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Kurczynska E, Godel-Jędrychowska K. Apoplastic and Symplasmic Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1951. [PMID: 37653868 PMCID: PMC10224393 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a process that scientists have been trying to understand for many years because, on the one hand, it is a manifestation of the totipotency of plant cells, so it enables the study of the mechanisms regulating this process, and, on the other hand, it is an important method of plant propagation. Using SE in basic research and in practice is invaluable. This article describes the latest, but also historical, information on changes in the chemical composition of the cell wall during the transition of cells from the somatic to embryogenic state, and the importance of symplasmic communication during SE. Among wall chemical components, different pectic, AGP, extensin epitopes, and lipid transfer proteins have been discussed as potential apoplastic markers of explant cells during the acquisition of embryogenic competence. The role of symplasmic communication/isolation during SE has also been discussed, paying particular attention to the formation of symplasmic domains within and between cells that carry out different developmental processes. Information about the number and functionality of plasmodesmata (PD) and callose deposition as the main player in symplasmic isolation has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kurczynska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Cell Wall Glycan Changes in Different Brachypodium Tissues Give Insights into Monocot Biomass. FERMENTATION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The annual temperate grass Brachypodium distachyon has become a model system for monocot biomass crops and for understanding lignocellulosic recalcitrance to employ better saccharification and fermentation approaches. It is a monocot plant used to study the grass cell walls that differ from the cell walls of dicot plants such as the eudicot model Arabidopsis. The B. distachyon cell wall is predominantly composed of cellulose, arabinoxylans, and mixed-linkage glucans, and it resembles the cell walls of other field grasses. It has a vascular bundle anatomy similar to C3 grasses. These features make Brachypodium an ideal model to study cell walls. Cell walls are composed of polymers with complex structures that vary between cell types and at different developmental stages. Antibodies that recognize specific cell wall components are currently one of the most effective and specific molecular probes to determine the location and distribution of polymers in plant cell walls in situ. Here, we investigated the glycan distribution in the cell walls of the root and leaf tissues of Brachypodium by employing cell-wall-directed antibodies against diverse glycan epitopes. There are distinct differences in the presence of the epitopes between the root and leaf tissues as well as in the cell type level, which gives insights into monocot biomass.
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Wehbi H, Soulhat C, Morin H, Bendahmane A, Hilson P, Bouchabké-Coussa O. One-Week Scutellar Somatic Embryogenesis in the Monocot Brachypodium distachyon. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081068. [PMID: 35448796 PMCID: PMC9025947 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a natural process of vegetative propagation. It can be induced in tissue cultures to investigate developmental transitions, to create transgenic or edited lines, or to multiply valuable crops. We studied the induction of SE in the scutellum of monocots with Brachypodium distachyon as a model system. Towards the in-depth analysis of SE initiation, we determined the earliest stages at which somatic scutellar cells acquired an embryogenic fate, then switched to a morphogenetic mode in a regeneration sequence involving treatments with exogenous hormones: first an auxin (2,4-D) then a cytokinin (kinetin). Our observations indicated that secondary somatic embryos could already develop in the proliferative calli derived from immature zygotic embryo tissues within one week from the start of in vitro culture. Cell states and tissue identity were deduced from detailed histological examination, and in situ hybridization was performed to map the expression of key developmental genes. The fast SE induction method we describe here facilitates the mechanistic study of the processes involved and may significantly shorten the production of transgenic or gene-edited plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssein Wehbi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (H.W.); (C.S.); (O.B.-C.)
| | - Camille Soulhat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (H.W.); (C.S.); (O.B.-C.)
| | - Halima Morin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Pierre Hilson
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (H.W.); (C.S.); (O.B.-C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Oumaya Bouchabké-Coussa
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France; (H.W.); (C.S.); (O.B.-C.)
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Liu D, Mu Q, Li X, Xu S, Li Y, Gu T. The callus formation capacity of strawberry leaf explant is modulated by DNA methylation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab073. [PMID: 35043170 PMCID: PMC8947209 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Shoot regeneration from leaf tissue requires de-differentiation of cells from a highly differentiated state into an active dividing state, but how this physiological transition occurs and is regulated especially at epigenetic level remains obscure. Here we have characterized the DNA methylome represented by 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in leaf and the callus tissue derived from the leaf explant of woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca. We detected an overall increase of DNA methylation and distinct 5mC enrichment patterns in the CG, CHG and CHH sequence contexts in genetic and transposable elements. Our analyses revealed an intricate relation between DNA methylation and gene expression levels in leaf or leaf-derived callus. However, when considering the genes involved in callus formation and shoot regeneration, e.g. FvePLT3/7, FveWIND3, FveWIND4, FveLOG4 and FveIAA14, their dynamic transcription levels were associated with the differentially methylated regions located in the promoters or gene bodies, indicating a regulatory role of DNA methylation in the transcriptional regulation of pluripotency acquisition in strawberry. Furthermore, application of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5'-azacytidine (5'-Aza) hampered both callus formation and shoot regeneration from the leaf explant. We further showed that 5'-Aza down-regulated the genes involved in cell wall integrity, such as expansin, pectin lyase and pectin methylesterase genes, suggesting an essential role of cell wall metabolism during callus formation. This study reveals the contribution of DNA methylation in callus formation capacity and will provide a basis for developing a strategy to improve shoot regeneration for basic and applied research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Qin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xianyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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3,4-Dehydro-L-proline Induces Programmed Cell Death in the Roots of Brachypodium distachyon. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147548. [PMID: 34299166 PMCID: PMC8303501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As cell wall proteins, the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) take part in plant growth and various developmental processes. To fulfil their functions, HRGPs, extensins (EXTs) in particular, undergo the hydroxylation of proline by the prolyl-4-hydroxylases. The activity of these enzymes can be inhibited with 3,4-dehydro-L-proline (3,4-DHP), which enables its application to reveal the functions of the HRGPs. Thus, to study the involvement of HRGPs in the development of root hairs and roots, we treated seedlings of Brachypodium distachyon with 250 µM, 500 µM, and 750 µM of 3,4-DHP. The histological observations showed that the root epidermis cells and the cortex cells beneath them ruptured. The immunostaining experiments using the JIM20 antibody, which recognizes the EXT epitopes, demonstrated the higher abundance of this epitope in the control compared to the treated samples. The transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed morphological and ultrastructural features that are typical for the vacuolar-type of cell death. Using the TUNEL test (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling), we showed an increase in the number of nuclei with damaged DNA in the roots that had been treated with 3,4-DHP compared to the control. Finally, an analysis of two metacaspases' gene activity revealed an increase in their expression in the treated roots. Altogether, our results show that inhibiting the prolyl-4-hydroxylases with 3,4-DHP results in a vacuolar-type of cell death in roots, thereby highlighting the important role of HRGPs in root hair development and root growth.
