1
|
Liu L, Ning N, Xu S, Chen D, Zhou L, Guo Z, Liang X, Ye X. Double promoter and tandem gene strategy for efficiently expressing recombinant FGF21. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:171. [PMID: 38867280 PMCID: PMC11167883 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising candidate for treating metabolic disorder diseases and has been used in phase II clinical trials. Currently, metabolic diseases are prevalent worldwide, underscoring the significant market potential of FGF21. Therefore, the production of FGF21 must be effectively improved to meet market demand. RESULTS Herein, to investigate the impact of vectors and host cells on FGF21 expression, we successfully engineered strains that exhibit a high yield of FGF21. Surprisingly, the data revealed that vectors with various copy numbers significantly impact the expression of FGF21, and the results showed a 4.35-fold increase in expression levels. Furthermore, the performance of the double promoter and tandem gene expression construction design surpassed that of the conventional construction method, with a maximum difference of 2.67 times. CONCLUSION By exploring engineered vectors and host cells, we successfully achieved high-yield production of the FGF21 strain. This breakthrough lays a solid foundation for the future industrialization of FGF21. Additionally, FGF21 can be easily, quickly and efficiently expressed, providing a better tool and platform for the research and application of more recombinant proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longying Liu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Nuoyi Ning
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Simeng Xu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Luping Zhou
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin J, Li B, Xu Q, Liu YS, Kang YL, Wang X, Wang Y, Lei Y, Bai YL, Li XM, Zhou J. DACH1 attenuated PA-induced renal tubular injury through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1531-1544. [PMID: 38147289 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmitic acid (PA), the major saturated fatty acid in the blood, often induces the initiation and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. DACH1 is an important regulator of kidney functions. Herein, we investigated the roles of DACH1 in PA-induced kidney injury. METHODS Clinical data from the NHANES database were subjected to analyse the association between serum PA (sPA), blood glucose and kidney function. Molecular docking of PA was performed with DACH1. Immunohistochemistry, cell viability, annexin V/7-AAD double staining, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescent staining, autophagic flux analysis, qRT-PCR and western blot were performed. RESULTS Clinical data confirmed that sPA was increased significantly in the pathoglycemia individuals compared with controls and correlated negatively with renal function. Our findings suggested that PA could dock with DACH1. DACH1 enhances cell viability by inhibiting apoptosis and attenuating autophagy blockage induced by PA. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that DACH1 ameliorated inflammation and fibrosis through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway in PA-treated renal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2). CONCLUSIONS This study proved that sPA presents a risk factor for kidney injuries and DACH1 might serve as a protective target against renal function deterioration in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - B Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Q Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Y S Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medical of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Y L Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Y Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712099, China
| | - Y L Bai
- Department of Microbiology and Pathogen Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - X M Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Carbonetti MP, Almeida-Oliveira F, Majerowicz D. Use of FGF21 analogs for the treatment of metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 68:e220493. [PMID: 37948566 PMCID: PMC10916804 DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2022-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
FGF21 is a hormone produced primarily by the liver with several metabolic functions, such as induction of heat production, control of glucose homeostasis, and regulation of blood lipid levels. Due to these actions, several laboratories have developed FGF21 analogs to treat patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that used FGF21 analogs and analyzed metabolic outcomes. Our search yielded 236 articles, and we included eight randomized clinical trials in the meta-analysis. The use of FGF21 analogs exhibited no effect on fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA index, blood free fatty acids or systolic blood pressure. However, the treatment significantly reduced fasting insulinemia, body weight and total cholesterolemia. None of the included studies were at high risk of bias. The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low, especially due to imprecision and indirection issues. These results indicate that FGF21 analogs can potentially treat metabolic syndrome. However, more clinical trials are needed to increase the quality of evidence and confirm the effects seen thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Carbonetti
