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Yen WC, Li QZ, Wu LH, Lee WY, Chang WW, Chien PJ, Lee CH. Salmonella inhibits tumor metastasis by downregulating epithelial cell adhesion molecules through the protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126913. [PMID: 37716656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) are highly expressed in many carcinomas and regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which is required for tumor metastasis. Furthermore, EpCAM overexpression induces tumor cells to develop a stem cell-like phenotype and promotes tumor progression. Targeting EpCAM may be a promising approach for inhibiting tumor metastasis and progression. Salmonella treatment suppresses tumor growth and reduces metastatic nodules in tumor-bearing mice. Based on these results, we hypothesized that Salmonella-based treatments could inhibit the expression of metastasis-associated proteins. The dose-dependent Salmonella treatment significantly downregulated the levels of EpCAM and decreased the phosphorylation of protein kinase-B (AKT)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway, as shown by immunoblotting. In addition, Salmonella treatment increased the levels of epithelial markers and decreased the levels of mesenchymal markers in a dose-dependent manner. Wound-healing and Transwell assays showed that Salmonella treatment significantly reduced tumor cell migration. The mice were intravenously injected with B16F10 and CT26 cells pre-incubated with or without Salmonella, and the survival of tumor-bearing mice in the Salmonella group increased, indicating an antimetastatic effect. Our findings demonstrate that Salmonella plays a role in inhibiting tumor metastasis by downregulating EpCAM via the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and has great potential for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Qiao-Zhu Li
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ya Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402306, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Ju Chien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402306, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; International PhD Program for Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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2
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Pérez Jorge G, Gontijo MTP, Brocchi M. Salmonella enterica and outer membrane vesicles are current and future options for cancer treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1293351. [PMID: 38116133 PMCID: PMC10728604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1293351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies have many limitations. In the last decade, it has been suggested that bacteria-mediated immunotherapy may circumvent the restrictions of traditional treatments. For example, Salmonella enterica is the most promising bacteria for treating cancer due to its intrinsic abilities, such as killing tumor cells, targeting, penetrating, and proliferating into the tumor. S. enterica has been genetically modified to ensure safety and increase its intrinsic antitumor efficacy. This bacterium has been used as a vector for delivering anticancer agents and as a combination therapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or photothermic. Recent studies have reported the antitumor efficacy of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from S. enterica. OMVs are considered safer than attenuated bacteria and can stimulate the immune system as they comprise most of the immunogens found on the surface of their parent bacteria. Furthermore, OMVs can also be used as nanocarriers for antitumor agents. This review describes the advances in S. enterica as immunotherapy against cancer and the mechanisms by which Salmonella fights cancer. We also highlight the use of OMVs as immunotherapy and nanocarriers of anticancer agents. OMVs derived from S. enterica are innovative and promising strategies requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesy Pérez Jorge
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Pardini Gontijo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Biologia, Campinas, Brazil
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3
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Zhao X, Xie N, Zhang H, Zhou W, Ding J. Bacterial Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy: "Why" and "How". Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2214. [PMID: 37765183 PMCID: PMC10534357 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major diseases that endanger human health. However, the use of anticancer drugs is accompanied by a series of side effects. Suitable drug delivery systems can reduce the toxic side effects of drugs and enhance the bioavailability of drugs, among which targeted drug delivery systems are the main development direction of anticancer drug delivery systems. Bacteria is a novel drug delivery system that has shown great potential in cancer therapy because of its tumor-targeting, oncolytic, and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we systematically describe the reasons why bacteria are suitable carriers of anticancer drugs and the mechanisms by which these advantages arise. Secondly, we outline strategies on how to load drugs onto bacterial carriers. These drug-loading strategies include surface modification and internal modification of bacteria. We focus on the drug-loading strategy because appropriate strategies play a key role in ensuring the stability of the delivery system and improving drug efficacy. Lastly, we also describe the current state of bacterial clinical trials and discuss current challenges. This review summarizes the advantages and various drug-loading strategies of bacteria for cancer therapy and will contribute to the development of bacterial drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Zhao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Nuli Xie
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
- Changsha Jingyi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410006, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
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4
