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Hutchison CDM, Baxter JM, Fitzpatrick A, Dorlhiac G, Fadini A, Perrett S, Maghlaoui K, Lefèvre SB, Cordon-Preciado V, Ferreira JL, Chukhutsina VU, Garratt D, Barnard J, Galinis G, Glencross F, Morgan RM, Stockton S, Taylor B, Yuan L, Romei MG, Lin CY, Marangos JP, Schmidt M, Chatrchyan V, Buckup T, Morozov D, Park J, Park S, Eom I, Kim M, Jang D, Choi H, Hyun H, Park G, Nango E, Tanaka R, Owada S, Tono K, DePonte DP, Carbajo S, Seaberg M, Aquila A, Boutet S, Barty A, Iwata S, Boxer SG, Groenhof G, van Thor JJ. Optical control of ultrafast structural dynamics in a fluorescent protein. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1607-1615. [PMID: 37563326 PMCID: PMC10624617 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoisomerization reaction of a fluorescent protein chromophore occurs on the ultrafast timescale. The structural dynamics that result from femtosecond optical excitation have contributions from vibrational and electronic processes and from reaction dynamics that involve the crossing through a conical intersection. The creation and progression of the ultrafast structural dynamics strongly depends on optical and molecular parameters. When using X-ray crystallography as a probe of ultrafast dynamics, the origin of the observed nuclear motions is not known. Now, high-resolution pump-probe X-ray crystallography reveals complex sub-ångström, ultrafast motions and hydrogen-bonding rearrangements in the active site of a fluorescent protein. However, we demonstrate that the measured motions are not part of the photoisomerization reaction but instead arise from impulsively driven coherent vibrational processes in the electronic ground state. A coherent-control experiment using a two-colour and two-pulse optical excitation strongly amplifies the X-ray crystallographic difference density, while it fully depletes the photoisomerization process. A coherent control mechanism was tested and confirmed the wave packets assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Baxter
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ann Fitzpatrick
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Gabriel Dorlhiac
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alisia Fadini
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samuel Perrett
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karim Maghlaoui
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Salomé Bodet Lefèvre
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Violeta Cordon-Preciado
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Josie L Ferreira
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Volha U Chukhutsina
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas Garratt
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Barnard
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gediminas Galinis
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Flo Glencross
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rhodri M Morgan
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sian Stockton
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Letong Yuan
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew G Romei
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Yun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jon P Marangos
- Quantum Optics and Laser Science Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Viktoria Chatrchyan
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehan Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dogeun Jang
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongi Choi
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoJung Hyun
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gisu Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eriko Nango
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Rie Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daniel P DePonte
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre (SLAC), National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre (SLAC), National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Matt Seaberg
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre (SLAC), National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Aquila
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre (SLAC), National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Sebastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre (SLAC), National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - So Iwata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Steven G Boxer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jasper J van Thor
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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2
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Barends TR, Stauch B, Cherezov V, Schlichting I. Serial femtosecond crystallography. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:59. [PMID: 36643971 PMCID: PMC9833121 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged. Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) and related methods provide possibilities beyond canonical, single-crystal rotation crystallography by mitigating radiation damage and allowing time-resolved studies with unprecedented temporal resolution. This primer aims to assist structural biology groups with little or no experience in serial crystallography planning and carrying out a successful SFX experiment. It discusses the background of serial crystallography and its possibilities. Microcrystal growth and characterization methods are discussed, alongside techniques for sample delivery and data processing. Moreover, it gives practical tips for preparing an experiment, what to consider and do during a beamtime and how to conduct the final data analysis. Finally, the Primer looks at various applications of SFX, including structure determination of membrane proteins, investigation of radiation damage-prone systems and time-resolved studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R.M. Barends
- Department for Biological Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stauch
- Department of Chemistry, The Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, The Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Department for Biological Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany,
