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Nowakowska J, Radomska D, Czarnomysy R, Marciniec K. Recent Development of Fluoroquinolone Derivatives as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:3538. [PMID: 39124943 PMCID: PMC11314068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world following cardiovascular disease. Its treatment, including radiation therapy and surgical removal of the tumour, is based on pharmacotherapy, which prompts a constant search for new and more effective drugs. There are high costs associated with designing, synthesising, and marketing new substances. Drug repositioning is an attractive solution. Fluoroquinolones make up a group of synthetic antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity in bacterial diseases. Moreover, those compounds are of particular interest to researchers as a result of reports of their antiproliferative effects on the cells of the most lethal cancers. This article presents the current progress in the development of new fluoroquinolone derivatives with potential anticancer and cytotoxic activity, as well as structure-activity relationships, along with possible directions for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nowakowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dominika Radomska
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Czarnomysy
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Adly ME, Gedawy EM, El-Malah AA, Khalil OM. Design, synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of some new lomefloxacin derivatives. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6175. [PMID: 38485748 PMCID: PMC10940605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Our main goal was to design and synthesize novel lomefloxacin derivatives that inhibit the topoisomerase II enzyme, leading to potent anticancer activity. Lomefloxacin derivatives substituted at position 3 and 7 were synthesized and screened for cytotoxic activity utilizing 60 different human cancer cell lines. Furthermore, compounds 3a,b,c,e that revealed potent broad-spectrum anticancer activity (with mean percent GI more than 47%) were further evaluated using five dose concentrations and calculating the GI50. Compound 3e was then evaluated for cell cycle analysis and demonstrated cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase. Moreover, the mechanism of action was determined by determining the topoisomerase inhibitory activity and the molecular modeling study. Compounds 3a,b,c,e showed broad spectrum anticancer activity. Lomefloxacin derivative 5f showed selective cytotoxic activity against melanoma SK-MEL-5 cell line. Compound 3e demonstrated comparable topoisomerase II inhibition to doxorubicin with IC50 of 0.98 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina E Adly
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 33 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ehab M Gedawy
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 33 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Afaf A El-Malah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 33 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Omneya M Khalil
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 33 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Gao J, Xu B, Li P, Zhang F, Zhou P, Su W, Wang J. Universal response method for the quantitative analysis of photodegradation impurities in lomefloxacin hydrochloride ear drops by liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115552. [PMID: 37393690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
In terms of risk assessment especially for the impurities with different ultraviolet responses, quantitative analysis without the availability of corresponding reference substances currently poses a challenge. In this study, a universal response method was established for the quantitative analysis of photodegradable impurities in lomefloxacin hydrochloride ear drops by high performance liquid chromatography-charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD) for the first time. The chromatographic conditions and CAD parameters were optimized for a good separation and sensitivity. The uniform response of developed method was validated by impurity reference substances with different ultraviolet responses. In the gradient compensation HPLC-CAD method validation, good linearities were obtained with coefficient of determination (R2) all greater than 0.999 for lomefloxacin and impurity reference substances. The average recoveries of the impurities were 98.63%- 102.18% by UV and 97.92%- 102.57% by CAD, respectively. RSDs all were less than 2.5% for intra-day and inter-day precision by UV and CAD, with good precision and accuracy. The correction factor experimental results showed that the developed method provided a uniform response to the impurities with differences chromophores in lomefloxacin. The effects of packaging materials and excipients on the photodegradation were also investigated using the developed method. The results of correlation analysis showed that the packaging materials with low light transmittance and the organic excipients (glycerol and ethanol) could significantly improve the stability of lomefloxacin hydrochloride ear drops. The developed HPLC-CAD quantification method was a reliable and universal response method for quantitative analysis of impurities in the lomefloxacin. This study also revealed the key factors affecting the photodegradation of lomefloxacin hydrochloride ear drops, which guided enterprises to improve drug prescription and packaging materials and ensure the public medication safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Gao
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bingyong Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ping Li
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weike Su
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration & Key Laboratory of Drug Contacting Materials Quality Control of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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Miu BA, Voinea IC, Diamandescu L, Dinischiotu A. MRC-5 Human Lung Fibroblasts Alleviate the Genotoxic Effect of Fe-N Co-Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles through an OGG1/2-Dependent Reparatory Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076401. [PMID: 37047374 PMCID: PMC10094865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was focused on the potential of pure P25 TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and Fe(1%)-N co-doped P25 TiO2 NPs to induce cyto- and genotoxic effects in MRC-5 human pulmonary fibroblasts. The oxidative lesions of P25 NPs were reflected in the amount of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine accumulated in DNA and the lysosomal damage produced, but iron-doping partially suppressed these effects. However, neither P25 nor Fe(1%)-N co-doped P25 NPs had such a serious effect of inducing DNA fragmentation or activating apoptosis signaling. Moreover, oxo-guanine glycosylase 1/2, a key enzyme of the base excision repair mechanism, was overexpressed in response to the oxidative DNA deterioration induced by P25 and P25-Fe(1%)-N NPs.