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Liu Z, Hong L, Ling Z. Potential role of intratumor bacteria outside the gastrointestinal tract: More than passengers. Cancer Med 2023; 12:16756-16773. [PMID: 37377377 PMCID: PMC10501248 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor-associated bacteria and gut microbiota have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential role in cancer development and therapeutic response. This review aims to discuss the contributions of intratumor bacteria outside the gastrointestinal tract, in addition to exploring the mechanisms, functions, and implications of these bacteria in cancer therapy. METHODS We reviewed current literature on intratumor bacteria and their impact on tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and anti-tumor immune modulation. Additionally, we examined techniques used to detect intratumor bacteria, precautions necessary when handling low microbial biomass tumor samples, and the recent progress in bacterial manipulation for tumor treatment. RESULTS Research indicates that each type of cancer uniquely interacts with its microbiome, and bacteria can be detected even in non-gastrointestinal tumors with low bacterial abundance. Intracellular bacteria have the potential to regulate tumor cells' biological behavior and contribute to critical aspects of tumor development. Furthermore, bacterial-based anti-tumor therapies have shown promising results in cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the complex interactions between intratumor bacteria and tumor cells could lead to the development of more precise cancer treatment strategies. Further research into non-gastrointestinal tumor-associated bacteria is needed to identify new therapeutic approaches and expand our knowledge of the microbiota's role in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Lian‐Lian Hong
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zhi‐Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiangChina
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Roe JM, Seely K, Bussard CJ, Eischen Martin E, Mouw EG, Bayles KW, Hollingsworth MA, Brooks AE, Dailey KM. Hacking the Immune Response to Solid Tumors: Harnessing the Anti-Cancer Capacities of Oncolytic Bacteria. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2004. [PMID: 37514190 PMCID: PMC10384176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic bacteria are a classification of bacteria with a natural ability to specifically target solid tumors and, in the process, stimulate a potent immune response. Currently, these include species of Klebsiella, Listeria, Mycobacteria, Streptococcus/Serratia (Coley's Toxin), Proteus, Salmonella, and Clostridium. Advancements in techniques and methodology, including genetic engineering, create opportunities to "hijack" typical host-pathogen interactions and subsequently harness oncolytic capacities. Engineering, sometimes termed "domestication", of oncolytic bacterial species is especially beneficial when solid tumors are inaccessible or metastasize early in development. This review examines reported oncolytic bacteria-host immune interactions and details the known mechanisms of these interactions to the protein level. A synopsis of the presented membrane surface molecules that elicit particularly promising oncolytic capacities is paired with the stimulated localized and systemic immunogenic effects. In addition, oncolytic bacterial progression toward clinical translation through engineering efforts are discussed, with thorough attention given to strains that have accomplished Phase III clinical trial initiation. In addition to therapeutic mitigation after the tumor has formed, some bacterial species, referred to as "prophylactic", may even be able to prevent or "derail" tumor formation through anti-inflammatory capabilities. These promising species and their particularly favorable characteristics are summarized as well. A complete understanding of the bacteria-host interaction will likely be necessary to assess anti-cancer capacities and unlock the full cancer therapeutic potential of oncolytic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Roe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kevin Seely
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Caleb J Bussard
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth G Mouw
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kenneth W Bayles
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Amanda E Brooks
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO 80130, USA
- Office of Research & Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Dailey
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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6
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<italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> may support cancer treatment: a review. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:331-342. [PMID: 36786073 PMCID: PMC10160236 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
<p indent="0mm">Antitumour treatments are evolving, including bacteria-mediated cancer therapy which is concurrently an ancient and cutting-edge approach. <italic>Salmonella typhimurium</italic> is a widely studied bacterial species that colonizes tumor tissues, showing oncolytic and immune system-regulating properties. It can be used as a delivery vector for genes and drugs, supporting conventional treatments that lack tumor-targeting abilities. This article summarizes recent evidence on the anticancer mechanisms of <italic>S</italic>. <italic>typhimurium</italic> alone and in combination with other anticancer treatments, suggesting that it may be a suitable approach to disease management. </p>.
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Salmonella as a Promising Curative Tool against Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102100. [PMID: 36297535 PMCID: PMC9609134 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy has become a topic of interest under the broad umbrella of oncotherapy. Among many bacterial species, Salmonella remains at the forefront due to its ability to localize and proliferate inside tumor microenvironments and often suppress tumor growth. Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the most promising mediators, with engineering plasticity and cancer specificity. It can be used to deliver toxins that induce cell death in cancer cells specifically, and also as a cancer-specific instrument for immunotherapy by delivering tumor antigens and exposing the tumor environment to the host immune system. Salmonella can be used to deliver prodrug converting enzymes unambiguously against cancer. Though positive responses in Salmonella-mediated cancer treatments are still at a preliminary level, they have paved the way for developing combinatorial therapy with conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, and can be used synergistically to combat multi-drug resistant and higher-stage cancers. With this background, Salmonella-mediated cancer therapy was approved for clinical trials by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but the results were not satisfactory and more pre-clinical investigation is needed. This review summarizes the recent advancements in Salmonella-mediated oncotherapy in the fight against cancer. The present article emphasizes the demand for Salmonella mutants with high stringency toward cancer and with amenable elements of safety by virulence deletions.
