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Ruiz-Ojeda D, Guzmán-Martín CA, Bojalil R, Balderas XF, Paredes-González IS, González-Ramírez J, Torres-Rasgado E, Hernández-DíazCouder A, Springall R, Sánchez-Muñoz F. Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 in dermatologic disorders: a comprehensive review. Biomark Med 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38982732 DOI: 10.1080/17520363.2024.2369044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermatologic disorders, affecting the integumentary system, involve diverse molecular mechanisms such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation and immune responses. Long noncoding RNAs, particularly Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1), are crucial regulators of gene expression. MALAT1 influences inflammatory responses, immune cell function and signaling pathways, impacting various physiological and pathological processes, including dermatologic disorders. Dysregulation of MALAT1 is observed in skin conditions like psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, its precise role remains unclear. This review consolidates knowledge on MALAT1's impact on skin biology and pathology, emphasizing its potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications in dermatologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanara Ruiz-Ojeda
- Posgrado en Medicina Interna, Hospital Central Sur de Alta Especialidad de Petróleos Mexicanos, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14140, México
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14080, México
| | - Carlos A Guzmán-Martín
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04960, México
- Departamento de programas de investigación, Hospital Shriners para Niños México, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04600, México
| | - Rafael Bojalil
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04960, México
| | - Ximena F Balderas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14080, México
| | - Iris S Paredes-González
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14080, México
| | - Javier González-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Campus Mexicali, Mexicali, Baja California, C.P. 21376, México
| | - Enrique Torres-Rasgado
- Facultad de Medicina, Cuerpo Académico de Medicina Interna (CA-160), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, C.P. 72000,México
| | - Adrián Hernández-DíazCouder
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Bioquímica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, C.P. 06720, México
| | - Rashidi Springall
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14080, México
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, C.P. 14080, México
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de Souza IR, Iulini M, Galbiati V, Rodrigues AC, Gradia DF, Andrade AJM, Firman JW, Pestana C, Leme DM, Corsini E. The evaluation of skin sensitization potential of the UVCB substance diisopentyl phthalate by in silico and in vitro methods. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2153-2171. [PMID: 38806720 PMCID: PMC11169023 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Diisopentyl phthalate (DiPeP) is primarily used as a plasticizer or additive within the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and has many additional industrial applications. Its metabolites were recently found in urinary samples of pregnant women; thus, this substance is of concern as relates to human exposure. Depending upon the nature of the alcohol used in its synthesis, DiPeP may exist either as a mixture consisting of several branched positional isomers, or as a single defined structure. This article investigates the skin sensitization potential and immunomodulatory effects of DiPeP CAS No. 84777-06-0, which is currently marketed and classified as a UVCB substance, by in silico and in vitro methods. Our findings showed an immunomodulatory effect for DiPeP in LPS-induced THP-1 activation assay (increased CD54 expression). In silico predictions using QSAR TOOLBOX 4.5, ToxTree, and VEGA did not identify DiPeP, in the form of a discrete compound, as a skin sensitizer. The keratinocyte activation (Key Event 2 (KE2) of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization) was evaluated by two different test methods (HaCaT assay and RHE assay), and results were discordant. While the HaCaT assay showed that DiPeP can activate keratinocytes (increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, and ILA gene expression), in the RHE assay, DiPeP slightly increased IL-6 release. Although inconclusive for KE2, the role of DiPeP in KE3 (dendritic cell activation) was demonstrated by the increased levels of CD54 and IL-8 and TNF-α in THP-1 cells (THP-1 activation assay). Altogether, findings were inconclusive regarding the skin sensitization potential of the UVCB DiPeP-disagreeing with the results of DiPeP in the form of discrete compound (skin sensitizer by the LLNA assay). Additional studies are needed to elucidate the differences between DiPeP isomer forms, and to better understand the applicability domains of non-animal methods in identifying skin sensitization hazards of UVCB substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ana Carolina Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Anderson J M Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - James W Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cynthia Pestana