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Marciniec K, Rzepka Z, Chrobak E, Boryczka S, Latocha M, Wrześniok D, Beberok A. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Quinoline-8-Sulfonamides as Inhibitors of the Tumor Cell-Specific M2 Isoform of Pyruvate Kinase: Preliminary Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062509. [PMID: 36985481 PMCID: PMC10058396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells need to carefully regulate their metabolism to keep them growing and dividing under the influence of different nutrients and oxygen levels. Muscle isoform 2 of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is a key glycolytic enzyme involved in the generation of ATP and is critical for cancer metabolism. PKM2 is expressed in many human tumors and is regulated by complex mechanisms that promote tumor growth and proliferation. Therefore, it is considered an attractive therapeutic target for modulating tumor metabolism. Various modulators regulate PKM2, shifting it between highly active and less active states. In the presented work, a series of 8-quinolinesulfonamide derivatives of PKM2 modulators were designed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics techniques. New compounds were synthesized using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Compound 9a was identified in in silico studies as a potent modulator of muscle isoform 2 of pyruvate kinase. The results obtained from in vitro experiments confirmed the ability of compound 9a to reduce the intracellular pyruvate level in A549 lung cancer cells with simultaneous impact on cancer cell viability and cell-cycle phase distribution. Moreover, compound 9a exhibited more cytotoxicity on cancer cells than normal cells, pointing to high selectivity in the mode of action. These findings indicate that the introduction of another quinolinyl fragment to the modulator molecule may have a significant impact on pyruvate levels in cancer cells and provides further directions for future research to find novel analogs suitable for clinical applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Latocha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Obrador E, Salvador-Palmer R, López-Blanch R, Oriol-Caballo M, Moreno-Murciano P, Estrela JM. Survival Mechanisms of Metastatic Melanoma Cells: The Link between Glucocorticoids and the Nrf2-Dependent Antioxidant Defense System. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030418. [PMID: 36766760 PMCID: PMC9913432 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating glucocorticoids increase during stress. Chronic stress, characterized by a sustained increase in serum levels of cortisol, has been associated in different cases with an increased risk of cancer and a worse prognosis. Glucocorticoids can promote gluconeogenesis, mobilization of amino acids, fat breakdown, and impair the body's immune response. Therefore, conditions that may favor cancer growth and the acquisition of radio- and chemo-resistance. We found that glucocorticoid receptor knockdown diminishes the antioxidant protection of murine B16-F10 (highly metastatic) melanoma cells, thus leading to a drastic decrease in their survival during interaction with the vascular endothelium. The BRAFV600E mutation is the most commonly observed in melanoma patients. Recent studies revealed that VMF/PLX40-32 (vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of mutant BRAFV600E) increases mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BRAFV600E human melanoma cell lines. Early-stage cancer cells lacking Nrf2 generate high ROS levels and exhibit a senescence-like growth arrest. Thus, it is likely that a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU486) could increase the efficacy of BRAF-related therapy in BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma. In fact, during early progression of skin melanoma metastases, RU486 and VMF induced metastases regression. However, treatment at an advanced stage of growth found resistance to RU486 and VMF. This resistance was mechanistically linked to overexpression of proteins of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in different human models). Moreover, melanoma resistance was decreased if AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways were blocked. These findings highlight mechanisms by which metastatic melanoma cells adapt to survive and could help in the development of most effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José M. Estrela
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
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In Vitro Synergistic Effects of Ciprofloxacin, Vitamin E, And Low Power Laser on Human Dermal Fibroblasts. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/mlj.16.5.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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Carvalho LAC, Queijo RG, Baccaro ALB, Siena ÁDD, Silva WA, Rodrigues T, Maria-Engler SS. Redox-Related Proteins in Melanoma Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:438. [PMID: 35326089 PMCID: PMC8944639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Despite the available therapies, the minimum residual disease is still refractory. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) play a dual role in melanoma, where redox imbalance is involved from initiation to metastasis and resistance. Redox proteins modulate the disease by controlling ROS/RNS levels in immune response, proliferation, invasion, and relapse. Chemotherapeutics such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors promote oxidative stress, but high ROS/RNS amounts with a robust antioxidant system allow cells to be adaptive and cooperate to non-toxic levels. These proteins could act as biomarkers and possible targets. By understanding the complex mechanisms involved in adaptation and searching for new targets to make cells more susceptible to treatment, the disease might be overcome. Therefore, exploring the role of redox-sensitive proteins and the modulation of redox homeostasis may provide clues to new therapies. This study analyzes information obtained from a public cohort of melanoma patients about the expression of redox-generating and detoxifying proteins in melanoma during the disease stages, genetic alterations, and overall patient survival status. According to our analysis, 66% of the isoforms presented differential expression on melanoma progression: NOS2, SOD1, NOX4, PRX3, PXDN and GPX1 are increased during melanoma progression, while CAT, GPX3, TXNIP, and PRX2 are decreased. Besides, the stage of the disease could influence the result as well. The levels of PRX1, PRX5 and PRX6 can be increased or decreased depending on the stage. We showed that all analyzed isoforms presented some genetic alteration on the gene, most of them (78%) for increased mRNA expression. Interestingly, 34% of all melanoma patients showed genetic alterations on TRX1, most for decreased mRNA expression. Additionally, 15% of the isoforms showed a significant reduction in overall patient survival status for an altered group (PRX3, PRX5, TR2, and GR) and the unaltered group (NOX4). Although no such specific antioxidant therapy is approved for melanoma yet, inhibitors or mimetics of these redox-sensitive proteins have achieved very promising results. We foresee that forthcoming investigations on the modulation of these proteins will bring significant advances for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A. C. Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
| | - Rodrigo G. Queijo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
| | - Alexandre L. B. Baccaro
- Centro de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa Oswaldo Cruz, Faculdade Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Brigadeiro Galvão, 535, Sao Paulo 01151-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ádamo D. D. Siena
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (Á.D.D.S.); (W.A.S.J.)
