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Li Y, Wu B, Hao X, Diao J, Cao J, Tan R, Ma W, Ma L. Functional analysis of 3 genes in xenobiotic detoxification pathway of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus against matrine. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 190:105334. [PMID: 36740342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causative agent of pine wilt disease. It has caused devastating damage to ecosystems worldwide, owing to the characteristic of being widely spread and uncontrollable. However, the current methods of control are mainly based on pesticides, which can cause irreversible damage to the ecosystem. Therefore, the search for new drug targets and the development of environmentally friendly nematicides is especially valuable. In this study, three key genes of the xenobiotic detoxification pathways were cloned from B. xylophilus, which were subsequently subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The bioassay experiment was carried out to determine the concentration of matrine required for further tests. Subsequently, enzyme activity detection and three gene expression pattern analysis were performed on matrine treated nematodes. Finally, RNA interference was conducted to verify the functions carried out by the three genes in combating matrine. The results indicated that cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase of B. xylophilus were activated by matrine, which induced high expression of BxCYP33C4, BxGST1, and BxGST3. After RNA interference of three genes of B. xylophilus, the sensitivity of B. xylophilus to matrine was increased and the survival rate of nematodes was reduced to various degrees in comparison to the control group. Overall, the results fully demonstrated that BxCYP33C4, BxGST1, and BxGST3 are valuable drug targets for B. xylophilus. Furthermore, the results suggested that matrine has value for development and exploitation in the prevention and treatment of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Bi Wu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Jian Diao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Jingxin Cao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Ruina Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150000, China.
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Chen J, Hao X, Tan R, Li Y, Wang B, Pan J, Ma W, Ma L. Functional Study on Cytochrome P450 in Response to L(-)-Carvone Stress in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1956. [PMID: 36360193 PMCID: PMC9689654 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN) causes pine wilt disease (PWD), which is one of the most devastating pine diseases worldwide. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzes the biosynthetic metabolism of terpenoids and plays an important role in the modification of secondary metabolites in all living organisms. We investigated the molecular characteristics and biological functions of Bx-cyp29A3 in B. xylophilus. The bioinformatics analysis results indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 has a transmembrane domain and could dock with L(-)-carvone. The gene expression pattern indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 was expressed in 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL L(-)-carvone solutions. The Bx-cyp29A3 expression increased in a dose-dependent manner and peaked at 24 h of exposure when the L(-)-carvone solution concentration was 0.8 mg/mL. However, the gene expression peaked at 0.6 mg/mL after 36 h. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi) indicated that Bx-cyp29A3 played an essential role in the response to L(-)-carvone. The mortality rates of the Bx-cyp29A3 knockdown groups were higher than those of the control groups in the 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/mL carvone solutions after 24 h of exposure or 36 h of exposure. In summary, bioinformatics provided the structural characteristics and conserved sequence properties of Bx-cyp29A3 and its encoded protein, which provided a target gene for the study of the P450 family of B. xylophilus. Gene silencing experiments clarified the function of Bx-cyp29A3 in the immune defense of B. xylophilus. This study provides a basis for the screening of new molecular targets for the prevention and management of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Plant Science, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Hao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruina Tan
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Art and Archaeology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Center for Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Factors Driving the Distributions of Pine Wilt Disease-Damaged Forests in China. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many forests have suffered serious economic losses and ecological consequences of pine wilt disease (PWD) outbreaks. Climate change and human activities could accelerate the distribution of PWD, causing the exponential expansion of damaged forest areas in China. However, few studies have analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics and the factors driving the distribution of PWD-damaged forests using continuous records of long-term damage, focusing on short-term environmental factors that influence multiple PWD outbreaks. We used a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model that incorporated annual meteorological and human activity factors, as well as temporal dependence (the PWD distribution in the previous year), to determine the contributions of environmental factors to the annual distribution of PWD-damaged forests in the period 1982–2020. Overall, the MaxEnt showed good performance in modeling the PWD-damaged forest distributions between 1982 and 2020. Our results indicate that (i) the temporal lag dependence term for the presence/absence of PWD was the best predictor of the distribution of PWD-damaged forests; and (ii) Bio14 (precipitation in the driest month) was the most important meteorological factor for affecting the PWD-damaged forests. These results are essential to understanding the factors governing the distribution of PWD-damaged forests, which is important for forest management and pest control worldwide.
