1
|
Chen S, Xu Y, Zhuo W, Zhang L. The emerging role of lactate in tumor microenvironment and its clinical relevance. Cancer Lett 2024; 590:216837. [PMID: 38548215 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the significant impact of lactate in the tumor microenvironment has been greatly documented. Acting not only as an energy substance in tumor metabolism, lactate is also an imperative signaling molecule. It plays key roles in metabolic remodeling, protein lactylation, immunosuppression, drug resistance, epigenetics and tumor metastasis, which has a tight relation with cancer patients' poor prognosis. This review illustrates the roles lactate plays in different aspects of tumor progression and drug resistance. From the comprehensive effects that lactate has on tumor metabolism and tumor immunity, the therapeutic targets related to it are expected to bring new hope for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yining Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Okui T, Hiasa M, Hasegawa K, Nakamura T, Ono K, Ibaragi S, Kanno T, Sasaki A, Yoneda T. Lactate secreted via MCT4 from bone‑colonizing breast cancer excites sensory neurons via GPR81. Int J Oncol 2023; 62:39. [PMID: 36799150 PMCID: PMC9946803 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) bone metastasis causes bone pain (BP), which detrimentally damages the quality of life and outcome of patients with BC. However, the mechanism of BC‑BP is poorly understood, and effective treatments are limited. The present study demonstrated a novel mechanism of BC‑BP using a mouse model of bone pain, in which mouse (EO771) and human (MDA‑MB‑231) BC cells were injected in the bone marrow cavity of tibiae. Western blot analysis using sensory nerves, in vivo assessment of cancer pain and in vitro calcium flux analysis were performed. These mice developed progressive BC‑BP in tibiae in conjunction with an upregulation of phosphorylated pERK1/2 and cAMP‑response element‑binding protein (pCREB), which are molecular indicators of neuron excitation, in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of sensory nerves. Importantly, mice injected with BC cells, in which the expression of the lactic acid transporter monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) was silenced, exhibited decreased BC‑BP with downregulated expression of pERK1/2 and pCREB in the DRG and reduced circulating levels of lactate compared with mice injected with parental BC cells. Further, silencing of the cell‑surface orphan receptor for lactate, G protein‑coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), in the F11 sensory neuron cells decreased lactate‑promoted upregulation of pERK1/2 and Ca2+ influx, suggesting that the sensory neuron excitation was inhibited. These results suggested that lactate released from BC cells via MCT4 induced BC‑BP through the activation of GPR81 of sensory neurons. In conclusion, the activation of GPR81 of sensory neurons by lactate released via MCT4 from BC was demonstrated to contribute to the induction of BC‑BP, and disruption of the interactions among lactate, MCT4 and GPR81 may be a novel approach to control BC‑BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan,Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine and The Roudebush Veterans Administration, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Correspondence to: Dr Tatsuo Okui, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan, E-mail:
| | - Masahiro Hiasa
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine and The Roudebush Veterans Administration, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kanno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine and The Roudebush Veterans Administration, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okui T, Hiasa M, Ryumon S, Ono K, Kunisada Y, Ibaragi S, Sasaki A, Roodman GD, White FA, Yoneda T. The HMGB1/RAGE axis induces bone pain associated with colonization of 4T1 mouse breast cancer in bone. J Bone Oncol 2020; 26:100330. [PMID: 33204606 PMCID: PMC7649349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2020.100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 4T1 mouse breast cancer injected in tibiae induced bone pain. The 4T1 breast cancer secreted high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) that promotes axogenesis of sensory neurons. Bone pain was reduced by HMGB1 antibody and an antagonist for the receptor for advanced glycation end products.
Bone pain is a common complication of breast cancer (BC) bone metastasis and is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality. Although the mechanism of BC-associated bone pain (BCABP) remains poorly understood, involvement of BC products in the pathophysiology of BCABP has been proposed. Aggressive cancers secrete damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that bind to specific DAMP receptors and modulate cancer microenvironment. A prototypic DAMP, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which acts as a ligand for the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptors (TLRs), is increased in its expression in BC patients with poor outcomes. Here we show that 4T1 mouse BC cells colonizing bone up-regulate the expression of molecular pain markers, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK) and pCREB, in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) innervating bone and induced BCABP as evaluated by hind-paw mechanical hypersensitivity. Importantly, silencing HMGB1 in 4T1 BC cells by shRNA reduced pERK and pCREB and BCABP with decreased HMGB1 levels in bone. Further, administration of a neutralizing antibody to HMGB1 or an antagonist for RAGE, FPS-ZM1, ameliorated pERK, pCREB and BCABP, while a TLR4 antagonist, TAK242, showed no effects. Consistent with these in vivo results, co-cultures of F11 sensory neuron-like cells with 4T1 BC cells in microfluidic culture platforms increased neurite outgrowth of F11 cells, which was blocked by HMGB1 antibody. Our results show that HMGB1 secreted by BC cells induces BCABP via binding to RAGE of sensory neurons and suggest that the HMGB1/RAGE axis may be a potential novel therapeutic target for BCABP.
