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Mediouni S, Mou H, Otsuka Y, Jablonski JA, Adcock RS, Batra L, Chung DH, Rood C, de Vera IMS, Rahaim R, Ullah S, Yu X, Getmanenko YA, Kennedy NM, Wang C, Nguyen TT, Hull M, Chen E, Bannister TD, Baillargeon P, Scampavia L, Farzan M, Valente ST, Spicer TP. Identification of potent small molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:8-19. [PMID: 35058179 PMCID: PMC8577999 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 responsible for COVID-19 remains a persistent threat to mankind, especially for the immunocompromised and elderly for which the vaccine may have limited effectiveness. Entry of SARS-CoV-2 requires a high affinity interaction of the viral spike protein with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Novel mutations on the spike protein correlate with the high transmissibility of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the need for small molecule inhibitors of virus entry into target cells. We report the identification of such inhibitors through a robust high-throughput screen testing 15,000 small molecules from unique libraries. Several leads were validated in a suite of mechanistic assays, including whole cell SARS-CoV-2 infectivity assays. The main lead compound, calpeptin, was further characterized using SARS-CoV-1 and the novel SARS-CoV-2 variant entry assays, SARS-CoV-2 protease assays and molecular docking. This study reveals calpeptin as a potent and specific inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 and some variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Scripps Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Huihui Mou
- Scripps Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yuka Otsuka
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Joseph Anthony Jablonski
- Scripps Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Robert Scott Adcock
- Center for Predictive Medicine, Department of Microbiology Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lalit Batra
- Center for Predictive Medicine, Department of Microbiology Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Dong-Hoon Chung
- Center for Predictive Medicine, Department of Microbiology Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Christopher Rood
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Ronald Rahaim
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sultan Ullah
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xuerong Yu
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yulia A Getmanenko
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nicole M Kennedy
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Tu-Trinh Nguyen
- CALIBR, Scripps Research, 11119N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 9203, USA
| | - Mitchell Hull
- CALIBR, Scripps Research, 11119N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 9203, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- CALIBR, Scripps Research, 11119N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 9203, USA
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Pierre Baillargeon
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Scripps Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Scripps Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Singh DD, Yadav DK. TNBC: Potential Targeting of Multiple Receptors for a Therapeutic Breakthrough, Nanomedicine, and Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080876. [PMID: 34440080 PMCID: PMC8389539 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous, recurring cancer associated with a high rate of metastasis, poor prognosis, and lack of therapeutic targets. Although target-based therapeutic options are approved for other cancers, only limited therapeutic options are available for TNBC. Cell signaling and receptor-specific targets are reportedly effective in patients with TNBC under specific clinical conditions. However, most of these cancers are unresponsive, and there is a requirement for more effective treatment modalities. Further, there is a lack of effective biomarkers that can distinguish TNBC from other BC subtypes. ER, PR, and HER2 help identify TNBC and are widely used to identify patients who are most likely to respond to diverse therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the possible treatment options for TNBC based on its inherent subtype receptors and pathways, such as p53 signaling, AKT signaling, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage, and programmed cell death, which play essential roles at multiple stages of TNBC development. We focus on poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1, androgen receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor as well as the application of nanomedicine and immunotherapy in TNBC and discuss their potential applications in drug development for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desh Deepak Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India;
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21924, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-820-4948
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