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Xie X, Pei M, Liu S, Wang X, Gong S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Lu G, Li Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Autophagy-Related Genes in Rice Immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:927. [PMID: 38611457 PMCID: PMC11013097 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is a significant threat to rice production. Resistant cultivars can effectively resist the invasion of M. oryzae. Thus, the identification of disease-resistant genes is of utmost importance for improving rice production. Autophagy, a cellular process that recycles damaged components, plays a vital role in plant growth, development, senescence, stress response, and immunity. To understand the involvement of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in rice immune response against M. oryzae, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 37 OsATGs, including bioinformatic analysis, transcriptome analysis, disease resistance analysis, and protein interaction analysis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the promoter regions of 33 OsATGs contained cis-acting elements responsive to salicylic acid (SA) or jasmonic acid (JA), two key hormones involved in plant defense responses. Transcriptome data showed that 21 OsATGs were upregulated during M. oryzae infection. Loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that OsATG6c, OsATG8a, OsATG9b, and OsATG13a contribute to rice blast resistance. Additionally, through protein interaction analysis, we identified five proteins that may interact with OsATG13a and potentially contribute to plant immunity. Our study highlights the important role of autophagy in rice immunity and suggests that OsATGs may enhance resistance to rice blast fungus through the involvement of SA, JA, or immune-related proteins. These findings provide valuable insights for future efforts in improving rice production through the identification and utilization of autophagy-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuze Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mengtian Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xinxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shanshan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Provincial Quality Safety Inspection and Test Center for Agricultural Products, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350013, China
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Yue JY, Jiao JL, Wang WW, Jie XR, Wang HZ. Silencing of the calcium-dependent protein kinase TaCDPK27 improves wheat resistance to powdery mildew. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:134. [PMID: 36882703 PMCID: PMC9993671 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium ions (Ca2+), secondary messengers, are crucial for the signal transduction process of the interaction between plants and pathogens. Ca2+ signaling also regulates autophagy. As plant calcium signal-decoding proteins, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been found to be involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, information on their functions in response to powdery mildew attack in wheat crops is limited. RESULT In the present study, the expression levels of TaCDPK27, four essential autophagy-related genes (ATGs) (TaATG5, TaATG7, TaATG8, and TaATG10), and two major metacaspase genes, namely, TaMCA1 and TaMCA9, were increased by powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, Bgt) infection in wheat seedling leaves. Silencing TaCDPK27 improves wheat seedling resistance to powdery mildew, with fewer Bgt hyphae occurring on TaCDPK27-silenced wheat seedling leaves than on normal seedlings. In wheat seedling leaves under powdery mildew infection, silencing TaCDPK27 induced excess contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS); decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT); and led to an increase in programmed cell death (PCD). Silencing TaCDPK27 also inhibited autophagy in wheat seedling leaves, and silencing TaATG7 also enhanced wheat seedling resistance to powdery mildew infection. TaCDPK27-mCherry and GFP-TaATG8h colocalized in wheat protoplasts. Overexpressed TaCDPK27-mCherry fusions required enhanced autophagy activity in wheat protoplast under carbon starvation. CONCLUSION These results suggested that TaCDPK27 negatively regulates wheat resistance to PW infection, and functionally links with autophagy in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yu Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Lan Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Rui Jie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Zhong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China.
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Autophagy in the Lifetime of Plants: From Seed to Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911410. [PMID: 36232711 PMCID: PMC9570326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradation mechanism in eukaryotes. Excess or harmful intracellular content can be encapsulated by double-membrane autophagic vacuoles and transferred to vacuoles for degradation in plants. Current research shows three types of autophagy in plants, with macroautophagy being the most important autophagic degradation pathway. Until now, more than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified in plants that are involved in macroautophagy, and these proteins play an important role in plant growth regulation and stress responses. In this review, we mainly introduce the research progress of autophagy in plant vegetative growth (roots and leaves), reproductive growth (pollen), and resistance to biotic (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) and abiotic stresses (nutrients, drought, salt, cold, and heat stress), and we discuss the application direction of plant autophagy in the future.