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Osuga M, Nishimura T, Suetsugu S. Development of a green reversibly photoswitchable variant of Eos fluorescent protein with fixation resistance. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:br7. [PMID: 34495704 PMCID: PMC8693962 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-01-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superresolution microscopy determines the localization of fluorescent proteins with high precision, beyond the diffraction limit of light. Superresolution microscopic techniques include photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), which can localize a single protein by the stochastic activation of its fluorescence. In the determination of single-molecule localization by PALM, the number of molecules that can be analyzed per image is limited. Thus, many images are required to reconstruct the localization of numerous molecules in the cell. However, most fluorescent proteins lose their fluorescence upon fixation. Here, we combined the amino acid substitutions of two Eos protein derivatives, Skylan-S and mEos4b, which are a green reversibly photoswitchable fluorescent protein (RSFP) and a fixation-resistant green-to-red photoconvertible fluorescent protein, respectively, resulting in the fixation-resistant Skylan-S (frSkylan-S), a green RSFP. The frSkylan-S protein is inactivated by excitation light and reactivated by irradiation with violet light, and retained more fluorescence after aldehyde fixation than Skylan-S. The qualities of the frSkylan-S fusion proteins were sufficiently high in PALM observations, as examined using α-tubulin and clathrin light chain. Furthermore, frSkylan-S can be combined with antibody staining for multicolor imaging. Therefore, frSkylan-S is a green fluorescent protein suitable for PALM imaging under aldehyde-fixation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Osuga
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | | | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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4
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Dynamic Structural Biology Experiments at XFEL or Synchrotron Sources. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2305:203-228. [PMID: 33950392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1406-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular crystallography (MX) leverages the methods of physics and the language of chemistry to reveal fundamental insights into biology. Often beautifully artistic images present MX results to support profound functional hypotheses that are vital to entire life science research community. Over the past several decades, synchrotrons around the world have been the workhorses for X-ray diffraction data collection at many highly automated beamlines. The newest tools include X-ray-free electron lasers (XFELs) located at facilities in the USA, Japan, Korea, Switzerland, and Germany that deliver about nine orders of magnitude higher brightness in discrete femtosecond long pulses. At each of these facilities, new serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) strategies exploit slurries of micron-size crystals by rapidly delivering individual crystals into the XFEL X-ray interaction region, from which one diffraction pattern is collected per crystal before it is destroyed by the intense X-ray pulse. Relatively simple adaptions to SFX methods produce time-resolved data collection strategies wherein reactions are triggered by visible light illumination or by chemical diffusion/mixing. Thus, XFELs provide new opportunities for high temporal and spatial resolution studies of systems engaged in function at physiological temperature. In this chapter, we summarize various issues related to microcrystal slurry preparation, sample delivery into the X-ray interaction region, and some emerging strategies for time-resolved SFX data collection.
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5
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Abstract
The advent of the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) in the last decade created the discipline of serial crystallography but also the challenge of how crystal samples are delivered to X-ray. Early sample delivery methods demonstrated the proof-of-concept for serial crystallography and XFEL but were beset with challenges of high sample consumption, jet clogging and low data collection efficiency. The potential of XFEL and serial crystallography as the next frontier of structural solution by X-ray for small and weakly diffracting crystals and provision of ultra-fast time-resolved structural data spawned a huge amount of scientific interest and innovation. To utilize the full potential of XFEL and broaden its applicability to a larger variety of biological samples, researchers are challenged to develop better sample delivery methods. Thus, sample delivery is one of the key areas of research and development in the serial crystallography scientific community. Sample delivery currently falls into three main systems: jet-based methods, fixed-target chips, and drop-on-demand. Huge strides have since been made in reducing sample consumption and improving data collection efficiency, thus enabling the use of XFEL for many biological systems to provide high-resolution, radiation damage-free structural data as well as time-resolved dynamics studies. This review summarizes the current main strategies in sample delivery and their respective pros and cons, as well as some future direction.
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6
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Viscosity-adjustable grease matrices for serial nanocrystallography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1371. [PMID: 31992735 PMCID: PMC6987181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) has enabled determination of room temperature structures of proteins with minimum radiation damage. A highly viscous grease matrix acting as a crystal carrier for serial sample loading at a low flow rate of ~0.5 μl min−1 was introduced into the beam path of X-ray free-electron laser. This matrix makes it possible to determine the protein structure with a sample consumption of less than 1 mg of the protein. The viscosity of the matrix is an important factor in maintaining a continuous and stable sample column from a nozzle of a high viscosity micro-extrusion injector for serial sample loading. Using conventional commercial grease (an oil-based, viscous agent) with insufficient control of viscosity in a matrix often gives an unexpectedly low viscosity, providing an unstable sample stream, with effects such as curling of the stream. Adjustment of the grease viscosity is extremely difficult since the commercial grease contains unknown compounds, which may act as unexpected inhibitors of proteins. This study introduces two novel grease matrix carriers comprising known compounds with a viscosity higher than that of conventional greases, to determine the proteinase K structure from nano-/microcrystals.
