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Lesanavičius M, Seo D, Maurutytė G, Čėnas N. Redox Properties of Bacillus subtilis Ferredoxin:NADP + Oxidoreductase: Potentiometric Characteristics and Reactions with Pro-Oxidant Xenobiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5373. [PMID: 38791410 PMCID: PMC11121358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (BsFNR) is a thioredoxin reductase-type FNR whose redox properties and reactivity with nonphysiological electron acceptors have been scarcely characterized. On the basis of redox reactions with 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the two-electron reduction midpoint potential of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor was estimated to be -0.240 V. Photoreduction using 5-deazaflavin mononucleotide (5-deazaFMN) as a photosensitizer revealed that the difference in the redox potentials between the first and second single-electron transfer steps was 0.024 V. We examined the mechanisms of the reduction of several different groups of non-physiological electron acceptors catalyzed by BsFNR. The reactivity of quinones and aromatic N-oxides toward BsFNR increased when increasing their single-electron reduction midpoint redox potentials. The reactivity of nitroaromatic compounds was lower due to their lower electron self-exchange rate, but it exhibited the same trend. A mixed single- and two-electron reduction reaction was characteristic of quinones, whereas reactions involving nitroaromatics proceeded exclusively via the one-electron reduction reaction. The oxidation of FADH• to FAD is the rate-limiting step during the oxidation of fully reduced FAD. The calculated electron transfer distances in the reaction with nitroaromatics were close to those of other FNRs including the plant-type enzymes, thus demonstrating their similar active site accessibility to low-molecular-weight oxidants despite the fundamental differences in their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Lesanavičius
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Daisuke Seo
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Gintarė Maurutytė
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.L.); (G.M.)
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Yuan X, Xie Z, Zou T. Recent advances in hypoxia-activated compounds for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107161. [PMID: 38306826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia, as a prevalent feature of solid tumors, is correlated with tumorigenesis, proliferation, and invasion, playing an important role in mediating the drug resistance and affecting the cancer treatment outcomes. Due to the distinct oxygen levels between tumor and normal tissues, hypoxia-targeted therapy has attracted significant attention. The hypoxia-activated compounds mainly depend on reducible organic groups including azo, nitro, N-oxides, quinones and azide as well as some redox-active metal complex that are selectively converted into active species by the increased reduction potential under tumor hypoxia. In this review, we briefly summarized our current understanding on hypoxia-activated compounds with a particular highlight on the recently developed prodrugs and fluorescent probes for tumor treatment and diagnosis. We have also discussed the challenges and perspectives of small molecule-based hypoxia-activatable prodrug for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiying Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Wu Z, Wang Y, Li L, Zhen S, Du H, Wang Z, Xiao S, Wu J, Zhu L, Shen J, Wang Z. New insights into the antimicrobial action and protective therapeutic effect of tirapazamine towards Escherichia coli-infected mice. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106923. [PMID: 37433388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Escherichia coli is an important pathogen responsible for numerous cases of diarrhoea worldwide. The bioreductive agent tirapazamine (TPZ), which was clinically used to treat various types of cancers, has obvious antibacterial activity against E. coli strains. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the protective therapeutic effects of TPZ in E. coli-infected mice and provide insights into its antimicrobial action mechanism. METHODS The MIC and MBC tests, drug sensitivity test, crystal violet assay and proteomic analysis were used to detect the in vitro antibacterial activity of TPZ. The clinical symptoms of infected mice, tissue bacteria load, histopathological features and gut microbiota changes were regarded as indicators to evaluation the efficacy of TPZ in vivo. RESULTS Interestingly, TPZ-induced the reversal of drug resistance in E. coli by regulating the expression of resistance-related genes, which may have an auxiliary role in the clinical treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections. More importantly, the proteomics analysis showed that TPZ upregulated 53 proteins and downregulated 47 proteins in E. coli. Among these, the bacterial defence response-related proteins colicin M and colicin B, SOS response-related proteins RecA, UvrABC system protein A, and Holliday junction ATP-dependent DNA helicase RuvB were all significantly upregulated. The quorum sensing-related protein