Collapse
Key Words
- 4T1 mice, mice intratibially inoculated with 4T1 BC cells
- 4T1/sh HMGB1 mice, mice intratibially inoculated with 4T1 BC/sh HMGB1 cells
- 4T1/sh control mice, mice intratibially inoculated with 4T1 BC/sh control cells
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BC, breast cancer
- BCABP, breast cancer-associated bone pain
- Bone pain
- Breast cancer
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CM, conditioned medium
- CREB, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion
- DbcAMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, high mobility group box 1
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MNOCs, multinucleated osteoclast-like cells
- RAGE
- RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
- SN, sensory neuron
- Sensory neurons
- TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
- TRL, toll-like receptor
- pCREB, phosphorylated CREB
- pERK, phosphorylated ERK
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Masahiro Hiasa
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineerings, University of Tokushima Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shoji Ryumon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Kunisada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - G David Roodman
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,The Rodebusch VA, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fletcher A White
- Department of Anesthesia, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakamura T, Okui T, Hasegawa K, Ryumon S, Ibaragi S, Ono K, Kunisada Y, Obata K, Masui M, Shimo T, Sasaki A. High mobility group box 1 induces bone pain associated with bone invasion in a mouse model of advanced head and neck cancer. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2547-2558. [PMID: 33125145 PMCID: PMC7640359 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced head and neck cancer (HNC) can invade facial bone and cause bone pain, thus posing a significant challenge to the quality of life of patients presenting with advanced HNC. The present study was designed to investigate HNC bone pain (HNC-BP) in an intratibial mouse xenograft model that utilized an HNC cell line (SAS cells). These mice develop HNC-BP that is associated with an expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), which is a molecular indicator of neuron excitation in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons. Our experiments demonstrated that the inhibition of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) by short hairpin (shRNA) transduction, HMGB1 neutralizing antibody, and HMGB1 receptor antagonist suppressed the HNC-BP and the pERK1/2 expression in DRG. It was also observed that HNC-derived HMGB1 increased the expression of the acid-sensing nociceptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which is a major cause of osteoclastic HNC-BP in DRG. Collectively, our results demonstrated that HMGB1 originating in HNC evokes HNC-BP via direct HMGB1 signaling and hypersensitization for the acid environment in sensory neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Shoji Ryumon
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Yuki Kunisada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Obata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Masanori Masui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061‑0293, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Biopathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700‑8525, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peterson RA, König C, Zimmermann K, Barry CM, Wiklendt L, Brookes SJH. Effects of Lactate on One Class of Group III (CT3) Muscle Afferents. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:215. [PMID: 32848615 PMCID: PMC7424053 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of Group III muscle afferent neurons has branching sensory terminals in the connective tissue between layers of mouse abdominal muscles (“CT3 muscle afferents”). These sensory endings are both mechanosensitive and metabosensitive. In the present study, responses of CT3 afferents to lactate ions and changes in temperature were recorded. Raising muscle temperature from 32.7°C to 37°C had no consistent effects on CT3 afferent basal firing rate or responses to either von Frey hair stimulation or to an applied load. Superfusion with lactate ions (15 mM, pH 7.4) was associated with an increase in firing from 6 ± 0.7 Hz to 11.7 ± 6.7 Hz (14 units, n = 13, P < 0.05, P = 0.0484) but with considerable variability in the nature and latency of response. Reducing the concentration of extracellular divalent cations, which mimicked the chelating effects of lactate, did not increase firing. Raised concentrations of divalent cations (to compensate for chelation) did not block excitatory effects of lactate on CT3 afferents, suggesting that effects via ASIC3 were not involved. Messenger RNA for the G-protein coupled receptor, hydroxyl carboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) was detected in dorsal root ganglia and HCAR1-like immunoreactivity was present in spinal afferent nerve cell bodies retrogradely labeled from mouse abdominal muscles. HCAR1-like immunoreactivity was also present in axons in mouse abdominal muscles. This raises the possibility that some effects of lactate on group III muscle afferents may be mediated by HCAR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A Peterson
- Neurogastroentrology Laboratory, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine König
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie am Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Zimmermann
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie am Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine M Barry
- Musculoskeletal Neurobiology Laboratory, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- Neurogastroentrology Laboratory, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon J H Brookes
- Neurogastroentrology Laboratory, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
He JH, Yu L, Wang ZY, Wang Q, Cao JL, Gu LB. Inhibition Of Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 In Spinal Cord Horn Significantly Reverses Chronic Inflammatory Pain. J Pain Res 2019; 12:2981-2990. [PMID: 31807055 PMCID: PMC6842320 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s219359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic inflammatory pain is a common condition in the clinic, and the underlying mechanism is not being completely understood. Various studies have demonstrated that central and peripheral sensitization and synaptic plasticity could play crucial functions in chronic inflammatory pain. Moreover, families of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are closely related to cellular metabolism and synaptic plasticity, and it is also reported that MCTs participate in chronic inflammatory pain. Nevertheless, there is a probability of the engaging role of MCT 1 is in chronic inflammatory pain, but its specific cellular level mechanism is yet to be investigated. In our study, we hypothesized that MCT 1 in the spinal dorsal horn plays an important part in chronic inflammatory pain. Methods In experiment A, rats were gone through nociceptive behavioral testing at 1 d day before and 1 d, 3 d, and 7 d after completing complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) injection. The specimens collected for detecting MCT 1 by Western blotting. In experiment B, rats were randomly divided into four groups. Intrathecal injection of MCT 1 inhibitor and nociceptive behavioral tests were performed 1 d day before and 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d after CFA injection. MCT 1 and p-ERK levels in spinal dorsal horn were measured by Western blotting, and GFAP in spinal dorsal horn was detected by immunofluorescence. Results The expression of MCT 1 in the spinal dorsal horn was increased during chronic inflammatory pain in rats. The intrathecal injection of an MCT 1 inhibitor evidently diminished the expression of MCT 1 and GFAP in the spinal dorsal horn, and the behavioral nociceptive responses were also attenuated. Meanwhile, the expression of p-ERK was also decreased by the intrathecal injection of an MCT 1 inhibitor. Conclusion Our results indicate that MCT 1 very likely play a critical role in regulating chronic inflammatory pain and may influence the regulation of synaptic plasticity via ERK in the spinal dorsal horn of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Integrate Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing,People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Meishan Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Li Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Bing Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|