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Vlaar LE, Bertran A, Rahimi M, Dong L, Kammenga JE, Helder J, Goverse A, Bouwmeester HJ. On the role of dauer in the adaptation of nematodes to a parasitic lifestyle. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:554. [PMID: 34706780 PMCID: PMC8555053 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are presumably the most abundant Metazoa on Earth, and can even be found in some of the most hostile environments of our planet. Various types of hypobiosis evolved to adapt their life cycles to such harsh environmental conditions. The five most distal major clades of the phylum Nematoda (Clades 8-12), formerly referred to as the Secernentea, contain many economically relevant parasitic nematodes. In this group, a special type of hypobiosis, dauer, has evolved. The dauer signalling pathway, which culminates in the biosynthesis of dafachronic acid (DA), is intensively studied in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and it has been hypothesized that the dauer stage may have been a prerequisite for the evolution of a wide range of parasitic lifestyles among other nematode species. Biosynthesis of DA is not specific for hypobiosis, but if it results in exit of the hypobiotic state, it is one of the main criteria to define certain behaviour as dauer. Within Clades 9 and 10, the involvement of DA has been validated experimentally, and dauer is therefore generally accepted to occur in those clades. However, for other clades, such as Clade 12, this has hardly been explored. In this review, we provide clarity on the nomenclature associated with hypobiosis and dauer across different nematological subfields. We discuss evidence for dauer-like stages in Clades 8 to 12 and support this with a meta-analysis of available genomic data. Furthermore, we discuss indications for a simplified dauer signalling pathway in parasitic nematodes. Finally, we zoom in on the host cues that induce exit from the hypobiotic stage and introduce two hypotheses on how these signals might feed into the dauer signalling pathway for plant-parasitic nematodes. With this work, we contribute to the deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypobiosis in parasitic nematodes. Based on this, novel strategies for the control of parasitic nematodes can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke E Vlaar
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Bertran
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mehran Rahimi
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lemeng Dong
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan E Kammenga
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wang B, Hao X, Xu J, Wang B, Ma W, Liu X, Ma L. Cytochrome P450 metabolism mediates low-temperature resistance in pinewood nematode. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1171-1179. [PMID: 32348629 PMCID: PMC7262887 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinewood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a devastating invasive species that is expanding into colder regions. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying low-temperature resistance of PWN. We identified differentially expressed genes enriched under low temperature in previously published transcriptome data using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to further validate the transcript level changes of three known cytochrome P450 genes under low temperature. RNA interference was used to validate the low-temperature resistance function of three cytochrome P450 genes from PWN. We report that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in two cytochrome P450-related pathways under low-temperature treatment. Heatmap visualization of transcript levels of cytochrome P450-related genes revealed widely different transcript patterns between PWNs treated under low and regular temperatures. Transcript levels of three cytochrome P450 genes from PWNs were elevated at low temperature, and knockdown of these genes decreased the survival rates of PWNs under low temperature. In summary, these findings suggest that cytochrome P450 metabolism plays a critical role in the low-temperature resistance mechanism of PWN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Hao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayao Xu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Buyong Wang
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Forest Protection Technology Innovation Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Forest Protection Technology Innovation Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Wang B, Hao X, Xu J, Ma Y, Ma L. Transcriptome-Based Analysis Reveals a Crucial Role of BxGPCR17454 in Low Temperature Response of Pine Wood Nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122898. [PMID: 31197083 PMCID: PMC6628231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The causal agent of pine wilt disease is the pine wood nematode (PWN) (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), whose ability to adapt different ecological niches is a crucial determinant of their invasion to colder regions. To discover the molecular mechanism of low temperature response mechanism, we attempted to study the molecular response patterns under low temperature from B. xylophilus with a comprehensive RNA sequencing analysis and validated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Bioinformatic software was utilized to isolate and identify the low-temperature-related BxGPCR genes. Transcript abundance of six low-temperature-related BxGPCR genes and function of one of the BxGPCR genes are studied by qRT-PCR and RNA interference. Results: The results showed that we detected 432 DEGs through RNA sequencing between low-temperature-treated and ambient-temperature-treated groups nematodes. The transcript level of 6 low-temperature-related BxGPCR genes increased at low temperature. And, the survival rates of BxGPCR17454 silenced B. xylophilus revealed a significant decrease at low temperature. Conclusion: in conclusion, this transcriptome-based study revealed a crucial role of BxGPCR17454 in low temperature response process of pine wood nematode. These discoveries would assist the development of management and methods for efficient control of this devastating pine tree pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xin Hao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jiayao Xu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yan Ma
- College of Management, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150028, China.
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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