| | - Wilson A. Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (Á.D.D.S.); (W.A.S.J.)
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santo Andre 09210-580, SP, Brazil;
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
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Kuruburu MG, Bovilla VR, Leihang Z, Madhunapantula SV. Phytochemical-rich Fractions from Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv) Seeds Exhibited Antioxidant Activity and Reduced the Viability of Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro by Inducing DNA Fragmentation and Promoting Cell Cycle Arrest. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2477-2493. [PMID: 35168527 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220215122141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for millet-based diets has increased significantly in recent years due to their beneficial effects on human health. Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv, previously known as Panicum italicum L., referred as FTM in this manuscript) seeds have been not only used as astringent and diuretic agents, but they are also used to treat dyspepsia and rheumatism. Recent studies have shown that solvent extracts from FTM seeds exhibited antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. However, the nature and antiproliferative potential of phytochemical constituents of solvent extracts are not much explored. OBJECTIVES Major objectives of this study are to generate and characterize the phytochemical-rich fractions from Foxtail millet seeds, test the antioxidant activity and antiproliferative potential against cell lines representing carcinomas of the breast, and determine the mechanism(s) of cell growth inhibition. METHODS Phytochemical-rich fractions were generated by extracting the seeds using 70% ethanol (FTM-FP) and 10% alkali (FTM-BP). Antioxidant potential was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays. The antiproliferative potential was determined using sulforhodamine-B assay. The impact on cell cycle and DNA fragmentation was analyzed by staining the cells with DAPI followed by analyzing the stained cells using NC-3000. RESULTS Analysis of the results showed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids in the FTM-FP and FTM-BP fractions. Both fractions exhibited antiproliferative potential against breast cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, both fractions induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and increased the fragmentation of DNA, which lead to the accumulation of cells in the Sub-G1 phase. CONCLUSION In summary, results of this study demonstrated the potential of foxtail millet phytochemical fractions for retarding the proliferative potential of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevaswamy G Kuruburu
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru - 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Venugopal R Bovilla
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru - 570015, Karnataka, India
- Public Health Research Institute of India (PHRII), Yadavagiri, Mysuru - 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Zonunsiami Leihang
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru - 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (A DST-FIST Supported Center), Department of Biochemistry (A DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru - 570015, Karnataka, India
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru - 570015, Karnataka, India
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Ketoprofen Combined with UVA Irradiation Exerts Higher Selectivity in the Mode of Action against Melanotic Melanoma Cells than against Normal Human Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111966. [PMID: 34769396 PMCID: PMC8584642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is responsible for the majority of skin cancer-related deaths. The methods of cancer treatment include surgical removal, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, neither of these methods gives satisfactory results. Therefore, the development of new anticancer therapeutic strategies is very important and may extend the life span of people suffering from melanoma. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ketoprofen (KTP) and UVA radiation (UVAR) therapy on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution in both melanotic melanoma cells (COLO829) and human melanocytes (HEMn-DP) in relation to its supportive effect in the treatment of melanoma. The therapy combining the use of pre-incubation with KTP and UVAR causes a significant increase in the anti-proliferative properties of ketoprofen towards melanoma cells and the co-exposure of melanotic melanoma cells induced apoptosis shown as the mitochondrial membrane breakdown, cell-cycle deregulation, and DNA fragmentation. Moreover, co-treatment led to GSH depletion showing its pro-apoptotic effect dependent on ROS overproduction. The treatment did not show a significant effect on normal cells—melanocytes—which indicates its high selectivity. The results suggest a possible benefit from the use of the ketoprofen and ultraviolet A irradiation as a new concept of melanotic melanoma therapy.