glutamate decarboxylase, ABC transporter-related protein glycerol-3-phosphate transporter polar-binding protein, and ABC transporter polar-binding protein YtfQ were significantly downregulated. The oxidoreductase activity-related proteins pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase, glutaredoxin 2 (Grx2), NAD(+)-dependent aldehyde reductase, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which participate in the elimination of harmful oxygen free radicals in the oxidation-reduction process pathway, were also significantly downregulated. Moreover, TPZ improved the survival rate of infected mice; significantly reduced the bacteria load in the liver, spleen, and colon; and alleviated E. coli-associated pathological damages. The gut microbiota also changed in TPZ-treated mice, and these genera were considerably differentiated: Candidatus Arthromitus, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group, Prevotellaceae UCG-001, Actinospica, and Bifidobacterium. CONCLUSIONS TPZ may represent an effective and promising lead molecule for the development of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of E. coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhui Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Sihui Zhen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jinliang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lifei Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Haberkant P, Kučiauskas D, Stein F, Čėnas N. Redox Proteomic Profile of Tirapazamine-Resistant Murine Hepatoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076863. [PMID: 37047836 PMCID: PMC10094930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine, TPZ) and other heteroaromatic N-oxides (ArN→O) exhibit tumoricidal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal activities. Their action is attributed to the enzymatic single-electron reduction to free radicals that initiate the prooxidant processes. In order to clarify the mechanisms of aerobic mammalian cytotoxicity of ArN→O, we derived a TPZ-resistant subline of murine hepatoma MH22a cells (resistance index, 5.64). The quantitative proteomic of wild-type and TPZ-resistant cells revealed 5818 proteins, of which 237 were up- and 184 down-regulated. The expression of the antioxidant enzymes aldehyde- and alcohol dehydrogenases, carbonyl reductases, catalase, and glutathione reductase was increased 1.6-5.2 times, whereas the changes in the expression of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin reductase, and peroxiredoxins were less pronounced. The expression of xenobiotics conjugating glutathione-S-transferases was increased by 1.6-2.6 times. On the other hand, the expression of NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase was responsible for the single-electron reduction in TPZ and for the 2.1-fold decrease. These data support the fact that the main mechanism of action of TPZ under aerobic conditions is oxidative stress. The unchanged expression of intranuclear antioxidant proteins peroxiredoxin, glutaredoxin, and glutathione peroxidase, and a modest increase in the expression of DNA damage repair proteins, tend to support non-site-specific but not intranuclear oxidative stress as a main factor of TPZ aerobic cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Per Haberkant
- Proteomics Core Facility EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dalius Kučiauskas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Thioredoxin Reductase-Type Ferredoxin: NADP+ Oxidoreductase of Rhodopseudomonas palustris: Potentiometric Characteristics and Reactions with Nonphysiological Oxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11051000. [PMID: 35624864 PMCID: PMC9137726 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopseudomonas palustris ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (RpFNR) belongs to a novel group of thioredoxin reductase-type FNRs with partly characterized redox properties. Based on the reactions of RpFNR with the 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide phosphate redox couple, we estimated the two-electron reduction midpoint potential of the FAD cofactor to be −0.285 V. 5-Deaza-FMN-sensitized photoreduction revealed −0.017 V separation of the redox potentials between the first and second electron transfer events. We examined the mechanism of oxidation of RpFNR by several different groups of nonphysiological electron acceptors. The kcat/Km values of quinones and aromatic N-oxides toward RpFNR increase with their single-electron reduction midpoint potential. The lower reactivity, mirroring their lower electron self-exchange rate, is also seen to have a similar trend for nitroaromatic compounds. A mixed single- and two-electron reduction was characteristic of quinones, with single-electron reduction accounting for 54% of the electron flux, whereas nitroaromatics were reduced exclusively via single-electron reduction. It is highly possible that the FADH· to FAD oxidation reaction is the rate-limiting step during the reoxidation of reduced FAD. The calculated electron transfer distances in the reaction with quinones and nitroaromatics were close to those of Anabaena and Plasmodium falciparum FNRs, thus demonstrating their similar “intrinsic” reactivity.