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Almeida-Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang LH, Wang YY, Liu L, Gong Q. From Diabetes to Diabetic Complications: Role of Autophagy. Curr Med Sci 2023:10.1007/s11596-023-2727-4. [PMID: 37115396 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications reduce quality of life and are life-limiting. At present, diabetes treatment consists of hypoglycemic agents to control blood glucose and the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to overcome insulin resistance. In diabetes, autophagy is impaired and thus there is poor intracellular environment homeostasis. Pancreatic β-cells and insulin target tissues are protected by enhancing autophagy. Autophagy decreases β-cell apoptosis, promotes β-cell proliferation, and alleviates insulin resistance. Autophagy in diabetes is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and others. Autophagy enhancers can likely be used as a treatment for diabetes and its complications. This review examines the evidence linking autophagy to diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Wang
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang L, Nao J. Focus on Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Autophagy. Neuroscience 2023; 511:13-28. [PMID: 36372296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disorder of the central nervous system that is typically marked by progressive cognitive impairment and memory loss. Amyloid β plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau are the two hallmark pathologies of AD. In mammalian cells, autophagy clears aberrant protein aggregates, thus maintaining proteostasis as well as neuronal health. Autophagy affects production and metabolism of amyloid β and accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins, whose malfunction can lead to the progression of AD. On the other hand, defective autophagy has been found to induce the production of the neuroprotective factor fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), although the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this review, we highlight the significance of aberrant autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD, discuss the possible mechanisms by which defective autophagy induces FGF21 production, and analyze the potential of FGF21 in the treatment of AD. The findings provide some insights into the potential role of FGF21 and autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Jianfei Nao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
RhFGF21 Protects Epidermal Cells against UVB-Induced Apoptosis through Activating AMPK-Mediated Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012466. [PMID: 36293323 PMCID: PMC9603848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet irradiation, especially ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation, increases the risks of various skin diseases, such as sunburn, photo-aging and cancer. However, few drugs are available to treat skin lesions. Therefore, the discovery of drugs to improve the health of irradiated skin is urgently needed. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic factor that plays an important role in the protection and repair of various types of pathological damage. The effects of FGF21 on skin injury caused by UVB-irradiation were the focus of this study. We found that UVB irradiation promoted the expression of FGF21 protein in mouse epidermal cells, and exogenous recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21) protected mouse skin tissue against UVB-induced injury. RhFGF21 inhibited the inflammatory responses and epidermal cell apoptosis as well as promotion of autophagy in UVB-irradiated mice. Moreover, we found that rhFGF21 protected HaCaT cells against UVB-induced apoptosis, and the protective effect was enhanced by treatment with an autophagy activator (rapamycin) but was inhibited by treatment with an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3MA). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as a cellular energy sensor, regulates autophagy. RhFGF21 increased the expression of p-AMPK protein in epidermal cells irradiated with UVB in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, rhFGF21 increased autophagy levels and the viability were diminished by treatment with an AMPK inhibitor (compound C). RhFGF21 protects epidermal cells against UVB-induced apoptosis by inducing AMPK-mediated autophagy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang B, Lu L, Zhou D, Fan W, Barbier-Torres L, Steggerda J, Yang H, Yang X. Regulatory network and interplay of hepatokines, stellakines, myokines and adipokines in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1007944. [PMID: 36267567 PMCID: PMC9578007 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1007944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is a spectrum of liver pathologies ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and culminating with the development of cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and diverse, and there is a lack of effective treatment measures. In this review, we address hepatokines identified in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH, including the signaling of FXR/RXR, PPARα/RXRα, adipogenesis, hepatic stellate cell