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7
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Zhao F, Zhang B, Yan E, Sun B, Wang Z, He J, Yin D. A guide to sample delivery systems for serial crystallography. FEBS J 2019; 286:4402-4417. [PMID: 31618529 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng‐Zhu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Er‐Kai Yan
- School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Bo Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Zhi‐Jun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jian‐Hua He
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Da‐Chuan Yin
- School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
- Shenzhen Research Institute Northwestern Polytechnical University Shenzhen China
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8
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Gotthard G, Aumonier S, De Sanctis D, Leonard G, von Stetten D, Royant A. Specific radiation damage is a lesser concern at room temperature. IUCRJ 2019; 6:665-680. [PMID: 31316810 PMCID: PMC6608634 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251900616x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carrying out macromolecular crystallography (MX) experiments at cryogenic temperatures significantly slows the rate of global radiation damage, thus facilitating the solution of high-resolution crystal structures of macromolecules. However, cryo-MX experiments suffer from the early onset of so-called specific radiation damage that affects certain amino-acid residues and, in particular, the active sites of many proteins. Here, a series of MX experiments are described which suggest that specific and global radiation damage are much less decoupled at room temperature than they are at cryogenic temperatures. The results reported here demonstrate the interest in reviving the practice of collecting MX diffraction data at room temperature and allow structural biologists to favourably envisage the development of time-resolved MX experiments at synchrotron sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvain Aumonier
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Gordon Leonard
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Antoine Royant
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38043 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS (Institut de Biologie Structurale), F-38000 Grenoble, France
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9
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Echelmeier A, Sonker M, Ros A. Microfluidic sample delivery for serial crystallography using XFELs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6535-6547. [PMID: 31250066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) with X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) is an emerging field for structural biology. One of its major impacts lies in the ability to reveal the structure of complex proteins previously inaccessible with synchrotron-based crystallography techniques and allowing time-resolved studies from femtoseconds to seconds. The nature of this serial technique requires new approaches for crystallization, data analysis, and sample delivery. With continued advancements in microfabrication techniques, various developments have been reported in the past decade for innovative and efficient microfluidic sample delivery for crystallography experiments using XFELs. This article summarizes the recent developments in microfluidic sample delivery with liquid injection and fixed-target approaches, which allow exciting new research with XFELs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Echelmeier
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA. .,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA.
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Hutchison CDM, van Thor JJ. Optical control, selection and analysis of population dynamics in ultrafast protein X-ray crystallography. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20170474. [PMID: 30929625 PMCID: PMC6452057 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast pump-probe X-ray crystallography has now been established at X-ray free electron lasers that operate at hard X-ray energies. We discuss the performance and development of current applications in terms of the available data quality and sensitivity to detect and analyse structural dynamics. A discussion of technical capabilities expected at future high repetition rate applications as well as future non-collinear multi-pulse schemes focuses on the possibility to advance the technique to the practical application of the X-ray crystallographic equivalent of an impulse time-domain Raman measurement of vibrational coherence. Furthermore, we present calculations of the magnitude of population differences and distributions prepared with ultrafast optical pumping of single crystals in the typical serial femtosecond crystallography geometry, which are developed for the general uniaxial and biaxial cases. The results present opportunities for polarization resolved anisotropic X-ray diffraction analysis of photochemical populations for the ultrafast time domain. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays'.