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Zhao W, Yu HH, Meng WW, Liu AM, Zhang BX, Wang Y, Li J, Wang L, Fang YF. Icariin restrains NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated Th2 immune responses and ameliorates atopic dermatitis through modulating a novel lncRNA MALAT1/miR-124-3p axis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1249-1259. [PMID: 37602424 PMCID: PMC10444017 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2244004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized with hyperactivation of type 2 T helper (Th2) immune responses. Icariin is a flavonoid glucoside with anti-inflammatory activities, which has been used to treat multiple diseases. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the underlying mechanisms by which icariin regulates Th2 responses and AD development. MATERIALS AND METHODS BALB/c mice were induced by DNFB to establish AD models, and injected with or without 10 mg/kg icariin for 2 weeks (i.p., daily). CD4+T cells were induced by Th2 condition to simulate AD in vitro, and also treated with or without 100 µM icariin. RESULTS Icariin ameliorated AD-like skin lesion, manifested as a significant decrease in dermatitis scores (from 8.00 ± 1.00 to 3.67 ± 0.58), serum IgE levels (from 3119.15 ± 241.81 to 948.55 ± 182.51 ng/mL), epidermal thickness (from 93.86 ± 4.61 to 42.67 ± 2.48 µm) and infiltration of mast cells (from 60.67 ± 3.21 cells to 36.00 ± 2.65 cells). Also, icariin inactivated NLRP3 inflammasome, inhibited Th2 skewing, reduced lncRNA MALAT1 expression, but elevated miR-124-3p expression in vivo and in vitro. MALAT1 increased NLRP3 expression through targeting miR-124-3p. Knockdown of MALAT1 repressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitigated Th1/Th2 imbalance in Th2-conditioned CD4+T cells, whereas both MALAT1 overexpression and miR-124-3p inhibition ablated the inhibitory effects of icariin on Th2 immune responses. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The findings further improve our understanding of the mechanism by which icariin affects AD progression, and highlights the potential of icariin in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan-Huan Yu
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Meng
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ai-Min Liu
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bu-Xin Zhang
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Fu Fang
- Dermatology Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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He Y, Wang W, Ma X, Duan Z, Wang B, Li M, Xu H. Discovery and Potential Functional Characterization of Long Noncoding RNAs Associated with Familial Acne Inversa with NCSTN Mutation. Dermatology 2023; 240:119-131. [PMID: 37490873 DOI: 10.1159/000531978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are associated with many dermatologic diseases. However, little is known about the regulatory function of lncRNAs in familial acne inversa (AI) patients with nicastrin (NCSTN) mutation. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the regulatory function of lncRNAs in familial AI patients with NCSTN mutation. METHODS The expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in skin tissues from familial AI patients with NCSTN mutation and healthy individuals were analysed in this study via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RESULTS In total, 359 lncRNAs and 1,863 mRNAs were differentially expressed between the two groups. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that the dysregulated mRNAs targeted by lncRNAs were mainly associated with the immune regulation, Staphylococcus aureus infection and B cell receptor signalling pathways. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA coexpression network contained 265 network pairs comprising 55 dysregulated lncRNAs, 11 miRNAs, and 74 mRNAs. Conservation analysis of the differentially expressed lncRNAs between familial AI patients with NCSTN mutation and Ncstn keratinocyte-specific knockout (NcstnΔKC) mice identified 6 lncRNAs with sequence conservation; these lncRNAs may participate in apoptosis, proliferation, and skin barrier function. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a direction for exploring the regulatory mechanisms underlying the progression of familial AI patients with NCSTN mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan He
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China,
| | - Wenzhu Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimin Duan
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Baoxi Wang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoxiang Xu
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Shi Y, Zhou L, Zeng W, Wei B, Deng J. Sparse Independence Component Analysis for Competitive Endogenous RNA Co-Module Identification in Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma. IEEE JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL ENGINEERING IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE 2023; 11:384-393. [PMID: 37465460 PMCID: PMC10351610 DOI: 10.1109/jtehm.2023.3283519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of different kinds of diseases and play important roles in various biological processes. Although numerous lncRNAs have been found, the functions of most lncRNAs and physiological/pathological significance are still in its infancy. Meanwhile, their expression patterns and regulation mechanisms are also far from being fully understood. METHODS In order to reveal functional lncRNAs and identify the key lncRNAs, we