activation/liver fibrosis, AMPK/NF-κB, and type 2 diabetes. We also highlight the interaction between hepatokines, and cytokines or peptides secreted from muscle (myokines), adipose tissue (adipokines), and hepatic stellate cells (stellakines) in response to certain nutritional and physical activity. Cytokines exert autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects on the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH. Characterizing signaling pathways and crosstalk amongst muscle, adipose tissue, hepatic stellate cells and other liver cells will enhance our understanding of interorgan communication and potentially serve to accelerate the development of treatments for NAFLD and NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liqing Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lucía Barbier-Torres
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Justin Steggerda
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Heping Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim ER, Kim SR, Cho W, Lee SG, Kim SH, Kim JH, Choi E, Kim JH, Yu JW, Lee BW, Kang ES, Cha BS, Lee MS, Cho JW, Jeon JY, Lee YH. Short Term Isocaloric Ketogenic Diet Modulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Via B-hydroxybutyrate and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21. Front Immunol 2022; 13:843520. [PMID: 35572519 PMCID: PMC9095902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) is known to have beneficial health effects. Various types of KD interventions have been applied to manage metabolic syndrome based on modification of diet parameters such as duration of intervention, macronutrient components, and total calories. Nevertheless, the beneficial health impact of isocaloric KD is largely unknown, especially in healthy subjects. The present study investigated the acute effects of a 3-day isocaloric KD. In this non-randomized intervention study, we recruited 15 healthy volunteers aged 24-38 years (7 men and 8 women) and placed them on an isocaloric KD restricting intake of carbohydrates but not energy (75% fat, 20% protein, 5% carbohydrate) for 3 days. Biochemical profiles and laboratory measurements were performed. Peripheral blood monocular cells were cultured, and measured cell stimulated cytokines. After short-term isocaloric KD, subjects lost body weight and serum free fatty acid levels were increased. These results accompanied elevated serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels and improved insulin sensitivity. Regarding the direct effect of BHB on inflammasome activation, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion in response to adenosine triphosphate or palmitate stimulation in human macrophages decreased significantly after isocaloric KD. In ex-vivo experiments with macrophages, both FGF21 and BHB further reduced IL-1β secretion compared to either BHB or FGF21 alone. The inhibitory effect of FGF21 on IL-1β secretion was blunted with bafilomycin treatment, which blocked autophagy flux. In conclusion, isocaloric KD for 3 days is a promising approach to improve metabolic and inflammatory status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ran Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So Ra Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Hospital Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Wonhee Cho
- Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, Institute of Convergence Science (ICONS), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Seok Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Cha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Justin Y Jeon
- Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, Institute of Convergence Science (ICONS), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Systems Biology, Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marzoog BA, Vlasova TI. Beta-cell autophagy under the scope of hypoglycemic drugs; possible mechanism as a novel therapeutic target. OBESITY AND METABOLISM 2022. [DOI: 10.14341/omet12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically, autophagy is a major protective mechanism of β-cells from apoptosis, through can reserve normal β- cell mass and inhibit the progression of β-cells destruction. Beta-cell mass can be affected by differentiation from progenitors and de-differentiation as well as self-renewal and apoptosis. Shred evidence indicated that hypoglycemic drugs can induce β-cell proliferation capacity and neogenesis via autophagy stimulation. However, prolonged use of selective hypoglycemic drugs has induced pancreatitis besides several other factors that contribute to β-cell destruction and apoptosis initiation. Interestingly, some nonhypoglycemic medications possess the same effects on β-cells but depending on the combination of these drugs and the duration of exposure to β-cells. The paper comprehensively illustrates the role of the hypoglycemic drugs on the insulin-producing cells and the pathogeneses of β-cell destruction in type 2 diabetes mellitus, in addition to the regulation mechanisms of β-cells division in norm and pathology. The grasping of the hypoglycemic drug’s role in beta-cell is clinically crucial to evaluate novel therapeutic targets such as new signaling pathways. The present paper addresses a new strategy for diabetes mellitus management via targeting specific autophagy inducer factors (transcription factors, genes, lipid molecules, etc.).
