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Chi Y, Li Y, Ding C, Liu X, Luo M, Wang Z, Bi Y, Luo S. Structural and biofunctional diversity of sulfated polysaccharides from the genus Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta): A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130364. [PMID: 38401579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
It is believed that polysaccharides will become a focal point for future production of food, pharmaceuticals, and materials due to their ubiquitous and renewable nature, as well as their exceptional properties that have been extensively validated in the fields of nutrition, healthcare, and materials. Sulfated polysaccharides derived from seaweed sources have attracted considerable attention owing to their distinctive structures and properties. The genus Codium, represented by the species C. fragile, holds significance as a vital economic green seaweed and serves as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. To date, the cell walls of the genus Codium have been found to contain at least four types of sulfated polysaccharides, specifically pyruvylated β-d-galactan sulfates, sulfated arabinogalactans, sulfated β-l-arabinans, and sulfated β-d-mannans. These sulfated polysaccharides exhibit diverse biofunctions, including anticoagulant, immune-enhancing, anticancer, antioxidant activities, and drug-carrying capacity. This review explores the structural and biofunctional diversity of sulfated polysaccharides derived from the genus Codium. Additionally, in addressing the impending challenges within the industrialization of these polysaccharides, encompassing concerns regarding scale-up production and quality control, we outline potential strategies to address these challenges from the perspectives of raw materials, extraction processes, purification technologies, and methods for quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhou Chi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China.
| | - Yang Li
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Chengcheng Ding
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Meilin Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Yanhong Bi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
| | - Si Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, China
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2
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Noreika A, Stankevičiūtė J, Rutkienė R, Meškys R, Kalinienė L. Exploring the enzymatic activity of depolymerase gp531 from Klebsiella pneumoniae jumbo phage RaK2. Virus Res 2023; 336:199225. [PMID: 37741345 PMCID: PMC10550766 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae poses a major global challenge due to its virulence, multidrug resistance, and nosocomial nature. Thus, bacteriophage-derived proteins are extensively being investigated as a means to combat this bacterium. In this study, we explored the enzymatic specificity of depolymerase gp531, encoded by the jumbo bacteriophage vB_KleM_RaK2 (RaK2). We used two different methods to modify the reducing end of the oligosaccharides released during capsule hydrolysis with gp531. Subsequent acidic cleavage with TFA, followed by TLC and HPLC-MS analyses, revealed that RaK2 gp531 is a β-(1→4)-endoglucosidase. The enzyme specifically recognizes and cleaves the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of the Klebsiella pneumoniae K54 serotype, releasing K-unit monomers (the main product), dimers, and trimers. Depolymerase gp531 remains active from 10 to 50 °C and in the pH 3-8 range, indicating its stability and versatility. Additionally, we demonstrated that gp531's activity is not affected by CPS acetylation, which is influenced by the growth conditions of the bacterial culture. Overall, our findings provide valuable insights into the enzymatic activity of the first characterized depolymerase targeting the capsule of the clinically relevant K54 serotype of K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Noreika
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jonita Stankevičiūtė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Rutkienė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Meškys
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laura Kalinienė
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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3
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Stefanović C, Hager-Mair FF, Breslmayr E, López-Guzmán A, Lim C, Blaukopf M, Kosma P, Oostenbrink C, Ludwig R, Schäffer C. Molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis provide insight into saccharide pyruvylation by the Paenibacillus alvei CsaB enzyme. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13394. [PMID: 37591902 PMCID: PMC10435577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvylation is a biologically versatile but mechanistically unexplored saccharide modification. 4,6-Ketal pyruvylated N-acetylmannosamine within bacterial secondary cell wall polymers serves as a cell wall anchoring epitope for proteins possessing a terminal S-layer homology domain trimer. The pyruvyltransferase CsaB from Paenibacillus alvei served as a model to investigate the structural basis of the pyruvyltransfer reaction by a combination of molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis together with an enzyme assay using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP; donor) and synthetic β-D-ManNAc-(1 → 4)-α-D-GlcNAc-diphosphoryl-11-phenoxyundecyl (acceptor). CsaB protein structure modelling was done using Phyre2 and I-Tasser based on the partial crystal structure of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe pyruvyltransferase Pvg1p and by AlphaFold. The models informed the construction of twelve CsaB mutants targeted at plausible PEP and acceptor binding sites and KM and kcat values were determined to evaluate the mutants, indicating the importance of a loop region for catalysis. R148, H308 and K328 were found to be critical to PEP binding and insight into acceptor binding was obtained from an analysis of Y14 and F16 mutants, confirming the modelled binding sites and interactions predicted using Molecular Operating Environment. These data lay the basis for future mechanistic studies of saccharide pyruvylation as a novel target for interference with bacterial cell wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Stefanović