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Nedeljković NV, Nikolić MV, Mijajlović MŽ, Radić GP, Stanković AS. Interaction of bioessential metal ions with quinolone antibiotics: Structural features and biological evaluation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kowalska J, Banach K, Beberok A, Rok J, Rzepka Z, Wrześniok D. The Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Changes in Melanogenesis Induced by UVA-Activated Fluoroquinolones-In Vitro Study on Human Normal Melanocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112900. [PMID: 34831123 PMCID: PMC8616096 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones cause phototoxic reactions, manifested as different types of skin lesions, including hyperpigmentation. The disturbances of melanogenesis indicate that fluoroquinolones may affect cellular processes in melanocytes. It has been reported that these antibiotics may bind with melanin and accumulate in pigmented cells. The study aimed to examine the changes in melanogenesis in human normal melanocytes exposed to UVA radiation and treated with lomefloxacin and moxifloxacin, the most and the least fluoroquinolone, respectively. The obtained results demonstrated that both tested fluoroquinolones inhibited melanogenesis through a decrease in tyrosinase activity and down-regulation of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor production. Only lomefloxacin potentiated UVA-induced melanogenesis. Under UVA irradiation lomefloxacin significantly enhanced melanin content and tyrosinase activity in melanocytes, although the drug did not cause an increased expression of tyrosinase or microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. The current studies revealed that phototoxic activity of fluoroquinolones is associated with alterations in the melanogenesis process. The difference in phototoxic potential of fluoroquinolones derivatives may be connected with various effects on UVA-induced events at a cellular level.
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Acharya M, Kim T, Li C. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic Use and Disease Progression in Early-Stage Melanoma Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4367. [PMID: 34503177 PMCID: PMC8431240 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies and a few clinical studies have reported mixed findings on the association between antibiotics and cancer incidence. Antibiotics may inhibit tumor cell growth, but could also alter the gut-microbiome-modulated immune system and increase the risk of cancer. Studies that assess how antibiotics affect the progression of cancer are limited. We evaluated the association between broad-spectrum antibiotic use and melanoma progression. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus data (2008-2018). We identified patients with malignant melanoma who underwent wide local excision or Mohs micrographic surgery within 90 days of first diagnosis. Surgery date was the index date. Patients were excluded if they had any other cancer diagnosis or autoimmune disorders in 1 year before the index date ("baseline"). Exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics was identified in three time windows using three cohorts: 3 months prior to the index date, 1 month after the index date, and 3 months after the index date. The covariates were patients' demographic and clinical characteristics identified in the 1-year baseline period. The patients were followed from the index date until cancer progression, loss of enrollment, or the end of 2 years after the index date. Progression was defined as: (i) any hospice care after surgery, (ii) a new round of treatment for melanoma (surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiotherapy) 180 days after prior treatment, or (iii) a metastasis diagnosis or a diagnosis of a new nonmelanoma primary cancer at least 180 days after first melanoma diagnosis or prior treatment. A high-dimensional propensity score approach with inverse weighting was used to adjust for the patients' baseline differences. Cox proportional hazard regression was used for estimating the association. The final samples included 3930, 3831, and 3587 patients (mean age: 56 years). Exposure to antibiotics was 16% in the prior-3-months, 22% in the post-1-month, and 22% in the post-3-months. In the pre-3-months analysis, 9% of the exposed group and 9% of the unexposed group had progressed. Antibiotic use was not associated with melanoma progression (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.57-1.14). However, antibiotic use in subsequent 1 month and subsequent 3 months was associated with 31% reduction (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51-0.92) and 32% reduction (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51-0.91) in progression, respectively. In this cohort of patients with likely early-stage melanoma cancer, antibiotic use in 1 month and 3 months after melanoma surgery was associated with a lower risk of melanoma progression. Future studies are warranted to validate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahip Acharya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Thomas Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Chenghui Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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14
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Chikkegowda P, Pookunoth BC, Bovilla VR, Veeresh PM, Leihang Z, Thippeswamy T, Padukudru MA, Hathur B, Kanchugarakoppal RS, Madhunapantula SV. Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure Studies of Nrf2 Modulators for Inhibiting Cancer Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10054-10071. [PMID: 34056161 PMCID: PMC8153663 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is one of the important therapeutic targets studied extensively in several cancers including the carcinomas of the colon and rectum. However, to date, not many Nrf2 inhibitors showed promising results for retarding the growth of colorectal cancers (CRCs). Therefore, in this study, first, we have demonstrated the therapeutic effect of siRNA-mediated downmodulation of Nrf2 on the proliferation rate of CRC cell lines. Next, we have designed, synthesized, characterized, and determined the crystal structures for a series of tetrahydrocarbazoles (THCs) and assessed their potential to modulate the activity of Nrf2 target gene NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) activity by treating colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT-116. Later, the cytotoxic potential of compounds was assessed against cell lines expressing varying amounts of Nrf2, viz., breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and T47D (low functionally active Nrf2), HCT-116 (moderately active Nrf2), and lung cancer cell line A549 (highly active Nrf2), and the lead compound 5b was tested for its effect on cell cycle progression in vitro and for retarding the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinomas (EACs) in mice. Data from our study demonstrated that among various compounds 5b exhibited better therapeutic index and retarded the growth of EAC cells in mice. Therefore, compound 5b is recommended for further development to target cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima Chikkegowda
