein. The advent of single-cell "omics" technologies has deepened this understanding and revealed that regeneration may recapitulate development in certain contexts, although it is unknown whether these mechanisms are relevant to healing in tight-skinned animals such as humans. Future Directions: While early findings in mice are promising, comparison across model systems is needed to resolve conflicting mechanisms and to identify conserved master regulators of skin regeneration. There also remains a dire need for studies on mechanomodulation of wounds in large, tight-skinned animals, such as red Duroc pigs, which better approximate human wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamik Mascharak
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Heather E. desJardins-Park
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael F. Davitt
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Guardino
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; Stanford, California, USA
| | - Geoffrey C. Gurtner
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; Stanford, California, USA
| | - Derrick C. Wan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery; Stanford, California, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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10
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Qian H, Shan Y, Gong R, Lin D, Zhang M, Wang C, Wang L. Fibroblasts in Scar Formation: Biology and Clinical Translation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4586569. [PMID: 35602101 PMCID: PMC9119755 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4586569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scarring, which develops due to fibroblast activation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition, can cause physical, psychological, and cosmetic problems. Fibroblasts are the main type of connective tissue cells and play important roles in wound healing. However, the underlying mechanisms of fibroblast in reaching scarless wound healing require more exploration. Herein, we systematically reviewed how fibroblasts behave in response to skin injuries, as well as their functions in regeneration and scar formation. Several biocompatible materials, including hydrogels and nanoparticles, were also suggested. Moreover, factors that concern transformation from fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts are mentioned due to a tight association between scar formation and primary skin cancers. These findings will help us better understand skin fibrotic pathogenesis, as well as provide potential targets for scarless wound healing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Shan
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Danfeng Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengwen Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Starbody plastic surgery Clinic, Hangzhou, China
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11
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FAK in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031726. [PMID: 35163650 PMCID: PMC8836199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. FAK regulates diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signaling, cell cycle progression, cell survival, cell motility, angiogenesis, and the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mounting evidence has indicated that targeting FAK, either alone or in combination with other agents, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying FAK-mediated signaling networks during tumor development. We also summarize the recent progress of FAK-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity from preclinical and clinical evidence.
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12
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Hosseini M, Brown J, Khosrotehrani K, Bayat A, Shafiee A. Skin biomechanics: a potential therapeutic intervention target to reduce scarring. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkac036. [PMID: 36017082 PMCID: PMC9398863 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pathological scarring imposes a major clinical and social burden worldwide. Human cutaneous wounds are responsive to mechanical forces and convert mechanical cues to biochemical signals that eventually promote scarring. To understand the mechanotransduction pathways in cutaneous scarring and develop new mechanotherapy approaches to achieve optimal scarring, the current study highlights the mechanical behavior of unwounded and scarred skin as well as intra- and extracellular mechanisms behind keloid and hypertrophic scars. Additionally, the therapeutic interventions that promote optimal scar healing by mechanical means at the molecular, cellular or tissue level are extensively reviewed. The current literature highlights the significant role of fibroblasts in wound contraction and scar formation via differentiation into myofibroblasts. Thus, understanding myofibroblasts and their responses to mechanical loading allows the development of new scar therapeutics. A review of the current clinical and preclinical studies suggests that existing treatment strategies only reduce scarring on a small scale after wound closure and result in poor functional and aesthetic outcomes. Therefore, the perspective of mechanotherapies needs to consider the application of both mechanical forces and biochemical cues to achieve optimal scarring. Moreover, early intervention is critical in wound management; thus, mechanoregulation should be conducted during the healing process to avoid scar maturation. Future studies should either consider combining mechanical loading (pressure) therapies with tension offloading approaches for scar management or developing more effective early therapies based on contraction-blocking biomaterials for the prevention of pathological scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motaharesadat Hosseini
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies , School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering (MMPE), Faculty of Engineering, , Brisbane, QLD 4059 , Australia
- Queensland University of Technology , School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering (MMPE), Faculty of Engineering, , Brisbane, QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Jason Brown
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service , Brisbane, QLD 4029 , Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service , Brisbane, QLD 4029 , Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4102 , Australia
| | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Centre for Dermatology Research , NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT , England, UK
- University of Manchester , NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, , Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT , England, UK