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona F Hager-Mair
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Breslmayr
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute for Molecular Modelling and Simulation, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arturo López-Guzmán
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Covirabio GmbH, Brehmstrasse 14a, 1110, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlie Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute for Molecular Modelling and Simulation, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Bionanosciences, Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Kelly SD, Ovchinnikova OG, Müller F, Steffen M, Braun M, Sweeney RP, Kowarik M, Follador R, Lowary TL, Serventi F, Whitfield C. Identification of a second glycoform of the clinically prevalent O1 antigen from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301302120. [PMID: 37428935 PMCID: PMC10629545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301302120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenemase and extended β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates represent a major health threat, stimulating increasing interest in immunotherapeutic approaches for combating Klebsiella infections. Lipopolysaccharide O antigen polysaccharides offer viable targets for immunotherapeutic development, and several studies have described protection with O-specific antibodies in animal models of infection. O1 antigen is produced by almost half of clinical Klebsiella isolates. The O1 polysaccharide backbone structure is known, but monoclonal antibodies raised against the O1 antigen showed varying reactivity against different isolates that could not be explained by the known structure. Reinvestigation of the structure by NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of the reported polysaccharide backbone (glycoform O1a), as well as a previously unknown O1b glycoform composed of the O1a backbone modified with a terminal pyruvate group. The activity of the responsible pyruvyltransferase (WbbZ) was confirmed by western immunoblotting and in vitro chemoenzymatic synthesis of the O1b terminus. Bioinformatic data indicate that almost all O1 isolates possess genes required to produce both glycoforms. We describe the presence of O1ab-biosynthesis genes in other bacterial species and report a functional O1 locus on a bacteriophage genome. Homologs of wbbZ are widespread in genetic loci for the assembly of unrelated glycostructures in bacteria and yeast. In K. pneumoniae, simultaneous production of both O1 glycoforms is enabled by the lack of specificity of the ABC transporter that exports the nascent glycan, and the data reported here provide mechanistic understanding of the capacity for evolution of antigenic diversity within an important class of biomolecules produced by many bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Kelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Olga G. Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONN1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | - Martin Braun
- LimmaTech Biologics AG, Schlieren8952, Switzerland
| | - Ryan P. Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | | | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2G2, Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Nangang11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | | | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONN1G 2W1, Canada
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5
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Schilling C, Klau LJ, Aachmann FL, Rühmann B, Schmid J, Sieber V. CRISPR-Cas9 driven structural elucidation of the heteroexopolysaccharides from Paenibacillus polymyxa DSM 365. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 312:120763. [PMID: 37059525 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Paenibacillus polymyxa is a Gram-positive soil bacterium known for producing a wide range of exopolysaccharides. However, due to the biopolymer's complexity, structural elucidation has so far been inconclusive. Combinatorial knock-outs of glycosyltransferases were generated in order to separate distinct polysaccharides produced by P. polymyxa. Using a complementary analytical approach consisting of carbohydrate fingerprints, sequence analysis, methylation analysis as well as NMR spectroscopy, the structure of the repeating units of two additional heteroexopolysaccharides termed paenan I and paenan III were elucidated. Results for paenan I identified a trisaccharide backbone consisting of 1➔4-β-d-Glc, 1➔4-β-d-Man and a 1,3,4-branching β-d-Gal residue with a sidechain comprising of a terminal β-d-Gal3,4-Pyr and 1➔3-β-d-Glc. For paenan III, results indicated a backbone consisting of 1➔3-β-d-Glc, 1,3,4-linked α-d-Man and 1,3,4-linked α-d-GlcA. NMR analysis indicated monomeric β-d-Glc and α-d-Man sidechains for the branching Man and GlcA residues respectively.
