1
|
Samouilidou EC, Liaouri A, Kostopoulos V, Nikas D, Grapsa E. The importance of paraoxonase 1 activity in chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2376930. [PMID: 38982880 PMCID: PMC11238655 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2376930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is one of the most significant antioxidative enzymes associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It has been proved that is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases including chronic kidney disease (CKD). The association between PON1 and CKD seems to be mutual, such that the disease produces a significant decrease in PON1 activity levels, while the genetics of PON1 may affect the risk of susceptibility to CKD. Recent studies reveal that the decrease in serum PON1 activity observed in non-dialyzed and dialyzed CKD patients as well as in renal transplant (RT) patients is linked to an increased vulnerability to atherosclerosis. We intend to summarize current literature concerning PON1 activity in CKD, highlighting on the main determinants of PON1 activity, its association with oxidative stress, the impact of its genetic polymorphism on the disease development, the effect of drugs and nutritional state. Furthermore, evidence supporting the implication of reduced PON1 activity in the incident of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients, is also examined. It appears that despite the lack of standardization of PON1 activity measurement, PON1 remains a valuable biomarker for the researchers through the last decades, which contributes to the assessment of the antioxidant status having prognostic benefit on adverse clinical outcomes at various stages and etiologies of kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dimitris Nikas
- Department of Biochemistry, "Alexandra" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pavanello C, Ossoli A. HDL and chronic kidney disease. ATHEROSCLEROSIS PLUS 2023; 52:9-17. [PMID: 37193017 PMCID: PMC10182177 DOI: 10.1016/j.athplu.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations are a typical trait of the dyslipidemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this condition, plasma HDLs are characterized by alterations in structure and function, and these particles can lose their atheroprotective functions, e.g., the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties and they can even become dysfunctional, i.e., exactly damaging. The reduction in plasma HDL-C levels appears to be the only lipid alteration clearly linked to the progression of renal disease in CKD patients. The association between the HDL system and CKD development and progression is also supported by the presence of genetic kidney alterations linked to HDL metabolism, including mutations in the APOA1, APOE, APOL and LCAT genes. Among these, renal disease associated with LCAT deficiency is well characterized and lipid abnormalities detected in LCAT deficiency carriers mirror the ones observed in CKD patients, being present also in acquired LCAT deficiency. This review summarizes the major alterations in HDL structure and function in CKD and how genetic alterations in HDL metabolism can be linked to kidney dysfunction. Finally, the possibility of targeting the HDL system as possible strategy to slow CKD progression is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Corresponding author. Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti, 9, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dietary Lipids and Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093138. [PMID: 34579015 PMCID: PMC8472557 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to altered lipid metabolism. CKD patients exhibit high blood triglyceride (TG) levels, reduced concentrations and functionality of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and elevated levels of atherogenic small, dense, low-density lipoproteins (sdLDL). Disorders of lipid metabolism and other metabolic disturbances place CKD patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Extensive evidence supports the cardioprotective effects of unsaturated fatty acids, including their beneficial effect on serum cholesterol and TG levels. Dietary lipids might therefore be especially important in the nutritional management of CKD. We review current dietary recommendations for fat intake by CKD patients and suggest potential nutritional interventions by emphasizing dietary lipids that might improve the blood lipid profile and reduce cardiovascular risk in CKD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Julve J, Escolà-Gil JC. High-Density Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Disease: The Good, the Bad, and the Future. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147488. [PMID: 34299108 PMCID: PMC8307852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Julve
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (J.C.E.-G.)
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques IIB Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (J.C.E.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coimbra S, Reis F, Valente MJ, Rocha S, Catarino C, Rocha-Pereira P, Sameiro-Faria M, Bronze-da-Rocha E, Belo L, Santos-Silva A. Subpopulations of High-Density Lipoprotein: Friends or Foes in Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease? Biomedicines 2021; 9:554. [PMID: 34065648 PMCID: PMC8157071 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a major traditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, although the altered lipid profile does not explain the number and severity of CVD events. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a heterogeneous (size, composition, and functionality) population of particles with different atherogenic or atheroprotective properties. HDL-cholesterol concentrations per se may not entirely reflect a beneficial or a risk profile for CVD. Large HDL in CKD patients may have a unique proteome and lipid composition, impairing their cholesterol efflux capacity. This lack of HDL functionality may contribute to the paradoxical coexistence of increased large HDL and enhanced risk for CVD events. Moreover, CKD is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, diabetes, and/or hypertension that are able to interfere with the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antithrombotic properties of HDL subpopulations. How these changes interfere with HDL functions in CKD is still poorly understood. Further studies are warranted to fully clarify if different HDL subpopulations present different functionalities and/or atheroprotective effects. To achieve this goal, the standardization of techniques would be valuable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Coimbra
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (C.C.); (P.R.-P.); (M.S.-F.); (E.B.-d.-R.); (L.B.); (A.S.-S.)
- CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), 4585-116 Gandra-Paredes, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valente
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (C.C.); (P.R.-P.); (M.S.-F.); (E.B.-d.-R.); (L.B.); (A.S.-S.)
| | - Susana Rocha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Cristina Catarino
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (C.C.); (P.R.-P.); (M.S.-F.); (E.B.-d.-R.); (L.B.); (A.S.-S.)
| | - Petronila Rocha-Pereira
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (C.C.); (P.R.-P.); (M.S.-F.); (E.B.-d.-R.); (L.B.); (A.S.-S.)
- Chemistry Department, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Sameiro-Faria
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (C.C.); (P.R.-P.); (M.S.-F.); (E.B.-d.-R.); (L.B.); (A.S.-S.)
- Hemodialysis Clinic Hospital Agostinho Ribeiro, 4610-106 Felgueiras, Portugal
| | - Elsa Bronze-da-Rocha
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (C.C.); (P.R.-P.); (M.S.-F.); (E.B.-d.-R.); (L.B.); (A.S.-S.)
| | - Luís Belo
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (C.C.); (P.R.-P.); (M.S.-F.); (E.B.-d.-R.); (L.B.); (A.S.-S.)
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.V.); (C.C.); (P.R.-P.); (M.S.-F.); (E.B.-d.-R.); (L.B.); (A.S.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
High-Density Lipoproteins and the Kidney. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040764. [PMID: 33807271 PMCID: PMC8065870 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a typical trait of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is typically characterized by reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol(c) levels. The low HDL-c concentration is the only lipid alteration associated with the progression of renal disease in mild-to-moderate CKD patients. Plasma HDL levels are not only reduced but also characterized by alterations in composition and structure, which are responsible for the loss of atheroprotective functions, like the ability to promote cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proprieties. The interconnection between HDL and renal function is confirmed by the fact that genetic HDL defects can lead to kidney disease; in fact, mutations in apoA-I, apoE, apoL, and lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) are associated with the development of renal damage. Genetic LCAT deficiency is the most emblematic case and represents a unique tool to evaluate the impact of alterations in the HDL system on the progression of renal disease. Lipid abnormalities detected in LCAT-deficient carriers mirror the ones observed in CKD patients, which indeed present an acquired LCAT deficiency. In this context, circulating LCAT levels predict CKD progression in individuals at early stages of renal dysfunction and in the general population. This review summarizes the main alterations of HDL in CKD, focusing on the latest update of acquired and genetic LCAT defects associated with the progression of renal disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee WC, Chen JB, Moi SH, Yang CH. Association of proportion of the HDL-cholesterol subclasses HDL-2b and HDL-3 and macrovascular events among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1871. [PMID: 33479451 PMCID: PMC7820459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) subclass distribution in hemodialysis (HD) patients is well documented. Aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between HDL-C subclass distribution and macrovascular events in patients undergoing HD. A total of 164 prevalent HD patients and 71 healthy individuals in one hospital-facilitated clinic were enrolled from May 2019 to July 2019 and individual HD patients was follow-up for one year. Macrovascular events (cerebral stroke, coronary heart disease) were recorded in the study period. The HDL-2b, HDL-3 proportions and biochemical parameters were measured. Pearson correlation test and logistic regression analysis were used to examine correlation and odds ratio (OR). 144 HD patients completed one-year follow-up. Cohort with macrovascular events revealed significantly lower HDL-2b and higher HDL-3 subclass proportions compared to those without events. By multivariable adjustment, HDL-3 subclass proportion revealed significantly increase risk for these events (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.02–1.41, P = 0.044). HDL-2b subclass was significantly higher and HDL-3 subclass was significantly lower in the HD cohort under the hs-CRP level of < 3 mg/L compared to higher hs-CRP level. In conclusion, HDL-2b and HDL-3 subclasses distributions were associated with macrovascular events in HD patients. Proinflammatory status influences the distribution of HDL-2b and HDL-3 subclasses in HD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, DaPei Rd, Niao Song District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Bor Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, DaPei Rd, Niao Song District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Sin-Hua Moi
- Center of Cancer Program Development, E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hong Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Current Understanding of the Relationship of HDL Composition, Structure and Function to Their Cardioprotective Properties in Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091348. [PMID: 32967334 PMCID: PMC7564231 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the general population, the ability of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) to promote cholesterol efflux is a predictor of cardiovascular events, independently of HDL cholesterol levels. Although patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, neither serum levels of HDL cholesterol, nor cholesterol efflux capacity associate with cardiovascular events. Important for the following discussion on the role of HDL in CKD is the notion that traditional atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors only partially account for this increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in CKD. As a potential explanation, across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease, the relative contribution of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease becomes less important with advanced CKD. Impaired renal function directly affects the metabolism, composition and functionality of HDL particles. HDLs themselves are a heterogeneous population of particles with distinct sizes and protein composition, all of them affecting the functionality of HDL. Therefore, a more specific approach investigating the functional and compositional features of HDL subclasses might be a valuable strategy to decipher the potential link between HDL, cardiovascular disease and CKD. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relationship of HDL composition, metabolism and function to their cardio-protective properties in CKD, with a focus on CKD-induced changes in the HDL proteome and reverse cholesterol transport capacity. We also will highlight the gaps in the current knowledge regarding important aspects of HDL biology.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yamatani K, Hirayama S, Seino U, Hirayama A, Hori A, Suzuki K, Idei M, Kitahara M, Miida T. Preβ1-high-density lipoprotein metabolism is delayed in patients with chronic kidney disease not on hemodialysis. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:730-739. [PMID: 32868248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preβ1-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a lipid-poor cholesterol acceptor that is converted to lipid-rich HDL by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). In patients receiving hemodialysis, preβ1-HDL metabolism is hampered even if HDL cholesterol is normal. Hemodialysis may affect preβ1-HDL metabolism by releasing lipases from the vascular wall due to heparin. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether preβ1-HDL metabolism is delayed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who are not receiving hemodialysis. METHODS We examined 44 patients with Stage 3 or higher CKD and 22 healthy volunteers (Control group). The patients with CKD were divided into those without renal replacement therapy (CKD group, n = 22) and those undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD group, n = 22). Plasma preβ1-HDL concentrations were determined by immunoassay. During incubation at 37°C, we used 5,5-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to inhibit LCAT activity and defined the conversion halftime of preβ1-HDL (CHTpreβ1) as the time required for the difference in preβ1-HDL concentration in the presence and absence of 5,5-DTNB to reach half the baseline concentration. RESULTS The absolute and relative preβ1-HDL concentrations were higher, and CHTpreβ1 was longer in the CKD and CAPD groups than in the Control group. Preβ1-HDL concentration was significantly correlated with CHTpreβ1 but not with LCAT activity in patients with CKD and CAPD. CONCLUSION Preβ1-HDL metabolism is delayed in patients with CKD who are not on hemodialysis. This preβ1-HDL metabolic delay may progress as renal function declines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotoko Yamatani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Utako Seino
- Pathology Laboratory, Shinraku-en Hospital, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiko Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hori
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koya Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Idei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kitahara
- The Sulphuric Acid Association of Japan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kotur-Stevuljević J, Vekić J, Stefanović A, Zeljković A, Ninić A, Ivanišević J, Miljković M, Sopić M, Munjas J, Mihajlović M, Spasić S, Jelić-Ivanović Z, Spasojević-Kalimanovska V. Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis-related diseases. Biofactors 2020; 46:193-205. [PMID: 31400246 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A direct and an indirect relationship between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and atherosclerosis exists. Given PON1's physical location within high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and its recognized enzyme activity, it is certainly reasonable to suggest that PON1 facilitates the antiatherogenic nature of HDL particles. PON1 also plays a role in regulating reverse cholesterol transport, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, vasodilative, and antithrombotic activities and several endothelial cell functions. HDL dysfunctionality is a more recent issue and seems to be centered on pathological conditions affecting HDL structure and size profiles. This review is focused on the role of PON1 status in different atherosclerosis-related diseases that we have studied over the last twenty years (coronary heart disease, acute ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus type 2, end-stage renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sarcoidosis) with the aim to determine the true value of PON1 as a biomarker. The role of PON1 in cancer is also covered, as risk factors and mechanisms underlying both atherosclerosis and cancer share common features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vekić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stefanović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Zeljković
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Ninić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Ivanišević
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Miljković
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miron Sopić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Munjas
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mihajlović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Spasić
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorana Jelić-Ivanović
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Role and Function of HDL in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020601. [PMID: 31963445 PMCID: PMC7014265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with steadily increasing occurrence. Significantly elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been observed in CKD. Cardiovascular diseases are the most important and frequent cause of death of CKD patients globally. The presence of CKD is related to disturbances in lipoprotein metabolism whose consequences are dyslipidemia and the accumulation of atherogenic particles. CKD not only fuels the reduction of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, but also it modifies the composition of this lipoprotein. The key role of HDL is the participation in reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver. Moreover, HDL prevents the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects against the adverse effects of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) on the endothelium. Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of HDL to promote the production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells (ECs) and to exert antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Increasing evidence suggests that in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders, HDLs may lose important antiatherosclerotic properties and become dysfunctional. So far, no therapeutic strategy to raise HDL, or alter the ratio of HDL subfractions, has been successful in slowing the progression of CKD or reducing cardiovascular disease in patients either with or without CKD.
Collapse
|