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Targeting HIF-1α Function in Cancer through the Chaperone Action of NQO1: Implications of Genetic Diversity of NQO1. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050747. [PMID: 35629169 PMCID: PMC9146583 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIF-1α is a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis involved in different stages of cancer development. Thus, HIF-1α inhibition represents an interesting target for anti-cancer therapy. It was recently shown that the HIF-1α interaction with NQO1 inhibits proteasomal degradation of the former, thus suggesting that targeting the stability and/or function of NQO1 could lead to the destabilization of HIF-1α as a therapeutic approach. Since the molecular interactions of NQO1 with HIF-1α are beginning to be unraveled, in this review we discuss: (1) Structure–function relationships of HIF-1α; (2) our current knowledge on the intracellular functions and stability of NQO1; (3) the pharmacological modulation of NQO1 by small ligands regarding function and stability; (4) the potential effects of genetic variability of NQO1 in HIF-1α levels and function; (5) the molecular determinants of NQO1 as a chaperone of many different proteins including cancer-associated factors such as HIF-1α, p53 and p73α. This knowledge is then further discussed in the context of potentially targeting the intracellular stability of HIF-1α by acting on its chaperone, NQO1. This could result in novel anti-cancer therapies, always considering that the substantial genetic variability in NQO1 would likely result in different phenotypic responses among individuals.
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Sarlauskas J, Tulaite K, Tamuliene J. Investigation of oxygen influence to the optical properties of tirapazamine. J Mol Model 2022; 28:96. [PMID: 35320419 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New data on 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine) fluorescence has been obtained using the Perkin-Elmer Lambda 950 UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer experimental technique in combination with the extensive DFT-theory approach. Based on the results obtained, we revealed that the optical properties of the molecule under study remain significantly unchanged when the number of oxygen substitutions decreases from 2 to 0. Here we also present the results of the study of the influence of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate on the fluorescence of tirapazamine with the different number of oxygen atoms. Results of our investigation indicate the formation of anion in the case of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide with two oxygen atoms and their transformation to tirapazamine with one oxygen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sarlauskas
- Life Sciences Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kamile Tulaite
- Vilnius University Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jelena Tamuliene
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Lesanavičius M, Boucher JL, Čėnas N. Reactions of Recombinant Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase with Redox Cycling Xenobiotics: A Mechanistic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020980. [PMID: 35055166 PMCID: PMC8781745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) catalyzes single-electron reduction of quinones (Q), nitroaromatic compounds (ArNO2) and aromatic N-oxides (ArN → O), and is partly responsible for their oxidative stress-type cytotoxicity. In order to expand a limited knowledge on the enzymatic mechanisms of these processes, we aimed to disclose the specific features of nNOS in the reduction of such xenobiotics. In the absence or presence of calmodulin (CAM), the reactivity of Q and ArN → O increases with their single-electron reduction midpoint potential (E17). ArNO2 form a series with lower reactivity. The calculations according to an "outer-sphere" electron transfer model show that the binding of CAM decreases the electron transfer distance from FMNH2 to quinone by 1-2 Å. The effects of ionic strength point to the interaction of oxidants with a negatively charged protein domain close to FMN, and to an increase in accessibility of the active center induced by high ionic strength. The multiple turnover experiments of nNOS show that, in parallel with reduced FAD-FMN, duroquinone reoxidizes the reduced heme, in particular its Fe2+-NO form. This finding may help to design the heme-targeted bioreductively activated agents and contribute to the understanding of the role of P-450-type heme proteins in the bioreduction of quinones and other prooxidant xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Lesanavičius
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Jean-Luc Boucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie & Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue de Saints Pères, CEDEX 06, 75270 Paris, France;
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-223-4392