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Betekhtin A, Hus K, Rojek-Jelonek M, Kurczynska E, Nibau C, Doonan JH, Hasterok R. In Vitro Tissue Culture in Brachypodium: Applications and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1037. [PMID: 32033195 PMCID: PMC7037373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon has become an excellent model for plant breeding and bioenergy grasses that permits many fundamental questions in grass biology to be addressed. One of the constraints to performing research in many grasses has been the difficulty with which they can be genetically transformed and the generally low frequency of such transformations. In this review, we discuss the contribution that transformation techniques have made in Brachypodium biology as well as how Brachypodium could be used to determine the factors that might contribute to transformation efficiency. In particular, we highlight the latest research on the mechanisms that govern the gradual loss of embryogenic potential in a tissue culture and propose using B. distachyon as a model for other recalcitrant monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Betekhtin
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Karolina Hus
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Magdalena Rojek-Jelonek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Ewa Kurczynska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
| | - Candida Nibau
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK; (C.N.); (J.H.D.)
| | - John H. Doonan
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK; (C.N.); (J.H.D.)
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.H.); (M.R.-J.); (E.K.); (R.H.)
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Composition of the Reconstituted Cell Wall in Protoplast-Derived Cells of Daucus is Affected by Phytosulfokine (PSK). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215490. [PMID: 31690047 PMCID: PMC6862203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosulfokine-α (PSK), a peptidyl plant growth factor, has been recognized as a promising intercellular signaling molecule involved in cellular proliferation and dedifferentiation. It was shown that PSK stimulated and enhanced cell divisions in protoplast cultures of several species leading to callus and proembryogenic mass formation. Since PSK had been shown to cause an increase in efficiency of somatic embryogenesis, it was reasonable to check the distribution of selected chemical components of the cell walls during the protoplast regeneration process. So far, especially for the carrot, a model species for in vitro cultures, it has not been specified what pectic, arabinogalactan protein (AGP) and extensin epitopes are involved in the reconstruction of the wall in protoplast-derived cells. Even less is known about the correlation between wall regeneration and the presence of PSK during the protoplast culture. Three Daucus taxa, including the cultivated carrot, were analyzed during protoplast regeneration. Several antibodies directed against wall components (anti-pectin: LM19, LM20, anti-AGP: JIM4, JIM8, JIM13 and anti-extensin: JIM12) were used. The obtained results indicate a diverse response of the used Daucus taxa to PSK in terms of protoplast-derived cell development, and diversity in the chemical composition of the cell walls in the control and the PSK-treated cultures.
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Pinski A, Betekhtin A, Sala K, Godel-Jedrychowska K, Kurczynska E, Hasterok R. Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins as Markers of Temperature Stress in the Leaves of Brachypodium distachyon. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102571. [PMID: 31130622 PMCID: PMC6567261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants frequently encounter diverse abiotic stresses, one of which is environmental thermal stress. To cope with these stresses, plants have developed a range of mechanisms, including altering the cell wall architecture, which is facilitated by the arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) and extensins (EXT). In order to characterise the localisation of the epitopes of the AGP and EXT, which are induced by the stress connected with a low (4 °C) or a high (40 °C) temperature, in the leaves of Brachypodium distachyon, we performed immunohistochemical analyses using the antibodies that bind to selected AGP (JIM8, JIM13, JIM16, LM2 and MAC207), pectin/AGP (LM6) as well as EXT (JIM11, JIM12 and JIM20). The analyses of the epitopes of the AGP indicated their presence in the phloem and in the inner bundle sheath (JIM8, JIM13, JIM16 and LM2). The JIM16 epitope was less abundant in the leaves from the low or high temperature compared to the control leaves. The LM2 epitope was more abundant in the leaves that had been subjected to the high temperatures. In the case of JIM13 and MAC207, no changes were observed at the different temperatures. The epitopes of the EXT were primarily observed in the mesophyll and xylem cells of the major vascular bundle (JIM11, JIM12 and JIM20) and no correlation was observed between the presence of the epitopes and the temperature stress. We also analysed changes in the level of transcript accumulation of some of the genes encoding EXT, EXT-like receptor kinases and AGP in the response to the temperature stress. In both cases, although we observed the upregulation of the genes encoding AGP in stressed plants, the changes were more pronounced at the high temperature. Similar changes were observed in the expression profiles of the EXT and EXT-like receptor kinase genes. Our findings may be relevant for genetic engineering of plants with increased resistance to the temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pinski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Alexander Betekhtin
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Sala
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Kamila Godel-Jedrychowska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kurczynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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