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Wu LH, Pangilinan CR, Lee CH. Downregulation of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway for Salmonella-mediated autophagy in human anaplastic thyroid cancer. J Cancer 2022; 13:3268-3279. [PMID: 36118522 PMCID: PMC9475365 DOI: 10.7150/jca.75163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer has been known as the most common endocrine malignancy. Although majority of thyroid cancer types respond well to conventional treatment including surgery and radioactive iodine therapy, about 10% of those with differentiated thyroid cancer will present distant metastasis and will have persistent or recurrent disease. Even more serious is a rare type of thyroid cancer called anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), which accounts for about 1%, has been demonstrated as the most lethal and aggressive form of human malignancy. Unfortunately, these tumors are also frequently resistant to traditional therapy. Previous study have shown that Salmonella inhibits tumor growth, in part, by inducing autophagy - a cellular process that is important in the innate and adaptive immunity in response to viral or bacterial infection. In our study, we intended to investigate whether Salmonella can inhibit tumor growth by inducing autophagy, specifically in thyroid cancer and elucidate the possible molecular mechanism. In order to determine the signaling pathway involved in tumor cell autophagy, we used Salmonella to treat ATC cells line ASH-3 and KMH-2 in vitro. The autophagic markers, particularly autophagy-related gene 6 (Beclin-1), microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and p62, were observed to be differentially expressed after infection with Salmonella indicating an activated autophagy in ATC cells. In addition, the protein expression levels of phospho-protein kinase B (P-AKT), phospho-mammalian targets of rapamycin (P-mTOR), phospho-p70 ribosomal s6 kinase (P-p70S6K) in tumor cells were decreased after Salmonella infection. In vivo, we also found that substantial cell numbers of Salmonella targeted tumor tissue, and regulated anti-tumor mechanisms. Our findings showed that Salmonella activated autophagic signaling pathway and inhibited ATC tumor growth via downregulation of AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Christian R Pangilinan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,International PhD Program for Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Becerra-Báez EI, Meza-Toledo SE, Muñoz-López P, Flores-Martínez LF, Fraga-Pérez K, Magaño-Bocanegra KJ, Juárez-Hernández U, Mateos-Chávez AA, Luria-Pérez R. Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella enterica as a Delivery System of Heterologous Molecules in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174224. [PMID: 36077761 PMCID: PMC9454573 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is among the main causes of death of millions of individuals worldwide. Although survival has improved with conventional treatments, the appearance of resistant cancer cells leads to patient relapses. It is, therefore, necessary to find new antitumor therapies that can completely eradicate transformed cells. Bacteria-based tumor therapy represents a promising alternative treatment, particularly the use of live-attenuated Salmonella enterica, with its potential use as a delivery system of antitumor heterologous molecules such as tumor-associated antigens, cytotoxic molecules, immunomodulatory molecules, pro-apoptotic proteins, nucleic acids, and nanoparticles. In this review, we present the state of the art of current preclinical and clinical research on the use of Salmonella enterica as a potential therapeutic ally in the war against cancer. Abstract Over a century ago, bacterial extracts were found to be useful in cancer therapy, but this treatment modality was obviated for decades. Currently, in spite of the development and advances in chemotherapies and radiotherapy, failure of these conventional treatments still represents a major issue in the complete eradication of tumor cells and has led to renewed approaches with bacteria-based tumor therapy as an alternative treatment. In this context, live-attenuated bacteria, particularly Salmonella enterica, have demonstrated tumor selectivity, intrinsic oncolytic activity, and the ability to induce innate or specific antitumor immune responses. Moreover, Salmonella enterica also has strong potential as a delivery system of tumor-associated antigens, cytotoxic molecules, immunomodulatory molecules, pro-apoptotic proteins, and nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells, in a process known as bactofection and antitumor nanoparticles. In this review, we present the state of the art of current preclinical and clinical research on the use of Salmonella enterica as a potential therapeutic ally in the war against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayne Irene Becerra-Báez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Sergio Enrique Meza-Toledo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Paola Muñoz-López
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Flores-Martínez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Karla Fraga-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Kevin Jorge Magaño-Bocanegra
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Uriel Juárez-Hernández
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Armando Alfredo Mateos-Chávez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Unit of Investigative Research on Hemato-Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-52289917 (ext. 4401)