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6
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Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrate molecules in the realm of biology, are present as biomedically important glycoconjugates and a characteristic aspect is that their structures in many instances are branched. In determining the primary structure of a glycan, the sugar components including the absolute configuration and ring form, anomeric configuration, linkage(s), sequence, and substituents should be elucidated. Solution state NMR spectroscopy offers a unique opportunity to resolve all these aspects at atomic resolution. During the last two decades, advancement of both NMR experiments and spectrometer hardware have made it possible to unravel carbohydrate structure more efficiently. These developments applicable to glycans include, inter alia, NMR experiments that reduce spectral overlap, use selective excitations, record tilted projections of multidimensional spectra, acquire spectra by multiple receivers, utilize polarization by fast-pulsing techniques, concatenate pulse-sequence modules to acquire several spectra in a single measurement, acquire pure shift correlated spectra devoid of scalar couplings, employ stable isotope labeling to efficiently obtain homo- and/or heteronuclear correlations, as well as those that rely on dipolar cross-correlated interactions for sequential information. Refined computer programs for NMR spin simulation and chemical shift prediction aid the structural elucidation of glycans, which are notorious for their limited spectral dispersion. Hardware developments include cryogenically cold probes and dynamic nuclear polarization techniques, both resulting in enhanced sensitivity as well as ultrahigh field NMR spectrometers with a 1H NMR resonance frequency higher than 1 GHz, thus improving resolution of resonances. Taken together, the developments have made and will in the future make it possible to elucidate carbohydrate structure in great detail, thereby forming the basis for understanding of how glycans interact with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fontana
- Departamento
de Química del Litoral, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,
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7
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Kasimova AA, Shneider MM, Edelstein MV, Dzhaparova AA, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA, Kenyon JJ. Structure of the K98 capsular polysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii REV-1184 containing a cyclic pyruvic acid acetal. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:447-455. [PMID: 35872312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The K98 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) from the Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolate, REV-1184, was studied by sugar analysis and Smith degradation along with one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The CPS was found to consist of linear tetrasaccharide repeats (K-units) that include one residue each of d-GlcpNAc, d-GalpNAc, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galacturonic acid (d-GalpNAcA), and 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (N-acetylquinovosamine, d-QuipNAc), with the GalpNAc residue decorated with a (R)-configurated 4,6-pyruvic acid acetal group. The CPS has a similar composition to that of A. baumannii K4 but the topology of the tetrasaccharide K-unit is different (linear in K98 versus branched in K4). This was due to a difference in sequence for the Wzy polymerases encoded by the CPS biosynthesis gene clusters KL98 and KL4, with the WzyK98 polymerase forming a β-d-QuipNAc-(1→3)-d-GalpNAc linkage between the K98 units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya A Kasimova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Shneider
- M. M. Shemyakin and Y. A.Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Edelstein
- Institute of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Smolensk State Medical University, 214019 Smolensk, Russia.
| | - Alina A Dzhaparova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Johanna J Kenyon
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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8
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Njeri DK, Ragains JR. Total Synthesis of an All-1,2- cis-Linked Repeating Unit from the Acinetobacter baumannii D78 Capsular Polysaccharide. Org Lett 2022; 24:3461-3465. [PMID: 35522755 PMCID: PMC9127968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chemical synthetic
efforts have resulted in the preparation of
the assigned tetrasaccharide repeating subunit from the Acinetobacter
baumannii KL4-associated capsular polysaccharide. A convergent
synthetic strategy hinging on a 1,2-cis-selective
[2+2] glycosylation to generate the fully protected tetrasaccharide
was key to the success of this synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dancan K Njeri
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
| | - Justin R Ragains
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
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9
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Speciale I, Notaro A, Garcia-Vello P, Di Lorenzo F, Armiento S, Molinaro A, Marchetti R, Silipo A, De Castro C. Liquid-state NMR spectroscopy for complex carbohydrate structural analysis: A hitchhiker's guide. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118885. [PMID: 34893288 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural determination of carbohydrates is mostly performed by liquid-state NMR, and it is a demanding task because the NMR signals of these biomolecules explore a rather narrow range of chemical shifts, with the result that the resonances of each monosaccharide unit heavily overlap with those of others, thus muddling their punctual identification. However, the full attribution of the NMR chemical shifts brings great advantages: it discloses the nature of the constituents, the way they are interconnected, in some cases their absolute configuration, and it paves the way to other and more sophisticated analyses. The purpose of this review is to provide a practical guide into this challenging subject. It will drive through the strategy used to assign the NMR data, pinpointing the core information disclosed from each NMR experiment, and suggesting useful tricks for their interpretation, along with other resources pivotal during the study of these biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Pilar Garcia-Vello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Flaviana Di Lorenzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Samantha Armiento
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples, 80055 Portici, Italy.