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Taj M, Sajjad M, Li M, Yasmeen A, Mubarik MS, Kaniganti S, He C. Potential Targets for CRISPR/Cas Knockdowns to Enhance Genetic Resistance Against Some Diseases in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Front Genet 2022; 13:926955. [PMID: 35783286 PMCID: PMC9245383 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.926955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is one of the most important food crops worldwide. Even though wheat yields have increased considerably in recent years, future wheat production is predicted to face enormous challenges due to global climate change and new versions of diseases. CRISPR/Cas technology is a clean gene technology and can be efficiently used to target genes prone to biotic stress in wheat genome. Herein, the published research papers reporting the genetic factors corresponding to stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, powdery mildew, fusarium head blight and some insect pests were critically reviewed to identify negative genetic factors (Susceptible genes) in bread wheat. Out of all reported genetic factors related to these disease, 33 genetic factors (S genes) were found as negative regulators implying that their down-regulation, deletion or silencing improved disease tolerance/resistance. The results of the published studies provided the concept of proof that these 33 genetic factors are potential targets for CRISPR/Cas knockdowns to improve genetic tolerance/resistance against these diseases in wheat. The sequences of the 33 genes were retrieved and re-mapped on the latest wheat reference genome IWGSC RefSeq v2.1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that pathogens causing the same type of disease had some common conserved motifs and were closely related. Considering the significance of these disease on wheat yield, the S genes identified in this study are suggested to be disrupted using CRISPR/Cas system in wheat. The knockdown mutants of these S genes will add to genetic resources for improving biotic stress resistance in wheat crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Taj
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Sajjad, ; Mingju Li,
| | - Mingju Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resource Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Sajjad, ; Mingju Li,
| | - Arooj Yasmeen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sirisha Kaniganti
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India
| | - Chi He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests, Agricultural Environment and Resource Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Wang J, Miao S, Liu Y, Wang Y. Linking Autophagy to Potential Agronomic Trait Improvement in Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094793. [PMID: 35563184 PMCID: PMC9103229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process in eukaryotic cells, by which the superfluous or damaged cytoplasmic components can be delivered into vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Two decades of autophagy research in plants uncovers the important roles of autophagy during diverse biological processes, including development, metabolism, and various stress responses. Additionally, molecular machineries contributing to plant autophagy onset and regulation have also gradually come into people’s sights. With the advancement of our knowledge of autophagy from model plants, autophagy research has expanded to include crops in recent years, for a better understanding of autophagy engagement in crop biology and its potentials in improving agricultural performance. In this review, we summarize the current research progress of autophagy in crops and discuss the autophagy-related approaches for potential agronomic trait improvement in crop plants.
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Thanthrige N, Bhowmik SD, Ferguson BJ, Kabbage M, Mundree SG, Williams B. Potential Biotechnological Applications of Autophagy for Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:760407. [PMID: 34777441 PMCID: PMC8579036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.760407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a genetically regulated, eukaryotic cellular degradation system that sequestrates cytoplasmic materials in specialised vesicles, termed autophagosomes, for delivery and breakdown in the lysosome or vacuole. In plants, autophagy plays essential roles in development (e.g., senescence) and responses to abiotic (e.g., nutrient starvation, drought and oxidative stress) and biotic stresses (e.g., hypersensitive response). Initially, autophagy was considered a non-selective bulk degradation mechanism that provides energy and building blocks for homeostatic balance during stress. Recent studies, however, reveal that autophagy may be more subtle and selectively target ubiquitylated protein aggregates, protein complexes and even organelles for degradation to regulate vital cellular processes even during favourable conditions. The selective nature of autophagy lends itself to potential manipulation and exploitation as part of designer protein turnover machinery for the development of stress-tolerant and disease-resistant crops, crops with increased yield potential and agricultural efficiency and reduced post-harvest losses. Here, we discuss our current understanding of autophagy and speculate its potential manipulation for improved agricultural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipuni Thanthrige
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sudipta Das Bhowmik
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett J. Ferguson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sagadevan G. Mundree
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Brett Williams,
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Gu J, Sun J, Liu N, Sun X, Liu C, Wu L, Liu G, Zeng F, Hou C, Han S, Zhen W, Wang D. A novel cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase gene, TaCRK2, contributes to leaf rust resistance in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:732-746. [PMID: 32196909 PMCID: PMC7170779 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases in wheat production worldwide. The hypersensitive reaction (HR) is an important defence response against P. triticina infection. In this study, the physiological races 165 and 260 of P. triticina were combined with a line derived from the bread wheat cultivar Thatcher with the leaf rust resistance locus Lr26 to form compatible and incompatible combinations, respectively. Based on an RNA-Seq database of the interaction systems, a new wheat cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase gene, TaCRK2, is specifically induced and up-regulated in the incompatible combination. We identified that TaCRK2 was regulated in a Ca2+ -dependent manner. Knockdown of TaCRK2 by virus-induced gene silencing and RNAi leads to a dramatic increase in HR area and the number of haustorial mother cells at the single infection site. In addition, urediniospores, a P. triticina-specific pathogenic marker in compatible combinations, were observed on leaf surfaces of silenced plants at approximately 15 days after inoculation in the incompatible combination. Moreover, transcription levels of TaPR1, TaPR2, and TaPR5 were obviously reduced in TaCRK2-silenced plants. TaCRK2 overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana induced strong HR-like cell death. Finally, transient expression of green fluorescent protein fused with TaCRK2 in N. benthamiana indicated that TaCRK2 localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, TaCRK2 plays an important role in the resistance to P. triticina infection and has a positive regulation effect on the HR cell death process induced by P. triticina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jiawei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | | | - Lizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Fanli Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Chunyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Shengfang Han
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Wenchao Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Regulation and Control of Crop Growth of HebeiCollege of AgronomyHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular PathologyCollege of Life SciencesHebei Agriculture UniversityBaodingChina
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Tang J, Bassham DC. Autophagy in crop plants: what's new beyond Arabidopsis? Open Biol 2018; 8:180162. [PMID: 30518637 PMCID: PMC6303781 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation and recycling pathway in plants. It functions to maintain cellular homeostasis and is induced by environmental cues and developmental stimuli. Over the past decade, the study of autophagy has expanded from model plants to crop species. Many features of the core machinery and physiological functions of autophagy are conserved among diverse organisms. However, several novel functions and regulators of autophagy have been characterized in individual plant species. In light of its critical role in development and stress responses, a better understanding of autophagy in crop plants may eventually lead to beneficial agricultural applications. Here, we review recent progress on understanding autophagy in crops and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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