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Fan JY, Huang Y, Li Y, Muluh TA, Fu SZ, Wu JB. Bacteria in cancer therapy: A new generation of weapons. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4457-4468. [PMID: 35522104 PMCID: PMC9741989 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are presently a major threat to human life and health. Malignant tumors are conventionally treated through radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, traditional therapies yield unsatisfactory results due to high toxicity to the normal cells, inability to treat deep tumor tissues, and the possibility of inducing drug resistance in the tumor cells. This has caused immunotherapy to emerge as an effective and alternate treatment strategy. To overcome the limitations of the conventional treatments as well as to avert the risk of various drug resistance and cytotoxicity, bacterial anti-tumor immunotherapy has raised the interest of researchers. This therapeutic strategy employs bacteria to specifically target and colonize the tumor tissues with preferential accumulation and proliferation. Such bacterial accumulation initiates a series of anti-tumor immune responses, effectively eliminating the tumor cells. This immunotherapy can use the bacteria alone or concomitantly with the other methods. For example, the bacteria can deliver the anti-cancer effect mediators by regulating the expression of the bacterial genes or by synthesizing the bioengineered bacterial complexes. This review will discuss the mechanism of utilizing bacteria in treating tumors, especially in terms of immune mechanisms. This could help in better integrating the bacterial method with other treatment options, thereby, providing a more effective, reliable, and unique treatment therapy for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ying Fan
- Department of OncologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanP.R. China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of OncologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanP.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of OncologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanP.R. China
| | - Tobias Achu Muluh
- Department of OncologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanP.R. China
| | - Shao Zhi Fu
- Department of OncologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanP.R. China,Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanP.R. China
| | - Jing Bo Wu
- Department of OncologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanP.R. China,Department of Nuclear MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouSichuanP.R. China,Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan ProvinceLuzhouSichuanP.R. China
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He Y, Ayansola H, Hou Q, Liao C, Lei J, Lai Y, Jiang Q, Masatoshi H, Zhang B. Genistein Inhibits Colonic Goblet Cell Loss and Colorectal Inflammation Induced by Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100209. [PMID: 34146390 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Salmonella is the main food-borne pathogen, which can infect intestinal epithelial cells and causes colitis. Genistein has a variety of biological activities that alleviates colitis induced by sodium dextran sulfate in a variety of ways, but its protective effects on colitis caused by pathogenic bacteria are still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS This study explores the protective effect of genistein in reducing colitis caused by Salmonella infection. Salmonella causes colon inflammation through activating cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2, and genistein inhibits colitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium infection. Salmonella infection increases colonic mucosal damage, proliferating cells, and goblet cell loss, while the administration of genistein solves these pathological changes. In addition, it is further proved that Salmonella causes severe colitis related to goblet cell loss and activates the host crypt stem cells to repair the damaged epithelium. Salmonella infection inhibites the host mammalian target of rapamycin, activates light chain 3 II pathways to induce autophagy to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Genistein increases Lactobacillus in feces and reduces Salmonella colonization to inhibit colitis induces by Salmonella infection. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates genistein alleviated colitis and inhibites the goblet cell loss causes by Salmonella infection through regulating the gut bacteria and intestinal stem cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hammed Ayansola
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qihang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaoyong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yujiao Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qiuyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hori Masatoshi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China
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Al-Saafeen BH, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, al-Ramadi BK. Integration of Salmonella into Combination Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133228. [PMID: 34203478 PMCID: PMC8269432 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite significant advances in the development of new treatments, cancer continues to be a major public health concern due to the high mortality associated with the disease. The introduction of immunotherapy as a new modality for cancer treatment has led to unprecedented clinical responses, even in terminal cancer patients. However, for reasons that remain largely unknown, the percentage of patients who respond to this treatment remains rather modest. In the present article, we highlight the potential of using attenuated Salmonella strains in cancer treatment, particularly as a means to enhance therapeutic efficacy of other cancer treatments, including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The challenges associated with the clinical application of Salmonella in cancer therapy are discussed. An increased understanding of the potential of Salmonella bacteria in combination cancer therapy may usher in a major breakthrough in its clinical application, resulting in more favorable and durable outcomes. Abstract Current modalities of cancer treatment have limitations related to poor target selectivity, resistance to treatment, and low response rates in patients. Accumulating evidence over the past few decades has demonstrated the capacity of several strains of bacteria to exert anti-tumor activities. Salmonella is the most extensively studied entity in bacterial-mediated cancer therapy, and has a good potential to induce direct tumor cell killing and manipulate the immune components of the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor inhibition. In addition, Salmonella possesses some advantages over other approaches of cancer therapy, including high tumor specificity, deep tissue penetration, and engineering plasticity. These aspects underscore the potential of utilizing Salmonella in combination with other cancer therapeutics to improve treatment effectiveness. Herein, we describe the advantages that make Salmonella a good candidate for combination cancer therapy and summarize the findings of representative studies that aimed to investigate the therapeutic outcome of combination therapies involving Salmonella. We also highlight issues associated with their application in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besan H. Al-Saafeen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Maria J. Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Basel K. al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates;