develop a new sparse independence component analysis (ICA) method to identify lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA expression co-modules based on the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) theory using the sample-matched lncRNA, mRNA and miRNA expression profiles. The expression data of the three RNA combined together is approximated sparsely to obtain the corresponding sparsity coefficient, and then it is decomposed by using ICA constraint optimization to obtain the common basis and modules. Subsequently, affine propagation clustering is used to perform cluster analysis on the common basis under multiple running conditions to obtain the co-modules for the selection of different RNA elements. RESULTS We applied sparse ICA to Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC) dataset and the experiment results demonstrate that the proposed sparse ICA method can effectively discover biologically functional expression common modules. CONCLUSION It may provide insights into the function of lncRNAs and molecular mechanism of LIHC. Clinical and Translational Impact Statement-The results on LIHC dataset demonstrate that the proposed sparse ICA method can effectively discover biologically functional expression common modules, which may provide insights into the function of IncRNAs and molecular mechanism of LIHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhu Shi
- Information Engineering CollegeShanghai Maritime UniversityShanghai201306China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Yangpu District Central HospitalShanghai200433China
| | - Weiming Zeng
- Information Engineering CollegeShanghai Maritime UniversityShanghai201306China
| | - Boyang Wei
- Information Engineering CollegeShanghai Maritime UniversityShanghai201306China
| | - Jin Deng
- College of Mathematics and InformaticsSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
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Yu HH, Zhao W, Zhang BX, Wang Y, Li J, Fang YF. Morinda officinalis extract exhibits protective effects against atopic dermatitis by regulating the MALAT1/miR-590-5p/CCR7 axis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1602-1612. [PMID: 36639978 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a genetic predisposition, and the traditional Chinese medicine Morinda officinalis and its roots are characterized with anti-inflammatory effects and have been used for the treatment of various disease. However, it is still largely unknown whether Morinda officinalis extract (MOE) can be used for the treatment of AD. OBJECTIVES In our study we aimed to determine whether MOE could ameliorate 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD and elucidate molecular mechanisms. METHODS We established an AD mouse model by using DNCB. Skin pathological analysis and ELISA assay were used to detect the effect of MOE on the inflammation of AD model mouse skin and the expression changes of inflammatory factors, and further functional verification was performed in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. RESULTS Our in vivo experiments confirmed that MOE remarkably reduced DNCB-induced AD lesions and symptoms, such as epidermal and dermal thickness and mast cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokines secretion in the mice models. In addition, the underlying mechanisms by which MOE ameliorated AD had been uncovered, and we verified that MOE inhibited MALAT1 expression in AD, resulting in attenuated expression of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) regulated by MALAT1-sponge miR-590-5p in a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanisms-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced cellular proliferation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bu-Xin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Fu Fang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Epigenetic Dysregulation in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:447-471. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Osthole Inhibits Expression of Genes Associated with Toll-like Receptor 2 Signaling Pathway in an Organotypic 3D Skin Model of Human Epidermis with Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010088. [PMID: 35011650 PMCID: PMC8750192 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family signature has been linked to the etiopathology of atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with skin barrier dysfunction and immune system imbalance. We aimed to investigate whether osthole (a plant-derived compound) can inhibit the genetic profile of key genes associated with TLR2 signaling (TIRAP, MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, IκBα, NFκB) after stimulation with LPS or histamine in a 3D in vitro model of AD. Overexpression of the aforementioned genes may directly increase the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (CKs) and chemokines (ChKs), which may exacerbate the symptoms of AD. Relative gene expressions were quantified by qPCR and secretion of CKs and ChKs was evaluated by ELISA assay. LPS and histamine increased the relative expression of genes related to the TLR2 pathway, and osthole successfully reduced it. In summary, our results show that osthole inhibits the expression of genes associated with the TLR signaling pathway in a skin model of AD. Moreover, the secretion of CKs and ChKs after treatment of AD with osthole in a 3D skin model in vitro suggests the potential of osthole as a novel compound for the treatment of AD.