- MRC-SA Wound Healing Unit , Hair & Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, , Cape Town 7935 , South Africa
- University of Cape Town , Hair & Skin Research Laboratory, Division of Dermatology, , Cape Town 7935 , South Africa
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service , Brisbane, QLD 4029 , Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service , Brisbane, QLD 4029 , Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4102 , Australia
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13
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Wang X, Steinberg T, Dieterle MP, Ramminger I, Husari A, Tomakidi P. FAK Shutdown: Consequences on Epithelial Morphogenesis and Biomarker Expression Involving an Innovative Biomaterial for Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189774. [PMID: 34575938 PMCID: PMC8470904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
By employing an innovative biohybrid membrane, the present study aimed at elucidating the mechanistic role of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in epithelial morphogenesis in vitro over 4, 7, and 10 days. The consequences of siRNA-mediated FAK knockdown on epithelial morphogenesis were monitored by quantifying cell layers and detecting the expression of biomarkers of epithelial differentiation and homeostasis. Histologic examination of FAK-depleted samples showed a significant increase in cell layers resembling epithelial hyperplasia. Semiquantitative fluorescence imaging (SQFI) revealed tissue homeostatic disturbances by significantly increased involucrin expression over time, persistence of yes-associated protein (YAP) and an increase of keratin (K) 1 at day 4. The dysbalanced involucrin pattern was underscored by ROCK-IISer1366 activity at day 7 and 10. SQFI data were confirmed by quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, thereby corroborating the FAK shutdown-related expression changes. The artificial FAK shutdown was also associated with a significantly higher expression of filaggrin at day 10, sustained keratinocyte proliferation, and the dysregulated expression of K19 and vimentin. These siRNA-induced consequences indicate the mechanistic role of FAK in epithelial morphogenesis by simultaneously considering prospective biomaterial-based epithelial regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Martin P. Dieterle
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
| | - Imke Ramminger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ayman Husari
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Pascal Tomakidi
- Center for Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biotechnology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (X.W.); (M.P.D.); (I.R.); (P.T.)
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14
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Mechanical and Immunological Regulation in Wound Healing and Skin Reconstruction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115474. [PMID: 34067386 PMCID: PMC8197020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, a new frontier in scarless wound healing has arisen because of significant advances in the field of wound healing realised by incorporating emerging concepts from mechanobiology and immunology. The complete integumentary organ system (IOS) regeneration and scarless wound healing mechanism, which occurs in specific species, body sites and developmental stages, clearly shows that mechanical stress signals and immune responses play important roles in determining the wound healing mode. Advances in tissue engineering technology have led to the production of novel human skin equivalents and organoids that reproduce cell–cell interactions with tissue-scale tensional homeostasis, and enable us to evaluate skin tissue morphology, functionality, drug response and wound healing. This breakthrough in tissue engineering has the potential to accelerate the understanding of wound healing control mechanisms through complex mechanobiological and immunological interactions. In this review, we present an overview of recent studies of biomechanical and immunological wound healing and tissue remodelling mechanisms through comparisons of species- and developmental stage-dependent wound healing mechanisms. We also discuss the possibility of elucidating the control mechanism of wound healing involving mechanobiological and immunological interaction by using next-generation human skin equivalents.
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15
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Molecular Changes Underlying Hypertrophic Scarring Following Burns Involve Specific Deregulations at All Wound Healing Stages (Inflammation, Proliferation and Maturation). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020897. [PMID: 33477421 PMCID: PMC7831008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive connective tissue accumulation, a hallmark of hypertrophic scaring, results in progressive deterioration of the structure and function of organs. It can also be seen during tumor growth and other fibroproliferative disorders. These processes result from a wide spectrum of cross-talks between mesenchymal, epithelial and inflammatory/immune cells that have not yet been fully understood. In the present review, we aimed to describe the molecular features of fibroblasts and their interactions with immune and epithelial cells and extracellular matrix. We also compared different types of fibroblasts and their roles in skin repair and regeneration following burn injury. In summary, here we briefly review molecular changes underlying hypertrophic scarring following burns throughout all basic wound healing stages, i.e. during inflammation, proliferation and maturation.
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16
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Involvement of the FAK Network in Pathologies Related to Altered Mechanotransduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249426. [PMID: 33322030 PMCID: PMC7764271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is a physiological process in which external mechanical stimulations are perceived, interpreted, and translated by cells into biochemical signals. Mechanical stimulations exerted by extracellular matrix stiffness and cell–cell contacts are continuously applied to living cells, thus representing a key pivotal trigger for cell homeostasis, survival, and function, as well as an essential factor for proper organ development and metabolism. Indeed, a deregulation of the mechanotransduction process consequent to gene mutations or altered functions of proteins involved in perceiving cellular and extracellular mechanics can lead to a broad range of diseases, from muscular dystrophies and cardiomyopathies to cancer development and metastatization. Here, we recapitulate the involvement of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the cellular conditions deriving from altered mechanotransduction processes.