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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13
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Mishra S, Charan M, Verma AK, Ramaswamy B, Ahirwar DK, Ganju RK. Racially Disparate Expression of mTOR/ERK-1/2 Allied Proteins in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:601929. [PMID: 33996789 PMCID: PMC8120233 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.601929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that ethnic differences in mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK-1/2) signaling pathways might be associated with the development and progression of different human malignancies. The African American (AA) population has an increased rate of cancer incidence and mortality compared to the Caucasian American (CA) population. Although the socioeconomic differences across different ethnic groups contribute to the disparity in developing different cancers, recent scientific evidence indicates the association of molecular and genetic variations in racial disparities of different human malignancies. The mTOR and ERK-1/2 signaling pathways are one of the well-known oncogenic signaling mechanisms that regulate diverse molecular and phenotypic aspects of normal as well as cancer cells in response to different external or internal stimuli. To date, very few studies have been carried out to explore the significance of racial disparity with abnormal mTOR and ERK-1/2 kinase signaling pathways, which may contribute to the development of aggressive human cancers. In this review, we discuss the differential regulation of mTOR and ERK-1/2 kinase signaling pathways across different ethnic groups, especially between AA and CA populations. Notably, we observed that key signaling proteins associated with mTOR and ERK-1/2 pathway including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Akt, and VEGFR showed racially disparate expression in cancer patients. Overall, this review article encompasses the significance of racially disparate signaling molecules related to mTOR/ERK1/2 and their potential in developing tailor-made anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mishra
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Manish Charan
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ajeet Kumar Verma
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar Ahirwar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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14
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Wang D, Wei X, Kalvakolanu DV, Guo B, Zhang L. Perspectives on Oncolytic Salmonella in Cancer Immunotherapy-A Promising Strategy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:615930. [PMID: 33717106 PMCID: PMC7949470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.615930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reported spontaneous regression of tumors in patients with streptococcus infection, cancer biological therapy was born and it evolved into today’s immunotherapy over the last century. Although the original strategy was unable to impart maximal therapeutic benefit at the beginning, it laid the foundations for the development of immune checkpoint blockade and CAR-T which are currently used for cancer treatment in the clinics. However, clinical applications have shown that current cancer immunotherapy can cause a series of adverse reactions and are captious for patients with preexisting autoimmune disorders. Salmonellae was first reported to exert antitumor effect in 1935. Until now, numerous studies have proved its potency as an antitumor agent in the near future. In this review, we summarize the currently available data on the antitumor effects of Salmonella, and discussed a possibility of integrating Salmonella into cancer immunotherapy to overcome current obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Baofeng Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Chiu HM, Chiou WY, Hsu WJ, Wu LH, Yang MH, Tyan YC, Lee CH. Salmonella alters heparanase expression and reduces tumor metastasis. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2981-2989. [PMID: 34220326 PMCID: PMC8241762 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes salmonellosis, is a facultative anaerobe and is one of the common Gram-negative bacteria. Salmonella has anti-tumor potential and tumor-targeting activity. The heparin sulfate on cell surfaces can be cleaved by heparanase that is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase. Heparanase can destroy the extracellular matrix and is involved in tumor metastasis and angiogenic activity. Previously, Salmonella was demonstrated to inhibit tumor metastasis. It remains unclear whether Salmonella inhibits metastasis by regulating heparanase. The expression of heparanase in Salmonella-treated tumor cells was found to be decreased. Transwell and wound-healing assays demonstrated the inhibition of cell migration after Salmonella treatment. Salmonella was found to influence the levels of phosphate-protein kinase B (P-AKT) and phosphate-extracellular regulated protein kinases (P-ERK), which are involved in heparanase expression. Salmonella reduced the heparanase expression induced upregulating PERK and PAKT signaling pathways. The mice bearing an experimental metastasis tumor model was used to evaluate the anti-tumor metastatic effects of Salmonella. Compared with the control group, Salmonella significantly reduced the number of metastatic nodules and enhanced survival. The results of our study indicate that Salmonella plays a vital role in the inhibition of tumor metastasis through the downregulation of heparanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Min Chiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chiou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jie Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Lee TH, Lin GY, Yang MH, Tyan YC, Lee CH. Salmonella reduces tumor metastasis by downregulation C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2835-2841. [PMID: 34220311 PMCID: PMC8241761 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the main reason for the death of most cancer patients. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in numerous types of cancer. CXCR4 selectively binds with stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1), also known as C-X-C family chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) (CXCL12/SDF-1), which induced tumor proliferation and metastasis. Recently, the use of conventional cancer treatments had some limitation; bacteria treatment for cancer becomes a trend that overcomes these limitations. Plenty of studies show that Salmonella has anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activity. The current study aimed to investigate Salmonella suppresses CXCR4 protein expression and tumor cell migration ability in B16F10 melanoma and LL2 lung carcinoma cells. Salmonella reduced CXCR4 protein expression through downregulating Protein Kinase-B (Akt)/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. In cells transfected with constitutively active Akt plasmids, a reverse effect of Salmonella-induced inhibition of CXCR4 was observed. Tumor cells have chemotactic response to CXCL12 in migration assay, and we found that Salmonella reduced tumor chemotactic response after CXCL12 treatment. The C57BL/6 mice were intravenously injected with B16F10 and LL2 cells pre-incubated with or without Salmonella, the tumor size and lung weight of Salmonella group had obviously decreased, indicating anti-metastatic effect that confirmed the findings from the in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Huang Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Gaun-You Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,International Ph.D. Program for Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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17
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Yang CC, Hsiao LD, Yang CM. Galangin Inhibits LPS-Induced MMP-9 Expression via Suppressing Protein Kinase-Dependent AP-1 and FoxO1 Activation in Rat Brain Astrocytes. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:945-960. [PMID: 33244253 PMCID: PMC7685391 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s276925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neuroinflammation, characterized by the increased expression of inflammatory proteins such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), plays a critical role in neurodegenerative disorders. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to upregulate MMP-9 expression through the activation of various transcription factors, including activator protein 1 (AP-1) and forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1). The flavonoid 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (galangin) has been demonstrated to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various types of cells. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of galangin on LPS-induced MMP-9 expression in rat brain astrocytes (RBA-1 cells). Methods Pharmacological inhibitors and siRNAs were employed to explore the effects of galangin on LPS-challenged RBA-1 cells. Gelatin zymography, Western blotting, real-time PCR, and a luciferase reporter assay were used to detect MMP-9 activity, protein expression, mRNA levels, and promoter activity, respectively. The protein kinases involved in the LPS-induced MMP-9 expression were determined by Western blot. A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was employed to evaluate the activity of c-Jun at the MMP-9 promoter. Results Galangin treatment attenuated the LPS-mediated induction of MMP-9 protein and mRNA expression, as well as the activity at the MMP-9 promoter. In addition, galangin exerted its inhibitory effects on MMP-9 expression through suppressing the LPS-stimulated activation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Pretreatment with galangin attenuated the LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun and FoxO1. LPS-induced cell migration was also suppressed by galangin pretreatment. Conclusion Galangin attenuates the LPS-induced inflammatory responses, including the induction of MMP-9 expression and cell migration, via inhibiting Pyk2/PDGFRβ/PI3K/Akt/mTOR/JNK1/JNK2 and p44/p42 MAPK cascade-dependent AP-1 and FoxO1 activities. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms through which galangin mitigates LPS-induced inflammatory responses, and suggest novel strategies for the management of LPS-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Tao-Yuan, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Li-Der Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Program for Biotch Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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18
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Zhang N, Liu C, Jin L, Zhang R, Wang T, Wang Q, Chen J, Yang F, Siebert HC, Zheng X. Ketogenic Diet Elicits Antitumor Properties through Inducing Oxidative Stress, Inhibiting MMP-9 Expression, and Rebalancing M1/M2 Tumor-Associated Macrophage Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Colon Cancer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11182-11196. [PMID: 32786841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many advanced cancers are characterized by metabolic disorders. A dietary therapeutic strategy was proposed to inhibit tumor growth through administration of low-carbohydrate, average-protein, and high-fat diet, which is also known as ketogenic diet (KD). In vivo antitumor efficacy of KD on transplanted CT26+ tumor cells in BALB/c mice was investigated. The results showed that the KD group had significantly higher blood β-hydroxybutyrate and lower blood glucose levels when compared with the normal diet group. Meanwhile, KD increased intratumor oxidative stress, and TUNEL staining showed KD-induced apoptosis against tumor cells. Interestingly, the distribution of CD16/32+ and iNOS+ M1 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) increased in the KD-treated group, with concomitantly less arginase-1+ M2 TAMs. Moreover, KD treatment downregulated the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in CT26+ tumor-bearing mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of HDAC3/PKM2/NF-κB 65/p-Stat3 proteins were reduced in the KD-treated group. Taken together, our results indicated that KD can prevent the progression of colon tumor via inducing intratumor oxidative stress, inhibiting the expression of the MMP-9, and enhancing M2 to M1 TAM polarization. A novel potential mechanism was identified that KD can prevent the progression of colon cancer by regulating the expression of HDAC3/PKM2/NF-κB65/p-Stat3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Li Jin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jingchao Chen
