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Incerpi S, Gionfra F, De Luca R, Candelotti E, De Vito P, Percario ZA, Leone S, Gnocchi D, Rossi M, Caruso F, Scapin S, Davis PJ, Lin HY, Affabris E, Pedersen JZ. Extranuclear effects of thyroid hormones and analogs during development: An old mechanism with emerging roles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:961744. [PMID: 36213288 PMCID: PMC9540375 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.961744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones, T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), induce a variety of long-term effects on important physiological functions, ranging from development and growth to metabolism regulation, by interacting with specific nuclear or cytosolic receptors. Extranuclear or nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones are mediated by plasma membrane or cytoplasmic receptors, mainly by αvβ3 integrin, and are independent of protein synthesis. A wide variety of nongenomic effects have now been recognized to be elicited through the binding of thyroid hormones to this receptor, which is mainly involved in angiogenesis, as well as in cell cancer proliferation. Several signal transduction pathways are modulated by thyroid hormone binding to αvβ3 integrin: protein kinase C, protein kinase A, Src, or mitogen-activated kinases. Thyroid hormone-activated nongenomic effects are also involved in the regulation of Na+-dependent transport systems, such as glucose uptake, Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/H+ exchanger, and amino acid transport System A. Of note, the modulation of these transport systems is cell-type and developmental stage-dependent. In particular, dysregulation of Na+/K+-ATPase activity is involved in several pathological situations, from viral infection to cancer. Therefore, this transport system represents a promising pharmacological tool in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sandra Incerpi, ; Jens Z. Pedersen,
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto De Luca
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Gnocchi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Sergio Scapin
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei, Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sandra Incerpi, ; Jens Z. Pedersen,
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