- Department
of Pharmacology, JSS Medical College, JSS
Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Baburajeev C. Pookunoth
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore 570005, Karnataka, India
| | - Venugopal R. Bovilla
- Department
of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Center
of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR,
DST-FIST Supported Center), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanthkumar M. Veeresh
- Department
of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Center
of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR,
DST-FIST Supported Center), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Zonunsiami Leihang
- Department
of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Center
of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR,
DST-FIST Supported Center), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Thippeswamy Thippeswamy
- Department
of General Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh A. Padukudru
- Department
of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Basavanagowdappa Hathur
- Center
of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR,
DST-FIST Supported Center), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Department
of General Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Faculty
of Medicine, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- JSS
Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy
of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Special
Interest Group in Patient Care Management, JSS Medical College and
Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education
& Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
| | | | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Department
of Biochemistry (DST-FIST Supported Department), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
- . Mobile: +91-810-527-8621
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15
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Aranha ESP, Portilho AJDS, Bentes de Sousa L, da Silva EL, Mesquita FP, Rocha WC, Araújo da Silva FM, Lima ES, Alves APNN, Koolen HHF, Montenegro RC, Vasconcellos MCD. 22β-hydroxytingenone induces apoptosis and suppresses invasiveness of melanoma cells by inhibiting MMP-9 activity and MAPK signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113605. [PMID: 33232779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 22β-hydroxytingenone (22-HTG) is a quinonemethide triterpene isolated from Salacia impressifolia (Miers) A. C. Smith (family Celastraceae), which has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including dengue, renal infections, rheumatism and cancer. However, the anticancer effects of 22-HTG and the underlying molecular mechanisms in melanoma cells have not yet been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study investigated apoptosis induction and antimetastatic potencial of 22-HTG in SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of 22-HTG in cultured cancer cells was evaluated. Then, cell viability was determined using the trypan blue assay in melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28), which was followed by cell cycle, annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assays (Annexin/PI), as well as assays to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using flow cytometry. Fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/BE) staining was also performed. RT-qPCR was carried out to evaluate the expression of BRAF, NRAS, and KRAS genes. The anti-invasiveness potential of 22-HTG was evaluated in a three-dimensional (3D) model of reconstructed human skin. RESULTS 22-HTG reduced viability of SK-MEL-28 cells and caused morphological changes, as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, 22-HTG caused apoptosis, which was demonstrated by increased staining with AO/BE and Annexin/PI. The apoptosis may have been caused by mitochondrial instability without the involvement of ROS production. The expression of BRAF, NRAS, and KRAS, which are important biomarkers in melanoma development, was reduced by the 22-HTG treatment. In the reconstructed skin model, 22-HTG was able to decrease the invasion capacity of melanoma cells in the dermis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that 22-HTG has anti-tumorigenic properties against melanoma cells through the induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and inhibition of invasiveness potential, as observed in the 3D model. As such, the results provide new insights for future work on the utilization of 22-HTG in malignant melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenn Suzany Pereira Aranha
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the Amazon (Bionorte), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Leilane Bentes de Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Emerson Lucena da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-275, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Pantoja Mesquita
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-275, Brazil.
| | - Waldireny C Rocha
- Health and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Amazonas, Coari, Amazonas, 69460-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Raquel Carvalho Montenegro
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-275, Brazil.
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16
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The role of UVA radiation in ketoprofen-mediated BRAF-mutant amelanotic melanoma cells death - A study at the cellular and molecular level. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105108. [PMID: 33545343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the cause of 80% of deaths in skin cancer patients. Treatment of melanoma in the 4th stage of clinical advancement, in which inoperable metastasis occur, does not provide sufficient effects. Ketoprofen has phototoxic properties and it can be used as a new treatment option for skin cancers as a part of photochemotherapy. The present study was designed to investigate whether ketoprofen in combination with UVA induces cytotoxic, anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanoma cells. It was stated that co-treatment with 1.0 mM ketoprofen and UVA irradiation disturbed homeostasis of C32 melanoma cells by lowering its vitality (decrease of GSH level). Contrary to C32 cells, melanocytes showed low sensitivity to ketoprofen and UVA radiation, pointing selectivity in the mode of action towards melanoma cells. Co-treatment with ketoprofen and UVA irradiation has cytotoxic and anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect on C32. The co-treatment triggered the DNA fragmentation and changed the cell cycle in C32 cells. In conclusion, it could be stated that local application of ketoprofen in combination with UVA irradiation may be used to support the treatment of melanoma and creates the possibility of reducing the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis.