- Chengdu Kanghong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 355, Tengfei Second Road, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Hans-Christian Siebert
- RI-B-NT-Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Schauenburgerstr. 116, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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19
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Guo Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Min JJ, Tan W, Zheng JH. Targeted cancer immunotherapy with genetically engineered oncolytic Salmonella typhimurium. Cancer Lett 2020; 469:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Chang HL, Kuo YH, Wu LH, Chang CM, Cheng KJ, Tyan YC, Lee CH. The extracts of Astragalus membranaceus overcome tumor immune tolerance by inhibition of tumor programmed cell death protein ligand-1 expression. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:939-945. [PMID: 32308547 PMCID: PMC7163360 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.42978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Astragalus membranaceus, called PG2, used in traditional Chinese medicine, with potential hematopoiesis inducing and immunomodulation activities. PG2 extracted from A. membranaceus has been demonstrated as a novel alternative medicine for cancer patients. Recently, we demonstrated that PG2 enhanced chemotherapy through bystander effect and reduced the expression of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 in tumor cells. Many tumors have been proven to have a high expression of programmed cell death protein ligand-1 (PD-L1), which binds with programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1) in immune cells, thus causing immune tolerance within the tumor microenvironment. With decreased expression of PD-L1, increased immune response can be observed, which might be helpful when developing tumor immunotherapy. The antitumor therapeutic effect mediated by PG2 may associate with an inflammatory immune response at the tumor site. However, the molecular mechanism that by which PG2 inhibits PD-L1 is still incompletely known. The expression of PD-L1 was decreased after tumor cells were treated with PG2. In addition, the cell signaling pathway in tumor cells was evaluated by Western blotting analysis after PG2 treatment. PG2 can downregulate the expression of PD-L1 on the cell surface via the protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (p70S6K) pathway. In conclusion, our results indicate that PG2 inhibits PD-L1 expression and plays a crucial role in immunotherapy, which might be a promising strategy combined with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Liang Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung 80457, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.,Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 80424, Taiwan
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21
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Wu YJ, Hsu WJ, Wu LH, Liou HP, Pangilinan CR, Tyan YC, Lee CH. Hinokitiol reduces tumor metastasis by inhibiting heparanase via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and protein kinase B pathway. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:403-413. [PMID: 32132875 PMCID: PMC7053356 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.41177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase cleaves the extracellular matrix by degrading heparan sulfate that ultimately leads to cell invasion and metastasis; a condition that causes high mortality among cancer patients. Many of the anticancer drugs available today are natural products of plant origin, such as hinokitiol. In the previous report, it was revealed that hinokitiol plays an essential role in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation processes and promote apoptosis or autophagy resulting to the inhibition of tumor growth and differentiation. Therefore, this study explored the effects of hinokitiol on the cancer-promoting pathway in mouse melanoma (B16F10) and breast (4T1) cancer cells, with emphasis on heparanase expression. We detected whether hinokitiol can elicit anti-metastatic effects on cancer cells via wound healing and Transwell assays. Besides, mice experiment was conducted to observe the impact of hinokitiol in vivo. Our results show that hinokitiol can inhibit the expression of heparanase by reducing the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK). Furthermore, in vitro cell migration assay showed that heparanase downregulation by hinokitiol led to a decrease in metastatic activity which is consistent with the findings in the in vivo experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Jung Wu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jie Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Pu Liou
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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22
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Jazeela K, Chakraborty A, Karunasagar I, Deekshit VK. Nontyphoidal Salmonella: a potential anticancer agent. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:2-14. [PMID: 31038778 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of bacteria in cancer therapy, despite being considered as a potent strategy, has not really picked up the way other methods of cancer therapies have evolved. However, in recent years, the interest on use of bacteria to kill cancer cells has renewed considerably. The standard and widely followed strategies of cancer treatment often fail either due to the complexity of tumour biology or because of the accompanying side effects. In contrast, these limitations can be easily overcome in a bacteria-mediated approach. Salmonella is a bacterium, which is known for its ability to colonize solid or semisolid tumours more efficiently than any other bacteria. Among more than 2500 serovars of Salmonella, S. Typhimurium has been widely studied for its antagonistic effects on cancer cells. Here in, we review the current status of the preclinical and the clinical studies with a focus on the mechanisms that attribute the anticancer properties to nontyphoidal Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jazeela
- Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Chakraborty
- Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - I Karunasagar
- Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V K Deekshit
- Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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23
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Pangilinan CR, Lee CH. Salmonella-Based Targeted Cancer Therapy: Updates on A Promising and Innovative Tumor Immunotherapeutic Strategy. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7020036. [PMID: 31052558 PMCID: PMC6630963 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, primarily due to tumor heterogeneity associated with high-grade malignancy. Tumor heterogeneity poses a tremendous challenge, especially with the emergence of resistance not only to chemo- and radiation- therapies, but also to immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies. The use of Salmonella, as a highly selective and penetrative antitumor agent, has shown convincing results, thus meriting further investigation. In this review, the mechanisms used by Salmonella in combating cancer are carefully explained. In essence, Salmonella overcomes the suppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment and coaxes the activation of tumor-specific immune cells to induce cell death by apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, Salmonella treatment suppresses tumor aggressive behavior via inhibition of angiogenesis and delay of metastatic activity. Thus, harnessing the natural potential of Salmonella in eliminating tumors will provide an avenue for the development of a promising micro-based therapeutic agent that could be further enhanced to address a wide range of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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24
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Liang K, Liu Q, Li P, Luo H, Wang H, Kong Q. Genetically engineered Salmonella Typhimurium: Recent advances in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:168-181. [PMID: 30753837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have been investigated as anti-tumor therapeutic agents for more than a century, since Coley first observed successful curing of a patient with inoperable cancer by injection of streptococcal organisms. Previous studies have demonstrated that some obligate or facultative anaerobes can selectively accumulate and proliferate within tumors and suppress their growth. Developments in molecular biology as well as the complete genome sequencing of many bacterial species have increased the applicability of bacterial organisms for cancer treatment. In particular, the facultative anaerobe Salmonella Typhimurium has been widely studied and genetically engineered to improve its tumor-targeting ability as well as to reduce bacterial virulence. Moreover, the effectiveness of engineered attenuated S. Typhimurium strains employed as live delivery vectors of various anti-tumor therapeutic agents or combined with other therapies has been evaluated in a large number of animal experiments. The well-known S. Typhimurium mutant VNP20009 and its derivative strain TAPET-CD have even been applied in human clinical trials. However, Salmonella-mediated cancer therapies have not achieved the expected success, except in animal experiments. Many problems remain to be solved to exploit more promising strategies for combatting cancer with Salmonella bacteria. Here, we summarize the promising studies regarding cancer therapy mediated by Salmonella bacteria and highlight the main mechanisms of Salmonella anti-tumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongyan Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Haoju Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingke Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
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25
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Yang CJ, Kuo CT, Wu LH, Chen MC, Pangilinan CR, Phacharapiyangkul N, Liu W, Chen YH, Lee CH. Eicosapentaenoic acids enhance chemosensitivity through connexin 43 upregulation in murine melanoma models. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:636-643. [PMID: 31217730 PMCID: PMC6566740 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.30889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is now in common use for the treatment of tumors; however, with tumor growth retardation comes the severe side effects that occur after a chemotherapy cycle. Eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) used in combination with chemotherapy has an additive effects and provides a rationale for using EPA in tandem with chemotherapy. To improve the efficacy and safety of this combination therapy, a further understanding that EPA modulates with the tumor microenvironment is necessary. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is involved in enhancing chemosensitivity that was suppressed in a tumor microenvironment. We aim to investigate the role of EPA in chemosensitivity in murine melanoma by inducing Cx43 expression. The dose-dependent upregulation of Cx43 expression and gap junction intercellular communication were observed in B16F10 cells after EPA treatment. Furthermore, EPA significantly increased the expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways. The EPA-induced Cx43 expression was reduced after MAPK inhibitors. Knockdown Cx43 in B16F10 cells reduced the therapeutic effects of combination therapy (EPA plus 5-Fluorouracil). Our results demonstrate that the treatment of EPA is a tumor induced Cx43 gap junction communication and enhances the combination of EPA and chemotherapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Te Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsien Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Wangta Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Huey Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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