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Bacterially Delivered miRNA-Mediated Toll-like Receptor 8 Gene Silencing for Combined Therapy in a Murine Model of Atopic Dermatitis: Therapeutic Effect of miRTLR8 in AD. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081715. [PMID: 34442794 PMCID: PMC8401271 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In atopic dermatitis (AD), skin inflammation is caused by complex interactions between genetic disposition and aberrant innate/adaptive immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key molecules in the innate/adaptive immune response as they recognize various molecular motifs associated with pathogens. Among them, TLR8 is implicated in eczematous skin reactions. We investigated the combined therapeutic effects of TLR8 gene silencing by the bacterial delivery of miRNA. We used Salmonella as a vector to deliver TLR8 miRNA. The recombinant strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) expressing TLR8 miRNA (ST-miRTLR8) was prepared for knockdown of TLR8. After oral administration of ST-miRTLR8 into mice, we observed the cytokine levels, skin pathology and scratching behaviors in an AD-like mouse model. TLR8 down-regulation decreased macrophage-derived chemokine concentrations in activated human mast cells. Serum IgE and interleukin-4 production were suppressed whereas IFN-γ was induced after oral administration of ST-miRTLR8. Scratching behaviors and skin inflammation were also improved. In addition, attenuated S. typhimurium safely accumulated in mouse macrophages and showed adjuvant effects. This study shows that the recombinant miRNA that expresses the TLR8 miRNA has therapeutic effects by suppressing Th2 inflammation. TLR gene modulation using miRNA via Salmonella vectors will thus have a double-protective effect in the treatment of AD.
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Peng S, Chen M, Yin M, Feng H. Identifying the Potential Therapeutic Targets for Atopic Dermatitis Through the Immune Infiltration Analysis and Construction of a ceRNA Network. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:437-453. [PMID: 33994801 PMCID: PMC8112859 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s310426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study was meant to analyze immune infiltration and construct a ceRNA network to explore the new therapeutic targets for atopic dermatitis (AD) through bioinformatics way. Patients and Methods We downloaded the AD patients’ RNA expression profile datasets (GSE63741, GSE124700) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, which were analyzed through the GEO2R. We explored the hub genes by the enrichment analysis and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Moreover, we estimated immune cell types and their proportions by ImmucellAI. GSE121212 dataset validation was performed to verify the robustness of the hub genes. Then, a ceRNA network was constructed by the miRWalk, miRNet, miRDB, DIANA, TargetScan, and starbase database. Finally, gene expression analysis was performed by using RT-qPCR. Results In total, we detected 22 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which contained 8 downregulated genes and 14 upregulated genes. There were 5 hub genes confirmed as key genes through PPI network analysis and the ROC curves. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that they were significantly enriched in the IL-17 signaling pathway and GO analysis showed mainly in the immune cell chemotaxis. The immune infiltration profiles were different between normal controls and AD, and each of the key genes (S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, and LCE3D) was significantly correlated with the main infiltration cell of AD. A lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA ceRNA network containing the key genes was constructed, and NEAT1 and XIST, the core of ceRNA network, were significantly overexpressing verified by RT-qPCR in AD patients. Conclusion Altogether, the key genes and their ceRNA network provided a novel perspective to the immunomodulation of AD, which may be potential and new therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University/Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University/Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yin
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University/Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University/Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Liu Y, Jing J, Yu H, Zhang J, Cao Q, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang S, Cheng W. Expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs in the cartilage of patients with knee osteoarthritis and normal individuals. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:365. [PMID: 33732338 PMCID: PMC7903471 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis is caused by a multifactorial imbalance in the synthesis and degradation of knee chondrocytes, subchondral bone and extracellular matrix. Abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affects the metabolism, synovitis, autophagy and apoptosis of chondrocytes, as well as the production of cartilage matrix. The aim of the present study was to identify novel targets for the treatment of osteoarthritis and to examine the pathogenesis of the disease. The lncRNA expression profiles of seven patients with knee osteoarthritis and six healthy controls were examined by RNA-sequencing. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected for bioinformatics analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to further investigate the differential expression of the lncRNAs. A total of 23,583 lncRNAs were identified in osteoarthritis cartilage, including 5,255 upregulated and 5,690 downregulated lncRNAs, compared with normal cartilage. Although there were more downregulated lncRNAs compared with upregulated lncRNAs, among the changed lncRNAs (fold-change >6), there were more upregulated lncRNAs compared with downregulated lncRNAs. Several lncRNAs exhibiting differences were identified as potential therapeutic targets in knee osteoarthritis. GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed for the target genes of the differentially expressed lncRNAs. RT-qPCR validation was performed on three randomly selected upregulated and downregulated lncRNAs. The results of RT-qPCR were consistent with the findings obtained by RNA-sequencing analysis. The findings from the present study may contribute to the diagnosis of osteoarthritis and may predict the development of osteoarthritis. Furthermore, the differentially expressed lncRNAs may aid in the identification of novel candidate targets for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Qiliang Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Wendan Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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12
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Wang Y, Liang N, Xue Z, Xue X. Identifying an Eight-Gene Signature to Optimize Overall Survival Prediction of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Using Bioinformatics Analysis of ceRNA Network. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:13041-13054. [PMID: 33376353 PMCID: PMC7764560 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s287084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) patients usually have a poor prognosis without early diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to identify a novel signature to improve the prediction of overall survival (OS) in EAC. Methods Eighty-one and 68 samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GSE19417 dataset were included for discovery and survival validation, respectively. In the TCGA cohort, a total of 1,811 DEmRNAs, 1,096 DElncRNAs, and 31 DEmiRNAs were identified between EAC and normal esophagus tissues. A mRNA–miRNA–lncRNA ceRNA network of EAC was established, which consisted of 94 DEmRNAs, 13 DEmiRNAs, and 46 DElncRNAs. Results In this study, we identified eight genes (UBE2B, LAMP2, B3GNT2, TAF9B, EFNA1, PHF8, PIGA, and NEURL1) which were related to survival in EAC. The independent external microarray data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was used to validate these candidate genes. The prognostic ability of the signature was also validated in EAC patients in our hospital. Patients assigned to the high-risk group had a poor overall survival rate compared with the low-risk. Conclusion The current study provides novel insights into the mRNA-related ceRNA network in EAC and the eight mRNA biomarkers may be independent prognostic signatures in predicting the survival of EAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Naixin Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Xue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Respiratory Disease, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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13
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Identification of the ceRNA networks in α-MSH-induced melanogenesis of melanocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2700-2726. [PMID: 33318297 PMCID: PMC7880406 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α-MSH is known for melanogenesis stimulation, and ceRNA is a new method involved in physiological regulation. However, whether ceRNA participates in α-MSH-induced melanogenesis remains unknown. We used ceRNA array to detect the expression profiles of lncRNAs, circRNAs, and mRNAs in melanocytes after α-MSH treatment. Moreover, the melanogenesis-related ceRNA regulatory networks were screened and validated. The expression profile analysis showed that 20 lncRNAs and 49 circRNAs changed five-fold after α-MSH treatment, while 933 mRNAs changed two-fold. Based on differentially expressed genes, GO and KEGG analysis were conducted and revealed that 14 genes were enriched in melanogenesis. Then, multiple lncRNA or circRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA networks and lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA quaternary ceRNA networks were identified. Thereinto, ENST00000606533, circ_0091223, and TYR expression were upregulated in α-MSH-treated melanocytes, while their complementary miR-1291 was decreased. Dual-luciferase reporter assay further verified that ENST00000606533 and circ_0091223 could bind to miR-1291. ENST00000606533 and circ_0091223 siRNAs decreased circ_0091223, ENST00000606533, and TYR expression, but increased miR-1291 expression. Conversely, miR-1291 mimics inhibited ENST00000606533, circ_0091223, and TYR expression. Moreover, miR-1291 inhibitor could reverse the inhibitory effect of the two siRNAs on TYR expression. Hence, the "ENST00000606533/circ_0091223-miR-1291-TYR" ceRNA network is involved in α-MSH-induced melanogenesis, and ceRNA networks may be potential therapeutic targets for skin pigmentation disorders.