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Čėnas N, Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Kosychova L. Single- and Two-Electron Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Flavoenzymes: Mechanisms and Implications for Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168534. [PMID: 34445240 PMCID: PMC8395237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (ArNO2) maintain their importance in relation to industrial processes, environmental pollution, and pharmaceutical application. The manifestation of toxicity/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics may involve their single- or two-electron reduction performed by various flavoenzymes and/or their physiological redox partners, metalloproteins. The pivotal and still incompletely resolved questions in this area are the identification and characterization of the specific enzymes that are involved in the bioreduction of ArNO2 and the establishment of their contribution to cytotoxic/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics. This review addresses the following topics: (i) the intrinsic redox properties of ArNO2, in particular, the energetics of their single- and two-electron reduction in aqueous medium; (ii) the mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of reduction in ArNO2 by flavoenzymes of different groups, dehydrogenases-electrontransferases (NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase, ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase and their analogs), mammalian NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, bacterial nitroreductases, and disulfide reductases of different origin (glutathione, trypanothione, and thioredoxin reductases, lipoamide dehydrogenase), and (iii) the relationships between the enzymatic reactivity of compounds and their activity in mammalian cells, bacteria, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
| | - Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Lidija Kosychova
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Rashid MH, Babu D, Siraki AG. Interactions of the antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H: Quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and NRH: Quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) with pharmacological agents, endogenous biochemicals and environmental contaminants. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109574. [PMID: 34228969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of several different classes of quinone-like compounds (quinones, quinone imines, nitroaromatics, and azo dyes). One-electron reduction of quinone or quinone-like metabolites is considered to generate semiquinones to initiate redox cycling that is responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress and may contribute to the initiation of adverse drug reactions and adverse health effects. On the other hand, the two-electron reduction of quinoid compounds appears important for drug activation (bioreductive activation) via chemical rearrangement or autoxidation. Two-electron reduction decreases quinone levels and opportunities for the generation of reactive species that can deplete intracellular thiol pools. Also, studies have shown that induction or depletion (knockout) of NQO1 were associated with decreased or increased susceptibilities to oxidative stress, respectively. Moreover, another member of the quinone reductase family, NRH: Quinone Oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2), has a significant functional and structural similarity with NQO1. The activity of both antioxidant enzymes, NQO1 and NQO2, becomes critically important when other detoxification pathways are exhausted. Therefore, this article summarizes the interactions of NQO1 and NQO2 with different pharmacological agents, endogenous biochemicals, and environmental contaminants that would be useful in the development of therapeutic approaches to reduce the adverse drug reactions as well as protection against quinone-induced oxidative damage. Also, future directions and areas of further study for NQO1 and NQO2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Harunur Rashid
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Babu
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Arno G Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Marozienė A, Misevičienė L, Tamulienė J, Yantsevich AV, Čėnas N. 5Flavoenzyme-catalyzed single-electron reduction of nitroaromatic antiandrogens: implications for their cytotoxicity. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:246-254. [PMID: 34098820 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1919304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic action of nitroaromatic antiandrogens nilutamide and flutamide may be complicated by their cytotoxicity, whose mechanisms are still incomprehensively understood. In particular this concerns the enzymatic redox cycling of flutamide and its metabolites, and its impact on their cytotoxicity. In this work, we examined the single-electron reduction of nilutamide, flutamide, its metabolites 2-hydroxyflutamide and 4-nitro-3-trifluorormethyl-phenylamine, and a topical antiandrogen (3-amino-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl)-phenyl) propanamide by NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase and adrenodoxin reductase/adrenodoxin. The obtained steady-state bimolecular rate constants of oxidant reduction (kcat/Km) enabled to establish single-electron reduction midpoint potentials (E17) of compounds, -0.377 - -0.413 V, which were in line with enthalpies of formation of their free radicals, obtained by quantum mechanical calculations. Using murine hepatoma MH22a cells, the obtained cytotoxicity vs. E17 correlation based on the data of model nitroaromatic compounds shows that redox cycling and oxidative stress could be the main factor of cytotoxicity of nitroaromatic antiandrogens. Other minor cytotoxicity factors could be their redox metabolism involving NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and cytochromes P-450.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lina Misevičienė
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jelena Tamulienė
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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12