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17
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UVA Radiation Enhances Lomefloxacin-Mediated Cytotoxic, Growth-Inhibitory and Pro-Apoptotic Effect in Human Melanoma Cells through Excessive Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238937. [PMID: 33255659 PMCID: PMC7728064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, the most dangerous type of cutaneous neoplasia, contributes to about 75% of all skin cancer-related deaths. Thus, searching for new melanoma treatment options is an important field of study. The current study was designed to assess whether the condition of mild and low-dose UVA radiation augments the lomefloxacin-mediated cytotoxic, growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effect of the drug in melanoma cancer cells through excessive oxidative stress generation. C32 amelanotic and COLO829 melanotic (BRAF-mutant) melanoma cell lines were used as an experimental model system. The combined exposure of cells to both lomefloxacin and UVA irradiation caused higher alterations of redox signalling pathways, as shown by intracellular reactive oxygen species overproduction and endogenous glutathione depletion when compared to non-irradiated but lomefloxacin-treated melanoma cells. The obtained results also showed that lomefloxacin decreased both C32 and COLO829 cells’ viability in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect significantly intensified when melanoma cells were exposed to UVA irradiation and the drug. For melanoma cells exposed to lomefloxacin or lomefloxacin co-treatment with UVA irradiation, the concentrations of the drug that decreased the cells’ viability by 50% (EC50) were found to be 0.97, 0.17, 1.01, 0.18 mM, respectively. Moreover, we found that the redox imbalance, mitochondrial membrane potential breakdown, induction of DNA fragmentation, and changes in the melanoma cells’ cell cycle distribution (including G2/M, S as well as Sub-G1-phase blockade) were lomefloxacin in a dose-dependent manner and were significantly augmented by UVA radiation. This is the first experimental work that assesses the impact of excessive reactive oxygen species generation upon UVA radiation exposure on lomefloxacin-mediated cytotoxic, growth-inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects towards human melanoma cells, indicating the possibility of the usage of this drug in the photochemotherapy of malignant melanoma as an innovative medical treatment option which could improve the effectiveness of therapy. The obtained results also revealed that the redox imbalance intensification mediated by the phototoxic potential of fluoroquinolones may be considered as a more efficient treatment model of malignant melanoma and may constitute the basis for the development of new compounds with a high ability to excessive oxidative stress generation upon UVA radiation in cancer cells.
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18
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Arslanbaeva LR, Santoro MM. Adaptive redox homeostasis in cutaneous melanoma. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101753. [PMID: 33091721 PMCID: PMC7578258 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Although cutaneous melanoma accounts for a minority of all types of skin cancer, it causes the greatest number of skin cancer related deaths worldwide. Oxidative stress and redox homeostasis have been shown to be involved at each stage of a malignant melanocyte transformation, called melanomagenesis, as well as during drug resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important and diverse role that regulate many aspects of skin cell behaviors ranging from proliferation and stemness, to oxidative damage and cell death. On the other hand, antioxidants are associated with melanoma spread and metastasis. Overall, the contribution of redox homeostasis to melanoma development and progression is controversial and highly complex. The aim of this study is to examine the association between redox homeostasis and the melanomagenic process. To this purpose we are presenting what is currently known about the role of ROS in melanoma initiation and progression. In addition, we are discussing the role of antioxidant mechanisms during the spread of the disease and in cases of melanoma drug resistance. Although challenging, targeting redox homeostasis in melanoma progression remains to be a promising therapeutic approach, especially valid during melanoma drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via Orus 2, 35129, Padua, Italy.