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14
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Yu X, Wang M, Li L, Zhang L, Chan MTV, Wu WKK. MicroRNAs in atopic dermatitis: A systematic review. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5966-5972. [PMID: 32351034 PMCID: PMC7294122 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease, affecting up to 10% to 20% of children and 3% of adults. Although allergen sensitization, skin barrier abnormalities and type 2 immune responses are involved, the exact molecular pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (19‐25 nucleotides) single‐stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at post‐transcriptional level and are implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and immunological skin disorders. This systematic review sought to summarize our current understanding regarding the role of miRNAs in AD development. We searched articles indexed in PubMed (MEDLINE) and Web of Science databases using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) or Title/Abstract words (‘microRNA/miRNA’ and ‘atopic dermatitis/eczema’) from inception through January 2020. Observational studies revealed dysregulation of miRNAs, including miR‐143, miR‐146a, miR‐151a, miR‐155 and miR‐223, in AD patients. Experimental studies confirmed their functions in regulating keratinocyte proliferation/apoptosis, cytokine signalling and nuclear factor‐κB‐dependent inflammatory responses, together with T helper 17 and regulatory T cell activities. Altogether, this systematic review brings together contemporary findings on how deregulation of miRNAs contributes to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew Tak Vai Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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Schafer PH, Adams M, Horan G, Truzzi F, Marconi A, Pincelli C. Apremilast Normalizes Gene Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Keratinocytes and Reduces Antigen-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice. Drugs R D 2020; 19:329-338. [PMID: 31598889 PMCID: PMC6890576 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-019-00284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy in psoriasis, while its efficacy in atopic dermatitis (AD) was found to be modest. AD is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with activation of T helper (Th) 2 and Th17 immunity and a compromised epidermal barrier. Objective The objectives of this study were to examine the expression of PDE4 isoforms in skin from healthy subjects and AD patients, and to determine the effects of apremilast on AD-related inflammatory markers in vitro and in murine models of AD. Methods The expression of PDE4 isoforms (A, B, C, and D) in skin biopsies from healthy subjects and AD patients was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis. Using quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we evaluated the effects of apremilast on gene expression in adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) stimulated by Th2 and Th17 cytokines, and in two mouse models of antigen-induced AD. Results Expression of PDE4 isoforms increased up to three-fold in the epidermis of AD patients versus healthy skin. In interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17-stimulated HEKa cells, apremilast significantly changed the expression of ILs, including IL-12/IL-23p40 and IL-31, and alarmins S100A7, S100A8, and S100A12. In mouse models of AD, apremilast significantly reduced ear swelling and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression. Conclusion PDE4 is overexpressed in AD skin compared with normal skin, and inflammatory gene expression by human keratinocytes and mouse dermatitis can be modulated by apremilast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Schafer
- Sol J. Barer Laboratories, Department of Translational Development, Celgene Corporation, 181 Passaic Avenue, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA.