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11
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Martiel I, Müller-Werkmeister HM, Cohen AE. Strategies for sample delivery for femtosecond crystallography. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:160-177. [PMID: 30821705 PMCID: PMC6400256 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318017953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient data-collection methods are required for successful macromolecular crystallography (MX) experiments at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). XFEL beamtime is scarce, and the high peak brightness of each XFEL pulse destroys the exposed crystal volume. It is therefore necessary to combine diffraction images from a large number of crystals (hundreds to hundreds of thousands) to obtain a final data set, bringing about sample-refreshment challenges that have previously been unknown to the MX synchrotron community. In view of this experimental complexity, a number of sample delivery methods have emerged, each with specific requirements, drawbacks and advantages. To provide useful selection criteria for future experiments, this review summarizes the currently available sample delivery methods, emphasising the basic principles and the specific sample requirements. Two main approaches to sample delivery are first covered: (i) injector methods with liquid or viscous media and (ii) fixed-target methods using large crystals or using microcrystals inside multi-crystal holders or chips. Additionally, hybrid methods such as acoustic droplet ejection and crystal extraction are covered, which combine the advantages of both fixed-target and injector approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Martiel
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Henrike M. Müller-Werkmeister
- Institute of Chemistry – Physical Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Aina E. Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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12
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Olmos JL, Pandey S, Martin-Garcia JM, Calvey G, Katz A, Knoska J, Kupitz C, Hunter MS, Liang M, Oberthuer D, Yefanov O, Wiedorn M, Heyman M, Holl M, Pande K, Barty A, Miller MD, Stern S, Roy-Chowdhury S, Coe J, Nagaratnam N, Zook J, Verburgt J, Norwood T, Poudyal I, Xu D, Koglin J, Seaberg MH, Zhao Y, Bajt S, Grant T, Mariani V, Nelson G, Subramanian G, Bae E, Fromme R, Fung R, Schwander P, Frank M, White TA, Weierstall U, Zatsepin N, Spence J, Fromme P, Chapman HN, Pollack L, Tremblay L, Ourmazd A, Phillips GN, Schmidt M. Enzyme intermediates captured "on the fly" by mix-and-inject serial crystallography. BMC Biol 2018; 16:59. [PMID: 29848358 PMCID: PMC5977757 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since the first atomic structure of an enzyme was solved, the discovery of the mechanism and dynamics of reactions catalyzed by biomolecules has been the key goal for the understanding of the molecular processes that drive life on earth. Despite a large number of successful methods for trapping reaction intermediates, the direct observation of an ongoing reaction has been possible only in rare and exceptional cases. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate a general method for capturing enzyme catalysis "in action" by mix-and-inject serial crystallography (MISC). Specifically, we follow the catalytic reaction of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-lactamase with the third-generation antibiotic ceftriaxone by time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography. The results reveal, in near atomic detail, antibiotic cleavage and inactivation from 30 ms to 2 s. CONCLUSIONS MISC is a versatile and generally applicable method to investigate reactions of biological macromolecules, some of which are of immense biological significance and might be, in addition, important targets for structure-based drug design. With megahertz X-ray pulse rates expected at the Linac Coherent Light Source II and the European X-ray free-electron laser, multiple, finely spaced time delays can be collected rapidly, allowing a comprehensive description of biomolecular reactions in terms of structure and kinetics from the same set of X-ray data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Olmos
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Suraj Pandey
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Jose M Martin-Garcia
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - George Calvey
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 254 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Andrea Katz
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 254 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Juraj Knoska
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Mark S Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National, Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mengning Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National, Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Wiedorn
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Heyman
- Max Planck Institut fuer Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Mark Holl
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Kanupriya Pande
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mitchell D Miller
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Stephan Stern
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shatabdi Roy-Chowdhury
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Jesse Coe
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Nirupa Nagaratnam
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - James Zook
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Jacob Verburgt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
- Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI, 53202-3109, USA
| | - Tyler Norwood
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Ishwor Poudyal
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - David Xu
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jason Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National, Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Matthew H Seaberg
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National, Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Saša Bajt
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Grant
- University of New York Buffalo, Hauptman-Woodward Institute, 700 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Valerio Mariani
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garrett Nelson
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Euiyoung Bae
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Raimund Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Russell Fung
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Peter Schwander
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nadia Zatsepin
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - John Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lois Pollack
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, 254 Clark Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lee Tremblay
- 4Marbles Inc., 1900 Belvedere Pl, Westfield, IN, 46074, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Abbas Ourmazd
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - George N Phillips
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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