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10
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Hager-Mair FF, Stefanović C, Lim C, Webhofer K, Krauter S, Blaukopf M, Ludwig R, Kosma P, Schäffer C. Assaying Paenibacillus alvei CsaB-Catalysed Ketalpyruvyltransfer to Saccharides by Measurement of Phosphate Release. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111732. [PMID: 34827730 PMCID: PMC8615578 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketalpyruvyltransferases belong to a widespread but little investigated class of enzymes, which utilise phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) for the pyruvylation of saccharides. Pyruvylated saccharides play pivotal biological roles, ranging from protein binding to virulence. Limiting factors for the characterisation of ketalpyruvyltransferases are the availability of cognate acceptor substrates and a straightforward enzyme assay. We report on a fast ketalpyruvyltransferase assay based on the colorimetric detection of phosphate released during pyruvyltransfer from PEP onto the acceptor via complexation with Malachite Green and molybdate. To optimise the assay for the model 4,6-ketalpyruvyl::ManNAc-transferase CsaB from Paenibacillus alvei, a β-d-ManNAc-α-d-GlcNAc-diphosphoryl-11-phenoxyundecyl acceptor mimicking an intermediate of the bacterium's cell wall glycopolymer biosynthesis pathway, upon which CsaB is naturally active, was produced chemo-enzymatically and used together with recombinant CsaB. Optimal assay conditions were 5 min reaction time at 37 °C and pH 7.5, followed by colour development for 1 h at 37 °C and measurement of absorbance at 620 nm. The structure of the generated pyruvylated product was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Using the established assay, the first kinetic constants of a 4,6-ketalpyuvyl::ManNAc-transferase could be determined; upon variation of the acceptor and PEP concentrations, a KM, PEP of 19.50 ± 3.50 µM and kcat, PEP of 0.21 ± 0.01 s-1 as well as a KM, Acceptor of 258 ± 38 µM and a kcat, Acceptor of 0.15 ± 0.01 s-1 were revealed. P. alvei CsaB was inactive on synthetic pNP-β-d-ManNAc and β-d-ManNAc-β-d-GlcNAc-1-OMe, supporting the necessity of a complex acceptor substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona F. Hager-Mair
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (F.F.H.-M.); (C.S.)
| | - Cordula Stefanović
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (F.F.H.-M.); (C.S.)
| | - Charlie Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Katharina Webhofer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Simon Krauter
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (C.L.); (K.W.); (S.K.); (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Christina Schäffer
- NanoGlycobiology Unit, Department of NanoBiotechnology, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (F.F.H.-M.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654 (ext. 80203)
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11
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Identification of a Novel Pyruvyltransferase Using 13C Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance To Analyze Rhizobial Exopolysaccharides. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0040321. [PMID: 34606371 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00403-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The alphaproteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti secretes two acidic exopolysaccharides (EPSs), succinoglycan (EPSI) and galactoglucan (EPSII), which differentially enable it to adapt to a changing environment. Succinoglycan is essential for invasion of plant hosts and, thus, for the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Galactoglucan is critical for population-based behaviors such as swarming and biofilm formation and can facilitate invasion in the absence of succinoglycan on some host plants. The biosynthesis of galactoglucan is not as completely understood as that of succinoglycan. We devised a pipeline to identify putative pyruvyltransferase and acetyltransferase genes, construct genomic deletions in strains engineered to produce either succinoglycan or galactoglucan, and analyze EPS from mutant bacterial strains. EPS samples were examined by 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). CPMAS NMR is uniquely suited to defining chemical composition in complex samples and enables the detection and quantification of distinct EPS functional groups. Galactoglucan was isolated from mutant strains with deletions in five candidate acyl/acetyltransferase genes (exoZ, exoH, SMb20810, SMb21188, and SMa1016) and a putative pyruvyltransferase (wgaE or SMb21322). Most samples were similar in composition to wild-type EPSII by CPMAS NMR analysis. However, galactoglucan produced from a strain lacking wgaE exhibited a significant reduction in pyruvylation. Pyruvylation was restored through the ectopic expression of plasmid-borne wgaE. Our work has thus identified WgaE as a galactoglucan pyruvyltransferase. This exemplifies how the systematic combination of genetic analyses and