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17
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Yin JL, Wu Y, Yuan ZW, Gao XH, Chen HD. Advances in scarless foetal wound healing and prospects for scar reduction in adults. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12916. [PMID: 33058377 PMCID: PMC7653265 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Healing after mammalian skin injury involves the interaction between numerous cellular constituents and regulatory factors, which together form three overlapping phases: an inflammatory response, a proliferation phase and a remodelling phase. Any slight variation in these three stages can substantially alter the healing process and resultant production of scars. Of particular significance are the mechanisms responsible for the scar‐free phenomenon observed in the foetus. Uncovering such mechanisms would offer great expectations in the treatment of scars and therefore represents an important area of investigation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of studies on injury‐induced skin regeneration within the foetus. The information contained in these studies provides an opportunity for new insights into the treatment of clinical scars based on the cellular and molecular processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Yin
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Immunodermatological Theranostics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Immunodermatological Theranostics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Immunodermatological Theranostics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Immunodermatological Theranostics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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18
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Wang H, Guo B, Lin S, Chang P, Tao K. Apigenin inhibits growth and migration of fibroblasts by suppressing FAK signaling. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3668-3678. [PMID: 31170089 PMCID: PMC6594802 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring compound apigenin has many biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and anticancer effects. Although hypertrophic scar formation is a common surgical complication, there is still no good treatment for it. In the present study, we examined the effect of apigenin on hypertrophic scar. After isolating fibroblasts from human hypertrophic scars, we assess the effects of apigenin on fibroblast cell survival, apoptosis and migration. The results showed that apigenin dose-dependently inhibited the growth and migration of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. By inhibiting FAK kinase activity and FAK phosphorylation, apigenin also inhibited activation of the FAK signaling pathway. Apigenin thus appears to inhibit the growth and migration of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts by inhibiting FAK signaling. This suggests apigenin could potentially provide a new option for the treatment of hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Wang
- Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of North Theater, PLA, Shenyang, P.R.China
| | - Bingyu Guo
- Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of North Theater, PLA, Shenyang, P.R.China
| | - Shixiu Lin
- Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of North Theater, PLA, Shenyang, P.R.China
| | - Peng Chang
- Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of North Theater, PLA, Shenyang, P.R.China
| | - Kai Tao
- Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of North Theater, PLA, Shenyang, P.R.China
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19
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Kuehlmann B, Bonham CA, Zucal I, Prantl L, Gurtner GC. Mechanotransduction in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051423. [PMID: 32403382 PMCID: PMC7290354 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin injury is a common occurrence and mechanical forces are known to significantly impact the biological processes of skin regeneration and wound healing. Immediately following the disruption of the skin, the process of wound healing begins, bringing together numerous cell types to collaborate in several sequential phases. These cells produce a multitude of molecules and initiate multiple signaling pathways that are associated with skin disorders and abnormal wound healing, including hypertrophic scars, keloids, and chronic wounds. Studies have shown that mechanical forces can alter the microenvironment of a healing wound, causing changes in cellular function, motility, and signaling. A better understanding of the mechanobiology of cells in the skin is essential in the development of efficacious therapeutics to reduce skin disorders, normalize abnormal wound healing, and minimize scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kuehlmann
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.K.); (C.A.B.)
- University Center for Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.Z.); (L.P.)
| | - Clark A. Bonham
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.K.); (C.A.B.)
| | - Isabel Zucal
- University Center for Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.Z.); (L.P.)
| | - Lukas Prantl
- University Center for Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg and Caritas Hospital St. Josef, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (I.Z.); (L.P.)
| | - Geoffrey C. Gurtner
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (B.K.); (C.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-736-2776
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20
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Padmanabhan J, Maan ZN, Kwon SH, Kosaraju R, Bonham CA, Gurtner GC. In Vivo Models for the Study of Fibrosis. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2019; 8:645-654. [PMID: 31827979 PMCID: PMC6904938 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2018.0909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Fibrosis and scar formation pose a substantial physiological and psychological burden on patients and a significant public health burden on the economy, estimated to be up to $12 billion a year. Fibrosis research is heavily reliant on in vivo models, but variations in animal models and differences between animal and human fibrosis necessitates careful selection of animal models to study fibrosis. There is also an increased need for improved animal models that recapitulate human pathophysiology. Recent Advances: Several murine and porcine models, including xenograft, drug-induced fibrosis, and mechanical load-induced fibrosis, for different types of fibrotic disease have been described in the literature. Recent findings have underscored the importance of mechanical forces in the pathophysiology of scarring. Critical Issues: Differences in skin, properties of subcutaneous tissue, and modes of fibrotic healing in animal models and humans provide challenges toward investigating fibrosis with in vivo models. While porcine models are typically better suited to study cutaneous fibrosis, murine models are preferred because of the ease of handling and availability of transgenic strains. Future Directions: There is a critical need to develop novel murine models that recapitulate the mechanical cues influencing fibrosis in humans, significantly increasing the translational value of fibrosis research. We advocate a translational pipeline that begins in mouse models with modified biomechanical environments for foundational molecular and cellular research before validation in porcine models that closely mimic the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Padmanabhan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Zeshaan N. Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sun Hyung Kwon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Revanth Kosaraju