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19
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The role of MITF and Mcl-1 proteins in the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effect of ciprofloxacin in amelanotic melanoma cells: In silico and in vitro study. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Respondek M, Beberok A, Rzepka Z, Rok J, Wrześniok D. MIM1 induces COLO829 melanoma cell death through mitochondrial membrane breakdown, GSH depletion, and DNA damage. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:20-31. [PMID: 31410885 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a high aggressive malignancy in humans and causes 60-80% of deaths from skin cancer. Defect in an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via overexpression of Mcl-1 is responsible for malignant melanoma development and progression, and also for resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. MIM1 is a specific low molecular Mcl-1 protein inhibitor that is able to induce Mcl-1-dependent cancer cells death. Here, we examined the effect of MIM1 as well as MIM1 and dacarbazine (DTIC) mixture on cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression in COLO829 melanoma cells. Cell viability was performed by the WST-1 assay. Analysis of apoptosis as well as cell cycle progression was determined by fluorescence image cytometer NucleoCounter NC-3000. The obtained results demonstrated that the MIM1 exhibited high cytotoxicity against melanotic melanoma cells and induced mitochondrial membrane breakdown, GSH depletion, and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, MIM1 enhanced the proapoptotic effect of DTIC toward melanoma cells; furthermore, a mixture of these drugs caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in COLO829 cells. Taken together, these data provide, for the first time, evidence that a low molecular weight Mcl-1 inhibitor-MIM1 may be a promising agent with antitumor and proapoptotic properties toward melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Respondek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska, 441-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska, 441-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska, 441-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska, 441-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska, 441-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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21
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Respondek M, Beberok A, Rzepka Z, Rok J, Wrześniok D. Mcl-1 Inhibitor Induces Cells Death in BRAF-Mutant Amelanotic Melanoma Trough GSH Depletion, DNA Damage and Cell Cycle Changes. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1465-1474. [PMID: 31432325 PMCID: PMC7297871 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mcl-1 is a potent antiapoptotic protein and amplifies frequently in many human cancer. Currently, it is considered that the extensively expressed of Mcl-1 protein in melanoma cells is associated with rapid tumor progression, poor prognosis and low chemosensitivity. Therefore, the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 could be considered as a potential target for malignant melanoma treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of MIM1 a specific low molecular Mcl-1 protein inhibitor and mixture of MIM1 and dacarbazine on the viability, cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction in amelanotic C32 melanoma cells. The cytotoxic activity of MIM1 towards C32 melanoma cells was examined by the WST-1 test. The Mcl-1 protein level as a drug target in amelanotic melanoma cells was defined by Western blot analysis. Cell cycle progression, DNA fragmentation as well as GSH depletion were determined by fluorescence image cytometer NucleoCounter NC-3000. The obtained results demonstrate that the specific Mcl-1 protein inhibitor - MIM1 decreases cell viability and induce apoptosis (S-phase arrest, DNA fragmentation and redox imbalance) in amelanotic melanoma cells and intensify the proapoptotic properties of DTIC, as a result of interactions with Mcl-1 protein. Taken together, the presented data suggest that Mcl-1 protein is a an important target in malignant melanoma treatment and provide for the first time convincing evidence that MIM1, which inhibits Mcl-1 antiapoptotic protein is able to induce apoptosis and sensitize melanoma cells to alkylating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Respondek
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Artur Beberok
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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22
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Abdel‐Aal MAA, Abdel‐Aziz SA, Shaykoon MSA, Abuo‐Rahma GEA. Towards anticancer fluoroquinolones: A review article. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800376. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Abdel‐Aal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyMinia UniversityMinia Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar UniversityAssiut Egypt
| | - Salah A. Abdel‐Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar UniversityAssiut Egypt
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23
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Beberok A, Rzepka Z, Respondek M, Rok J, Stradowski M, Wrześniok D. Moxifloxacin as an inducer of apoptosis in melanoma cells: A study at the cellular and molecular level. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 55:75-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Yadav V, Talwar P. Repositioning of fluoroquinolones from antibiotic to anti-cancer agents: An underestimated truth. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:934-946. [PMID: 30841473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing development costs and higher failure rate in clinical trials has reduced the repertoire of newer drugs in the market for clinical use. The most appropriate approach to end the search for newer drugs is "Repositioning", as it requires less time and money to explore new indication of existing drug or failed drug. In the past, several drugs have been repositioned for different indication but the full potential remains unharnessed. With rise in cancer prevalence and treatment costs, it is imperative to search for newer drugs and the use of repositioning approach may help us. Fluoroquinolones has been used as antibiotics for over four decades now, but recent research highlighted their use as pharmacological compounds with multifaceted implication. Repositioning of fluoroquinolones into anti-cancer molecule seems to be a highly plausible option owing to their profound immunomodulatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic potential. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent and past explorations pertaining to the anti-cancer activity of fluoroquinolones and also discusses the various approaches that are being considered to remodel them for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Yadav
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Puneet Talwar
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
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25
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Peng KT, Chiang YC, Ko HH, Chi PL, Tsai CL, Ko MI, Lee MH, Hsu LF, Lee CW. Mechanism of Lakoochin A Inducing Apoptosis of A375.S2 Melanoma Cells through Mitochondrial ROS and MAPKs Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092649. [PMID: 30200660 PMCID: PMC6164788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is developed from pigment-containing cells, melanocytes, and primarily found on the skin. Malignant melanoma still has a high mortality rate, which may imply a lack of therapeutic agents. Lakoochin A, a compound isolated from Artocarpus lakoocha and Artocarpus xanthocarpus, has an inhibitory function of tyrosinase activity and melanin production, but the anti-cancer effects are still unclear. In the current study, the therapeutic effects of lakoochin A with their apoptosis functions and possible mechanisms were investigated on A375.S2 melanoma cells. Several methods were applied, including 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), flow cytometry, and immunoblotting. Results suggest that lakoochin A attenuated the growth of A375.S2 melanoma cells through an apoptosis mechanism. Lakoochin A first increase the production of cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROSs); mitochondrial ROSs then promote mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway activation and raise downstream apoptosis-related protein and caspase expression. This is the first study to demonstrate that lakoochin A, through ROS-MAPK, apoptosis-related proteins, caspases cascades, can induce melanoma cell apoptosis and may be a potential candidate compound for treating malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Ti Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Chang Chiang
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Horng-Huey Ko
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Ling Chi
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung City 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Zuoying Dist., Kaohsiung City 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Lan Tsai
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-I Ko
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Fen Hsu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan.