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng L, Wang J, Dai H, Duan Y, An Y, Shi L, Lv Y, Li H, Wang C, Ma Q, Li Y, Li P, Du H, Zhao B. Brown and beige adipose tissue: a novel therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adipocyte 2021; 10:48-65. [PMID: 33403891 PMCID: PMC7801117 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1870060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adipose tissue can be divided into two major types, namely, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). According to classical view, the main function of WAT is to store excess energy in the form of triglycerides, while BAT is a thermogenic tissue that acts a pivotal part in maintaining the core body temperature. White adipocytes display high plasticity and can transdifferentiate into beige adipocytes which have many similar morphological and functional properties with brown adipocytes under the stimulations of exercise, cold exposure and other factors. This phenomenon is also known as 'browning of WAT'. In addition to transdifferentiation, beige adipocytes can also come from de novo differentiation from tissue-resident progenitors. Activating BAT and inducing browning of WAT can accelerate the intake of glycolipids and reduce the insulin secretion requirement, which may be a new strategy to improve glycolipids metabolism and insulin resistance of obese and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This review mainly discusses the significance of brown and beige adipose tissues in the treatment of obesity and T2DM, and focuses on the effect of the browning agent on obesity and T2DM, which provides a brand-new theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of obesity and T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Yuhui Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Yongcheng An
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Yinglan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quantao Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| | - Haifeng Du
- The Third Municipal Hospital of Chengde, Chengde, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
An W, Huang Y, Chen S, Teng T, Shi Y, Sun Z, Xu Y. Mechanisms of Rhizoma Coptidis against type 2 diabetes mellitus explored by network pharmacology combined with molecular docking and experimental validation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20849. [PMID: 34675276 PMCID: PMC8531350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study systematically explored the underlying mechanism of Rhizoma Coptidis against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by using network pharmacology and molecular docking and experimental validation. We retrieved and screened active compounds of Rhizoma Coptidis and corresponding T2DM-related targets across multiple databases. PPI networks of the genes were constructed using STRING, and the core targets were screened via topological analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed by using DAVID. Finally, molecular docking and experimental studies were performed after bioinformatic analysis for verification. There were 14 active compounds and 19 core targets of Rhizoma Coptidis-T2DM, of which quercetin was identified as the main compound and IL6, VEGFA and TNF were the most significant core targets. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that Rhizoma Coptidis ameliorated T2DM by regulating multiple biological processes and pathways. Docking studies indicated that IL6, VEGFA and TNF could stably bind with all active compounds of Rhizoma Coptidis. The results of our experiments revealed that Rhizoma Coptidis could inhibit the expression of IL6 and TNFα and enhance islet cell viability. This study suggests anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects of Rhizoma Coptidis on T2DM, thereby providing a scientific basis and new insight for further research on the antidiabetic effect of Rhizoma Coptidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrong An
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Shouqiang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Jingba Road, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Tao Teng
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Jingba Road, Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Yingning Shi
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhenhai Sun
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Jingba Road, Jinan, 250001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song Y, Zhang W, Zhang J, You Z, Hu T, Shao G, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Yu X. TWIST2 inhibits EMT and induces oxidative stress in lung cancer cells by regulating the FGF21-mediated AMPK/mTOR pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112661. [PMID: 34044016 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Twist related protein 2 (TWIST2) plays an important role in bone development, tumorigenesis, tumour progression and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). At present, there are few reports about the role of TWIST2 in lung cancer, which need to be further explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the role and molecular mechanism of TWIST2 in the occurrence and development of lung cancer. The expression of TWIST2 in tissues of patients and cell lines was measured using RT-qPCR and western blotting. MTT and CCK8 assays were used to detect cell proliferation and viability. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of EMT-related proteins, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin and Slug. The results revealed that TWIST2 is lowly expressed in the tissues of lung cancer patients and cell lines. Further studies found that overexpression of TWIST2 significantly induced apoptosis and promoted the expression of E-cadherin, as well as inhibiting the expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin and Slug. More importantly, TWIST2 induced oxidative stress in lung cancer cells. In addition, TWIST2 regulated the FGF21 and AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway, which is involved in the molecular mechanism of the gene in lung cancer cells. We suggest that the mechanism of TWIST2 inhibition of the progression of lung cancer is by regulating the FGF21-mediated AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuxu Zhang