solid-state NMR detection is a rapid means to identify genes responsible for modification of rhizobial exopolysaccharides. IMPORTANCE Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are crucial for geochemical cycles and global nitrogen nutrition. Symbioses between legumes and rhizobial bacteria establish root nodules, where bacteria convert dinitrogen to ammonia for plant utilization. Secreted exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti (succinoglycan and galactoglucan) play important roles in soil and plant environments. The biosynthesis of galactoglucan is not as well characterized as that of succinoglycan. We employed solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to examine intact EPS from wild-type and mutant S. meliloti strains. NMR analysis of EPS isolated from a wgaE gene mutant revealed a novel pyruvyltransferase that modifies galactoglucan. Few EPS pyruvyltransferases have been characterized. Our work provides insight into the biosynthesis of an important S. meliloti EPS and expands the knowledge of enzymes that modify polysaccharides.
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Akum FN, Kumar R, Lai G, Williams CH, Doan HK, Leveau JH. Identification of Collimonas gene loci involved in the biosynthesis of a diffusible secondary metabolite with broad-spectrum antifungal activity and plant-protective properties. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1367-1384. [PMID: 33347710 PMCID: PMC8313283 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In greenhouse and field trials, a bacterial mixture of Collimonas arenae Cal35 and Bacillus velezensis FZB42, but not Cal35 alone or FZB42 alone, was able to protect tomato plants from challenge with the soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol). To identify genes and mechanisms underlying this property in Cal35, we screened a random transposon insertion library for loss of function and identified two mutants that were impaired completely or partially in their ability to halt the growth of a wide range of fungal species. In mutant 46A06, the transposon insertion was located in a biosynthetic gene cluster that was predicted to code for a hybrid polyketide synthase-non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, while mutant 60C09 was impacted in a gene cluster for the synthesis and secretion of sugar repeat units. Our data are consistent with a model in which both gene clusters are necessary for the production of an antifungal compound we refer to as carenaemins. We also show that the ability to produce carenaemin contributed significantly to the observed synergy between Cal35 and FZB42 in protecting tomato plants from Fol. We discuss the potential for supplementing Bacillus-based biocontrol products with Collimonas bacteria to boost efficacy of such products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele N. Akum
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
| | | | - Gary Lai
- Novozymes Inc1445 Drew AvenueDavisCAUSA
| | | | - Hung K. Doan
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Johan H.J. Leveau
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCAUSA
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Modifications of cell wall polymers in Gram-positive bacteria by multi-component transmembrane glycosylation systems. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 60:24-33. [PMID: 33578058 PMCID: PMC8035078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Secondary cell wall polymers fulfil diverse and important functions within the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the principles of teichoic acid and complex secondary cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways in Firmicutes and summarize the recently revised mechanism for the decoration of teichoic acids with d-alanines. Many cell wall polymers are decorated with glycosyl groups, either intracellularly or extracellularly. The main focus of this review will be on the extracellular glycosylation mechanism and recent advances that have been made in the identification of enzymes involved in this process. Based on the proteins involved, we propose to rename the system to multi-component transmembrane glycosylation system in place of three-component glycosylation system.
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Effects of photo-stimulation with laser or LED on the composition of Xanthan gum produced in media containing distilled water or dialyzed or not produced water by means of Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 213:112057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Fukunaga T, Tanaka N, Furumoto T, Nakakita S, Ohashi T, Higuchi Y, Maekawa H, Takegawa K. Characterization of N- and O-linked galactosylated oligosaccharides from fission yeast species. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:128-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes: Structure, Activity, and Reaction Products. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082727. [PMID: 32326403 PMCID: PMC7215940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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