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Xu Y, Li M, Lin M, Cui D, Xie J. Glutaminolysis of CD4 + T Cells: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Viral Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:603-616. [PMID: 38318243 PMCID: PMC10840576 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s443482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of viral diseases, which are activated by the internal metabolic pathways encountering with viral antigens. Glutaminolysis converts glutamine into tricarboxylic acid (TCA) circulating metabolites by α-ketoglutaric acid, which is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of CD4+ T cells and plays a central role in providing the energy and structural components needed for viral replication after the virus hijacks the host cell. Changes in glutaminolysis in CD4+ T cells are accompanied by changes in the viral status of the host cell due to competition for glutamine between immune cells and host cells. More recently, attempts have been made to treat tumours, autoimmune diseases, and viral diseases by altering the breakdown of glutamine in T cells. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of glutaminolysis in the CD4+ T cell subsets from viral diseases, not only increasing our understanding of immunometabolism but also providing a new perspective for therapeutic target in viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Lin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China
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Jose S, Jerome R, Krishnan A, Jagan OA, Li D, Menon V. Differential Expression Patterns of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 and Other Tryptophan and Arginine Catabolic Pathway Genes in Dengue Correlate with Clinical Severity-Pilot Study Results. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:268-281. [PMID: 36921291 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism can modulate inflammatory responses inducing immunotolerance or immunosuppressive effects. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. Early aberrant inflammation is implicated in severe dengue, and herein we investigate and characterize the expression of IDO pathway genes in severe dengue patients. We use a SyBR green-based qPCR to evaluate the leukocyte expression levels of IDO1, IDO2, AhR, TGF-β, ARG1, IFNγ, and IFNα in a dengue patient cohort (n = 51). Twenty-two cases were identified as severe dengue using the WHO case classification (2009) criteria. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to examine the relationships of gene expression profiles with disease severity and laboratory markers of clinical severity. We find that two principal components describe most of the variance (65.3%) in the expression patterns of the cohort. Reduced expression of IDO1, TGF-β, and AhR, represented by low Component 2 scores, was significantly associated with disease severity, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Higher expression levels of IDO2, IFNγ, and IFNα positively correlated with Component 1 scores, and were significantly associated with elevated ALT (p = 0.018) and AST (p = 0.017) enzymes. Our results suggest that profiling the baseline expression patterns of the IDO pathway genes may aid in the identification of dengue patients most at risk of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Jose
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Roshni Jerome
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Ajai Krishnan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | | | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Veena Menon
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) Suppresses Virus Replication in Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Limiting Kynurenine Synthesis. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.02956-20. [PMID: 33758082 PMCID: PMC8092273 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02956-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), reprogram cellular metabolism using host metabolic regulators to support virus replication. Alternatively, in response to infection, the host can use metabolism to limit virus replication. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication depends on the activities of several host regulators of metabolism. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) was previously proposed to support virus replication through its metabolic regulatory function. HIF1α protein levels rise in response to HCMV infection in nonhypoxic conditions, but its effect on HCMV replication was not investigated. We addressed the role of HIF1α in HCMV replication by generating primary human cells with HIF1α knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9. When HIF1α was absent, we found that HCMV replication was enhanced, showing that HIF1α suppresses viral replication. We used untargeted metabolomics to determine if HIF1α regulates metabolite concentrations in HCMV-infected cells. We discovered that in HCMV-infected cells, HIF1α suppresses intracellular and extracellular concentrations of kynurenine. HIF1α also suppressed the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the rate-limiting enzyme in kynurenine synthesis. In addition to its role in tryptophan metabolism, kynurenine acts as a signaling messenger by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Inhibiting AhR reduces HCMV replication, while activating AhR with an exogenous ligand increases virus replication. Moreover, we found that feeding kynurenine to cells promotes HCMV replication. Overall, our findings indicate that HIF1α reduces HCMV replication by regulating metabolism and metabolite signaling.
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Ufermann CM, Domröse A, Babel T, Tersteegen A, Cengiz SC, Eller SK, Spekker-Bosker K, Sorg UR, Förster I, Däubener W. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity During Acute Toxoplasmosis and the Suppressed T Cell Proliferation in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:184. [PMID: 31231617 PMCID: PMC6561234 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular parasite and belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa. T. gondii is of medical and veterinary importance, because T. gondii causes the parasitic disease toxoplasmosis. In human cells, the interferon-gamma inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an antimicrobial effector mechanism that degrades tryptophan to kynurenine and thus limits pathogen proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, IDO is described to have immunosuppressive properties, e.g., regulatory T cell differentiation and T cell suppression in humans and mice. However, there is only little known about the role of IDO1 in mice during acute toxoplasmosis. To shed further light on the role of mIDO1 in vivo, we have used a specifically adjusted experimental model. Therein, we infected mIDO1-deficient (IDO−/−) C57BL/6 mice and appropriate wild-type (WT) control mice with a high dose of T. gondii ME49 tachyozoites (type II strain) via the intraperitoneal route and compared the phenotype of IDO−/− and WT mice during acute toxoplasmosis. During murine T. gondii infection, we found mIDO1 mRNA and mIDO1 protein, as well as mIDO1-mediated tryptophan degradation in lungs of WT mice. IDO−/− mice show no tryptophan degradation in the lung during infection. Even though T. gondii is tryptophan auxotroph and rapidly replicates during acute infection, the parasite load was similar in IDO−/− mice compared to WT mice 7 days post-infection. IDO1 is described to have immunosuppressive properties, and since T cell suppression is observed during acute toxoplasmosis, we analyzed the possible involvement of mIDO1. Here, we did not find differences in the intensity of ex vivo mitogen stimulated T cell proliferation between WT and IDO−/− mice. Concomitant nitric oxide synthase inhibition and interleukin-2 supplementation increased the T cell proliferation from both genotypes drastically, but not completely. In sum, we analyzed the involvement of mIDO1 during acute murine toxoplasmosis in our specifically adjusted experimental model and found a definite mIDO1 induction. Nevertheless, mIDO1 seems to be functional redundant as an antiparasitic defense mechanism during acute toxoplasmosis in mice. Furthermore, we suggest that the systemic T cell suppression observed during acute toxoplasmosis is influenced by nitric oxide activity and IL-2 deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Ufermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Domröse
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timo Babel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Tersteegen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sevgi Can Cengiz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Kathrin Eller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Spekker-Bosker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ursula Regina Sorg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Däubener
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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