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The People's Hospital of Hai Yang City, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolei You
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Xu
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, The People's Hospital of Hai Yang City, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Wan T, Li Y. Role of FoxO1 in regulating autophagy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:707. [PMID: 34007316 PMCID: PMC8120662 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major chronic disease that is characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular recycling pathway and is involved in regulating intracellular homeostasis. Transcription factor Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) also regulates fundamental cellular processes, including cell differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis, and proliferation to cellular stress. Increasing evidence suggest that autophagy and FoxO1 are involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM, including β-cell viability, apoptosis, insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that FoxO1 improves insulin resistance by regulating target tissue autophagy. The present review summarizes current literature on the role of autophagy and FoxO1 in T2DM. The participation of FoxO1 in the development and occurrence of T2DM via autophagy is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiudan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Triningsih D, Yang JH, Sim KH, Lee C, Lee YJ. Acrylamide and its metabolite induce neurotoxicity via modulation of protein kinase C and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 72:105105. [PMID: 33545342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide is known as a neurotoxicant found in commonly consumed food as well as in human body. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in neurotoxicity by acrylamide and its metabolite, glycidamide remain largely unknown. In this study, we have examined the interplay between CYP2E1, AMPK, ERK and PKC in acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity associated with autophagy in PC12 cells. Acrylamide-induced cell death was mediated by CYP2E1 expression and the activation of ERK, PKC-ɑ and PKC-δ, whereas AMPK knockdown exacerbated the acrylamide-induced neurotoxic effects. PKC-ɑ, but not PKC-δ, plays an upstream regulator of ERK and AMPK. Moreover, AMPK activation suppressed ERK, and CYP2E1 and AMPK bilaterally inhibit each other. Furthermore, acrylamide increased autophagy with impaired autophagic flux, evidenced by the increased beclin-1, LC3-II and p62 protein. Acrylamide-induced neuronal death was ameliorated by 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, whereas neuronal death was exacerbated by chloroquine, a lysosomal inhibitor. Interestingly, PKC-δ siRNA, but not PKC-ɑ siRNA, dramatically reduced acrylamide-induced beclin-1 and LC3-II levels, whereas AMPK siRNA further increased beclin-1, LC3-II and p62 protein levels. Glycidamide, a major metabolite, mimicked acrylamide only with a higher potency. Taken together, acrylamide- and glycidamide-induced neurotoxicity may involve cytotoxic autophagy, which is mediated by interplay between PKCs and AMPK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Triningsih
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Hwa Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuhee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Ju Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roles of FGF21 and irisin in obesity-related diabetes and pancreatic diseases. JOURNAL OF PANCREATOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jp9.0000000000000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
17
|
Tillman EJ, Rolph T. FGF21: An Emerging Therapeutic Target for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Related Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601290. [PMID: 33381084 PMCID: PMC7767990 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising global prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes has driven a sharp increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Approximately one-sixth of the NAFLD population progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver inflammation, hepatocyte injury and cell death, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. NASH is one of the leading causes of liver transplant, and an increasingly common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), underscoring the need for intervention. The complex pathophysiology of NASH, and a predicted prevalence of 3-5% of the adult population worldwide, has prompted drug development programs aimed at multiple targets across all stages of the disease. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics. Liver-related morbidity and mortality are highest in more advanced fibrotic NASH, which has led to an early focus on anti-fibrotic approaches to prevent progression to cirrhosis and HCC. Due to limited clinical efficacy, anti-fibrotic approaches have been superseded by mechanisms that target the underlying driver of NASH pathogenesis, namely steatosis, which drives hepatocyte injury and downstream inflammation and fibrosis. Among this wave of therapeutic mechanisms targeting the underlying pathogenesis of NASH, the hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) holds considerable promise; it decreases liver fat and hepatocyte injury while suppressing inflammation and fibrosis across multiple preclinical studies. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical data from studies with FGF21 and FGF21 analogs, in the context of the pathophysiology of NASH and underlying metabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Tucker B, Li H, Long X, Rye KA, Ong KL. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2019; 101:153994. [PMID: 31672443 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of pathologies ranging from uncomplicated hepatic fat accumulation to a state of lobular inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning, known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers or effective therapeutic options established for NAFLD. Nevertheless, there are several molecular targets in the pipeline, of which fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is one. FGF21 is secreted primarily from liver and has a plethora of metabolic functions. Pre-clinical and epidemiological studies indicate a relationship between circulating FGF21 levels and hepatic fat content in both mice and humans. Moreover, animal studies have clearly shown that aberrant FGF21 signalling is a key pathological step in the development and progression of NAFLD. A recent Phase II clinical trial demonstrated that administration of an FGF21 analogue significantly reduced hepatic fat in subjects with NASH. As such, FGF21 provides a novel target for future biomarker and therapeutic studies. This review appraises preclinical data to outline the current understanding of FGF21 function in both normal hepatic function and NAFLD. Epidemiological evidence is explored to delineate the relationship between circulating FGF21 levels and NAFLD in humans. Finally, we review the therapeutic effects of FGF21 in the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Tucker
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Huating Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoxue Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou K, Chen H, Lin J, Xu H, Wu H, Bao G, Li J, Deng X, Shui X, Gao W, Ding J, Xiao J, Xu H. FGF21 augments autophagy in random-pattern skin flaps via AMPK signaling pathways and improves tissue survival. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:872. [PMID: 31740658 PMCID: PMC6861244 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Random-pattern skin flap is commonly used for surgical tissue reconstruction due to its ease and lack of axial vascular limitation. However, ischemic necrosis is a common complication, especially in distal parts of skin flaps. Previous studies have shown that FGF21 can promote angiogenesis and protect against ischemic cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the effect of FGF21 on flap survival. In this study, using a rat model of random skin flaps, we found that the expression of FGF21 is significantly increased after establishment skin flaps, suggesting that FGF21 may exert a pivotal effect on flap survival. We conducted experiments to elucidate the role of FGF21 in this model. Our results showed that FGF21 directly increased the survival area of skin flaps, blood flow intensity, and mean blood vessel density through enhancing angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis, and reducing oxidative stress. Our studies also revealed that FGF21 administration leads to an upregulation of autophagy, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 were reversed by 3-methyladenine (3MA), which is a well-known inhibitor of autophagy, suggesting that autophagy plays a central role in FGF21’s therapeutic benefit on skin flap survival. In our mechanistic investigation, we found that FGF21-induced autophagy enhancement is mediated by the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of TFEB; this effect was due to activation of AMPK-FoxO3a-SPK2-CARM1 and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathways. Together, our data provides novel evidence that FGF21 is a potent modulator of autophagy capable of significantly increasing random skin flap viability, and thus may serve as a promising therapy for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hongqiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Guodong Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jiafeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiangyang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaolong Shui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Q, Liu Y, Li F, Gu Z, Liu M, Shao T, Zhang L, Zhou G, Pan C, He L, Cai J, Zhang X, Barve S, McClain CJ, Chen Y, Feng W. Probiotic culture supernatant improves metabolic function through FGF21-adiponectin pathway in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 75:108256. [PMID: 31760308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-fat/high-fructose diet plus intermittent hypoxia exposure (HFDIH) causes metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects and understand the mechanism of action of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG culture supernatant (LGGs) on HFDIH-induced metabolic dysfunction. Mice were fed high-fat:high-fructose diet for 15 weeks. After 3 weeks of feeding, the mice were exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia for the next 12 weeks (HFDIH), and LGGs was supplemented over the entire experiment. HFDIH exposure significantly led to metabolic disorders. LGGs treatment showed significant improvements in indices of metabolic disorders including fat mass, energy expenditure, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, increased hepatic steatosis and liver injury. HFDIH mice markedly increased adipose inflammation and adipocyte size, and reduced circulating adiponectin, which was restored by LGGs treatment. LGGs treatment increased hepatic FGF21 mRNA expression and circulating FGF21 protein levels, which were associated with increased hepatic PPARα expression and fecal butyrate concentration. In addition, HFDIH-induced hepatic fat accumulation and apoptosis were significantly reduced by LGGs supplementation. In summary, LGGs treatment increased energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity and prevented metabolic abnormalities in HFDIH mice, and this is associated with the FGF21-adiponectin signaling pathway. LGGs may be a potential prevention/treatment strategy in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Fengyuan Li
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zelin Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Min Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Guangyao Zhou
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chengwei Pan
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqing He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shirish Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex VA medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yiping Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wenke Feng
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|