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Beberok A, Rzepka Z, Respondek M, Rok J, Sierotowicz D, Wrześniok D. GSH depletion, mitochondrial membrane breakdown, caspase-3/7 activation and DNA fragmentation in U87MG glioblastoma cells: New insight into the mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by fluoroquinolones. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 835:94-107. [PMID: 30086267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones are a known synthetic group of antibiotics that have been the subject of many research interests. This class of antibiotics was shown to be cytotoxic towards various cancer cell lines, thus representing a potentially important source of new anticancer agents. The present study was designed to examine the effect of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin on cell viability, redox balance and apoptosis in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Herein, we found that both fluoroquinolones decrease the viability and exert an anti-proliferative effect on U87MG cells. The EC50 values were found to be as 0.75 µmol/ml, 0.57 µmol/ml, 0.53 µmol/ml for ciprofloxacin and 24, 48, 72 h incubation time, respectively, and 0.48 µmol/ml, 0.22 µmol/ml, 0.15 µmol/ml for moxifloxacin and 24, 48, 72 h incubation time, respectively. Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin have also induced the intracellular GSH depletion and apoptosis as shown by externalization of phosphatidylserine, caspase-3/7 activation, S and sub-G1 cell cycle arrest, nuclear morphological changes induction and DNA fragmentation. The mechanism of apoptosis was related to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential suggesting activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. This is the first study that may provide the basis for understanding potential cellular and molecular mechanism underlying ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effect towards U87MG glioblastoma cells, suggesting that these fluoroquinolone derivatives may have value for the development as anti-glioma agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Beberok
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michalina Respondek
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Daniel Sierotowicz
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Wrześniok D, Rzepka Z, Respondek M, Beberok A, Rok J, Szczepanik K, Buszman E. Caffeine modulates growth and vitality of human melanotic COLO829 and amelanotic C32 melanoma cells: Preliminary findings. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:566-570. [PMID: 30056144 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages consumed worldwide and therefore even small effects of coffee bioactive compounds on cellular homeostasis could have a large impact on public health. Recent cohort health studies have shown an impressive inverse correlation between caffeinated coffee consumption and malignant melanoma risk. The aim of presented study was to examine the effect of caffeine on cell viability and glutathione status of melanotic (COLO829) and amelanotic (C32) melanoma cell lines as well as normal human melanocytes. Cell viability was determined by WST-1 colorimetric assay and then confirmed by the cytometry analysis with NucleoCounter® NC-3000™. The intracellular level of reduced thiols was determined by the use of the fluorescence-based image cytometer. The obtained results indicate the ability of caffeine to induce reduced thiols depletion and pro-apoptotic effect selectively in melanoma cells. The COLO829 cell line was shown to be more susceptible to studied methylxanthine in comparison to C32 cells. These data may support, for the first time, the recent epidemiological studies and provide the basis for further research into the mechanism of chemopreventive properties of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michalina Respondek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Karolina Szczepanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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28
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Beberok A, Wrześniok D, Rok J, Rzepka Z, Respondek M, Buszman E. Ciprofloxacin triggers the apoptosis of human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells via the p53/Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29532860 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics induce cytotoxicity in various cancer cell lines and may therefore represent a potentially important source of novel anticancer agents. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of ciprofloxacin on the viability, redox balance, apoptosis, expression of p53, Bax and Bcl-2, cell cycle distribution and DNA fragmentation of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The results of the present study demonstrated that ciprofloxacin decreases cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration values of ciprofloxacin in MDA-MB-231 cells following treatment for 24, 48 and 72 h were 0.83, 0.14 and 0.03 µmol/ml, respectively. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that ciprofloxacin altered the redox signaling pathway, as determined by intracellular glutathione depletion. The results of Annexin V/propidium iodide staining revealed that ciprofloxacin triggered the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, cipfloxacin treatment stimulated the loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential via the Bax/Bcl-2-dependent pathway, thus inducing apoptosis. Ciprofloxacin induced cell cycle arrest at the S-phase; therefore it was hypothesized that ciprofloxacin inhibits topoisomerase II. Oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the elevation of p53 expression were observed in the present study, indicating that this late-apoptotic event may be mediated by the p53-dependent pathway. Therefore, the results of the current study provide important molecular data concerning the cellular cascade, which may explain the cytotoxicity induced by ciprofloxacin in human triple-negative breast cancer cells, thus providing a novel insight into the therapeutic properties of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jakub Rok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michalina Respondek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Buszman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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