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Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Šarlauskas J, Misevičienė L, Marozienė A, Jonušienė V, Lesanavičius M, Čėnas N. Aerobic Cytotoxicity of Aromatic N-Oxides: The Role of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase (NQO1). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228754. [PMID: 33228195 PMCID: PMC7699506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of tirapazamine and other heteroaromatic N-oxides (ArN→O) exhibit tumoricidal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal activities, which are typically attributed to bioreductive activation and free radical generation. In this work, we aimed to clarify the role of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in ArN→O aerobic cytotoxicity. We synthesized 9 representatives of ArN→O with uncharacterized redox properties and examined their single-electron reduction by rat NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (P-450R) and Plasmodium falciparum ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (PfFNR), and by rat NQO1. NQO1 catalyzed both redox cycling and the formation of stable reduction products of ArN→O. The reactivity of ArN→O in NQO1-catalyzed reactions did not correlate with the geometric average of their activity towards P-450R- and PfFNR, which was taken for the parameter of their redox cycling efficacy. The cytotoxicity of compounds in murine hepatoma MH22a cells was decreased by antioxidants and the inhibitor of NQO1, dicoumarol. The multiparameter regression analysis of the data of this and a previous study (DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184602) shows that the cytotoxicity of ArN→O (n = 18) in MH22a and human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells increases with the geometric average of their reactivity towards P-450R and PfFNR, and with their reactivity towards NQO1. These data demonstrate that NQO1 is a potentially important target of action of heteroaromatic N-oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Lina Misevičienė
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Audronė Marozienė
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Violeta Jonušienė
- Institute of Biosciences of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Mindaugas Lesanavičius
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
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13
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Sun C, Zhao W, Wang X, Sun Y, Chen X. A pharmacological review of dicoumarol: An old natural anticoagulant agent. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105193. [PMID: 32911072 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dicoumarol is an oral anticoagulant agent prescribed in clinical for decades. It is a natural hydroxycoumarin discovered from the spoilage of Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall and is originally discovered as a rodenticide. Due to its structural similarity to that of vitamin K, it significantly inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase and acts as a vitamin K antagonist. Dicoumarol is mainly used as an anticoagulant to prevent thrombogenesis and to cure vascular thrombosis. Other biological activities besides anticoagulants such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, etc., have also been documented. The side effects of dicoumarol raise safety concerns for clinical application. In this review, the physicochemical property, the pharmacological activities, the side effects, and the pharmacokinetics of dicoumarol were summarized, aiming to provide a whole picture of the "old" anticoagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Yinxiang Sun
- Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai hospital affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
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14
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Lesanavičius M, Aliverti A, Šarlauskas J, Čėnas N. Reactions of Plasmodium falciparum Ferredoxin:NADP + Oxidoreductase with Redox Cycling Xenobiotics: A Mechanistic Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093234. [PMID: 32370303 PMCID: PMC7247349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase from Plasmodium falciparum (PfFNR) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of ferredoxin (PfFd), which provides redox equivalents for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids and fatty acids in the apicoplast. Like other flavin-dependent electrontransferases, PfFNR is a potential source of free radicals of quinones and other redox cycling compounds. We report here a kinetic study of the reduction of quinones, nitroaromatic compounds and aromatic N-oxides by PfFNR. We show that all these groups of compounds are reduced in a single-electron pathway, their reactivity increasing with the increase in their single-electron reduction midpoint potential (E17). The reactivity of nitroaromatics is lower than that of quinones and aromatic N-oxides, which is in line with the differences in their electron self-exchange rate constants. Quinone reduction proceeds via a ping-pong mechanism. During the reoxidation of reduced FAD by quinones, the oxidation of FADH. to FAD is the possible rate-limiting step. The calculated electron transfer distances in the reaction of PfFNR with various electron acceptors are similar to those of Anabaena FNR, thus demonstrating their similar “intrinsic” reactivity. Ferredoxin stimulated quinone- and nitro-reductase reactions of PfFNR, evidently providing an additional reduction pathway via reduced PfFd. Based on the available data, PfFNR and possibly PfFd may play a central role in the reductive activation of quinones, nitroaromatics and aromatic N-oxides in P. falciparum, contributing to their antiplasmodial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Lesanavičius
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.L.); (J.Š.)
| | - Alessandro Aliverti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.L.); (J.Š.)
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.L.); (J.Š.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +37-223-4392
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