| | - Mary Adams
- Sol J. Barer Laboratories, Department of Translational Development, Celgene Corporation, 181 Passaic Avenue, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | - Gerald Horan
- Sol J. Barer Laboratories, Department of Translational Development, Celgene Corporation, 181 Passaic Avenue, Summit, NJ, 07901, USA
| | - Francesca Truzzi
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marconi
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Yao K, Yu Y, Zhang H. Construction for Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA)-Associated Competing Endogenous RNA (ceRNA) Network in Human Retinal Detachment (RD) with Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e919871. [PMID: 32103829 PMCID: PMC7061588 DOI: 10.12659/msm.919871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyze the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-associated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network in human retinal tissues following detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Material/Methods Expression data of 19 human detached retinas with PVR and 19 normal retinas from postmortem donors were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibust (GEO) database (GSE28133). The R package “limma” was utilized to discriminate the dysregulated lncRNA and mRNA profiles. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses of differentially expressed mRNAs were performed using R packages “Clusterprofiler.” The ceRNA network of dysregulated genes was constructed by using mircode, miRDB, miRTarBase and TargetScan databases, and was visualized by Cytoscape v3.6.1. Results A total of 23 lncRNAs and 994 mRNAs were identified significantly expressed between the human detached retinas with PVR and the normal retina tissues, with thresholds of |log2FoldChange| >1.0 and adjusted P-value <0.05. The constructed ceRNA network (lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axis) included 9 PVR-specific lncRNAs, as well as 27 miRNAs and 73 mRNAs. Conclusions We demonstrated the differential lncRNA expression profile and constructed a lncRNA-associated ceRNA network in human detached retinas with PVR. This may ferret out an unknown ceRNA regulatory network in human retinal detachment with PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yixian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Review-Current Concepts in Inflammatory Skin Diseases Evolved by Transcriptome Analysis: In-Depth Analysis of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030699. [PMID: 31973112 PMCID: PMC7037913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, high-throughput assessment of gene expression in patient tissues using microarray technology or RNA-Seq took center stage in clinical research. Insights into the diversity and frequency of transcripts in healthy and diseased conditions provide valuable information on the cellular status in the respective tissues. Growing with the technique, the bioinformatic analysis toolkit reveals biologically relevant pathways which assist in understanding basic pathophysiological mechanisms. Conventional classification systems of inflammatory skin diseases rely on descriptive assessments by pathologists. In contrast to this, molecular profiling may uncover previously unknown disease classifying features. Thereby, treatments and prognostics of patients may be improved. Furthermore, disease models in basic research in comparison to the human disease can be directly validated. The aim of this article is not only to provide the reader with information on the opportunities of these techniques, but to outline potential pitfalls and technical limitations as well. Major published findings are briefly discussed to provide a broad overview on the current findings in transcriptomics in inflammatory skin diseases.
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MicroRNA-155-5p is a key regulator of allergic inflammation, modulating the epithelial barrier by targeting PKIα. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:884. [PMID: 31767859 PMCID: PMC6877533 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNA-155-5p (miR-155-5p) plays an essential role in the regulation of allergen-induced inflammation and is overexpressed in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), although the mechanism is unknown. In this study, silencing miR-155-5p attenuated the thickening of the epidermis in AD model and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the secretion of Th2 cytokines. Protein kinase inhibitor α (PKIα) was identified as a direct target of miR-155-5p and correlated negatively with miR-155-5p in our AD model. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that miR-155-5p-expressing cells were predominantly present in the epidermis. When epithelial cells were transfected with an miR-155-5p inhibitor, the expression of PKIα, occludin, and CLDN16 increased and that of TSLP decreased significantly, whereas the overexpression of miR-155-5p resulted in the opposite changes. The increased expression of PKIα and tight junction (TJ) proteins, with reduced TSLP and IL-33, was also detected in miR-155-5p-blocked mice, in both the initial and elicitation stages of AD. The expression of TJ proteins also decreased when cells were transfected with PKIα siRNA. TJ proteins increased and TSLP and IL-33 decreased significantly after the overexpression of PKIα. Our data provide the first evidence that miR-155-5p is critical for the allergic inflammation in a mouse model of AD by directly regulating PKIα and thus epithelial TJ expression. These findings suggest new therapeutic strategies that target miR-155-5p in patients with allergic disorders.
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