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Clark A. Bonham
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Geoffrey C. Gurtner
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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21
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Liu BY, He XY, Xu C, Ren XH, Zhuo RX, Cheng SX. Peptide and Aptamer Decorated Delivery System for Targeting Delivery of Cas9/sgRNA Plasmid To Mediate Antitumor Genome Editing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23870-23879. [PMID: 31257851 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multiple-functionalized targeting delivery system was prepared by self-assembly for efficient delivery of Cas9/sgRNA plasmids to targeted tumor cell nuclei. The Cas9/sgRNA plasmids were compacted by protamine in the presence of calcium ions to form nanosized cores, which were further decorated by peptide and aptamer conjugated alginate derivatives. With the help of the nuclear location signal peptide and AS1411 aptamer with specific affinity for nucleolin in the tumor cell membrane and nuclei, the delivery vector can specifically deliver the plasmid to the nuclei of tumorous cells for knocking out the protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2) gene to down-regulate focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The tumor cell apoptosis induced by genome editing is mitochondrial-dependent. In addition, FAK knockout results in negative regulation on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Meanwhile, favorable modulation on various proteins involved in tumor progression can be realized by genome editing. The enhanced E-cadherin and decreased MMPs, vimentin, and VEGF imply the desirable effects of genome editing on suppression of tumor development. Wound healing and transwell assays confirm that the genome editing system can suppress tumor invasion and metastasis in edited cells efficiently. The investigation provides a facile and effective strategy to fabricate multiple-functionalized delivery vectors for genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-He Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
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22
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Karppinen SM, Heljasvaara R, Gullberg D, Tasanen K, Pihlajaniemi T. Toward understanding scarless skin wound healing and pathological scarring. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31231509 PMCID: PMC6556993 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18293.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient healing of skin wounds is crucial for securing the vital barrier function of the skin, but pathological wound healing and scar formation are major medical problems causing both physiological and psychological challenges for patients. A number of tightly coordinated regenerative responses, including haemostasis, the migration of various cell types into the wound, inflammation, angiogenesis, and the formation of the extracellular matrix, are involved in the healing process. In this article, we summarise the central mechanisms and processes in excessive scarring and acute wound healing, which can lead to the formation of keloids or hypertrophic scars, the two types of fibrotic scars caused by burns or other traumas resulting in significant functional or aesthetic disadvantages. In addition, we discuss recent developments related to the functions of activated fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix and mechanical forces in the wound environment as well as the mechanisms of scarless wound healing. Understanding the different mechanisms of wound healing is pivotal for developing new therapies to prevent the fibrotic scarring of large skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna-Maria Karppinen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center and Department of Dermatology, University of Oulu/Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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23
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Rodrigues M, Kosaric N, Bonham CA, Gurtner GC. Wound Healing: A Cellular Perspective. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:665-706. [PMID: 30475656 PMCID: PMC6442927 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00067.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1135] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body. It involves the spatial and temporal synchronization of a variety of cell types with distinct roles in the phases of hemostasis, inflammation, growth, re-epithelialization, and remodeling. With the evolution of single cell technologies, it has been possible to uncover phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within several of these cell types. There have also been discoveries of rare, stem cell subsets within the skin, which are unipotent in the uninjured state, but become multipotent following skin injury. Unraveling the roles of each of these cell types and their interactions with each other is important in understanding the mechanisms of normal wound closure. Changes in the microenvironment including alterations in mechanical forces, oxygen levels, chemokines, extracellular matrix and growth factor synthesis directly impact cellular recruitment and activation, leading to impaired states of wound healing. Single cell technologies can be used to decipher these cellular alterations in diseased states such as in chronic wounds and hypertrophic scarring so that effective therapeutic solutions for healing wounds can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Nina Kosaric
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Clark A Bonham
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
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24
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Recent Advances in Scar Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061749. [PMID: 29899255 PMCID: PMC6032209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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25
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Leucht P, Lee S, Yim N. Wnt signaling and bone regeneration: Can't have one without the other. Biomaterials 2018; 196:46-50. [PMID: 29573821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the complexities of the Wnt signaling pathway during development and tissue homeostasis have made the Wnt pathway one of the prime candidates for translational applications during tissue regeneration. Wnts are key components of the stem cell niche and are short range signaling molecules responsible for cellular decisions such as proliferation and differentiation. Systemic treatment using biologics targeting the Wnt signaling pathway have shown promising early results and will likely enter the clinical arena in the near future. This comprehensive review summarizes the intricacies how Wnts function in the context of the bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Leucht
- NYU Langone Health, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- NYU Langone Health, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nury Yim
- NYU Langone Health, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Cell Biology, New York, NY, USA
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