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Abdelghany WR, Yassin AS, Abu-Ellail FFB, Al-Khalaf AA, Omara RI, Hozzein WN. Combatting Sugar Beet Root Rot: Streptomyces Strains' Efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:311. [PMID: 38276766 PMCID: PMC10820957 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Sugar beet root rot disease triggered by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-betae is a destructive disease and dramatically affects the production and quality of the sugar beet industry. Employing beneficial microorganisms as a biocontrol strategy represents an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to combat various plant diseases. The distinct aspect of this study was to assess the antifungal and plant growth-promoting capabilities of recently isolated Streptomyces to treat sugar beet plants against infection with the phytopathogen F. oxysporum. Thirty-seven actinobacterial isolates were recovered from the rhizosphere of healthy sugar beet plants and screened for their potential to antagonize F. oxysporum in vitro. Two isolates SB3-15 and SB2-23 that displayed higher antagonistic effects were morphologically and molecularly identified as Streptomyces spp. Seed treatment with the fermentation broth of the selected Streptomyces strains SB3-15 and SB2-23 significantly reduced disease severity compared to the infected control in a greenhouse experiment. Streptomyces SB2-23 exhibited the highest protective activity with high efficacy ranging from 91.06 to 94.77% compared to chemical fungicide (86.44 to 92.36%). Furthermore, strain SB2-23 significantly increased plant weight, root weight, root length, and diameter. Likewise, it improves sucrose percentage and juice purity. As a consequence, the strain SB2-23's intriguing biocontrol capability and sugar beet root growth stimulation present promising prospects for its utilization in both plant protection and enhancement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa R. Abdelghany
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Abeer S. Yassin
- Sugar Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | | | - Areej A. Al-Khalaf
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda I. Omara
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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Tu Y, Liu S, Cai P, Shan T. Global distribution, toxicity to humans and animals, biodegradation, and nutritional mitigation of deoxynivalenol: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3951-3983. [PMID: 37421323 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main types of B trichothecenes, and it causes health-related issues in humans and animals and imposes considerable challenges to food and feed safety globally each year. This review investigates the global hazards of DON, describes the occurrence of DON in food and feed in different countries, and systematically uncovers the mechanisms of the various toxic effects of DON. For DON pollution, many treatments have been reported on the degradation of DON, and each of the treatments has different degradation efficacies and degrades DON by a distinct mechanism. These treatments include physical, chemical, and biological methods and mitigation strategies. Biodegradation methods include microorganisms, enzymes, and biological antifungal agents, which are of great research significance in food processing because of their high efficiency, low environmental hazards, and drug resistance. And we also reviewed the mechanisms of biodegradation methods of DON, the adsorption and antagonism effects of microorganisms, and the different chemical transformation mechanisms of enzymes. Moreover, nutritional mitigation including common nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and microelements) and plant extracts was discussed in this review, and the mitigation mechanism of DON toxicity was elaborated from the biochemical point of view. These findings help explore various approaches to achieve the best efficiency and applicability, overcome DON pollution worldwide, ensure the sustainability and safety of food processing, and explore potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of DON in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Synergism between Streptomyces viridosporus HH1 and Rhizophagus irregularis Effectively Induces Defense Responses to Fusarium Wilt of Pea and Improves Plant Growth and Yield. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070683. [PMID: 35887440 PMCID: PMC9318455 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is a detrimental disease of pea crop, resulting in severe damage and a reduction in its yield. Developing synergistically enhanced bioagents for disease management and growth promotion is pivotal for food safety, security, and sustainability. In this study, biocontrol potential of treating pea plants with Streptomycesviridosporus HH1 and/or their colonization with Rhizophagusirregularis against infection with Fusarium wilt was investigated. Impacts on the expression profiles of defense-related genes, biochemical, and ultrastructural levels, as well as the growth and yield of pea plants in response to these treatments, were also investigated. Data obtained indicated the antifungal activity of S. viridosporus HH1 against F. oxysporum f.sp. pisi in vitro. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis revealed production of different bioactive compounds by S. viridosporus HH1, including 2,3-butanediol, thioglycolic acid, and phthalic acid. The results from the greenhouse experiment exhibited a synergistic biocontrol activity, resulting in a 77% reduction in disease severity in pea plants treated with S. viridosporus HH1 and colonized with R. irregularis. In this regard, this dual treatment overexpressed the responsive factor JERF3 (5.6-fold) and the defense-related genes β-1,3-glucanase (8.2-fold) and the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (14.5-fold), enhanced the total phenolic content (99.5%), induced the antioxidant activity of peroxidase (64.3%) and polyphenol oxidase (31.6%) enzymes in pea plants, reduced the antioxidant stress, and improved their hypersensitivity at the ultrastructural level in response to the Fusarium wilt pathogen. Moreover, a synergistic growth-promoting effect was also recorded in pea plants in response to this dual treatment. In this regard, due to this dual treatment, elevated levels of photosynthetic pigments and improved growth parameters were observed in pea leaves, leading to an increment in the yield (113%). In addition, application of S. viridosporus enhanced the colonization levels with R. irregularis in pea roots. Based on the obtained data, we can conclude that treating pea plants with S. viridosporus HH1 and colonization with R. irregularis have synergistic biocontrol activity and growth-promoting effects on pea plants against Fusarium wilt. Despite its eco-safety and effectiveness, a field evaluation of this treatment before a use recommendation is quite necessary.
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Feng S, Tang S, Jian Y, Huang X, Jin L, Zhu Z, Dong P, Li Z. Complete Genome Sequence Data of a Novel Streptomyces sp. Strain A2-16, a Potential Biological Control Agent for Potato Late Blight. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:723-726. [PMID: 34191534 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0858-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces sp. strain A2-16 was recently isolated from potato root zone soil, and it could inhibit the hyphal growth of Phytophthora infestans. The A2-16 genome consisted of one chromosome of 9,765,518 bp and one plasmid of 30,948 bp with GC contents of 70.88% and 68.39%, respectively. A total of 8,518 predicted coding genes, 3 ncRNA,73 tRNA,18 rRNA genes, and 28 secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters were identified. The products of the gene clusters included bioactive polyketides, terpenes, and siderophores, which might contribute to host plants against disease. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value (82.88-91.41%) among the genome of A2-16 and other Streptomyces species suggested it might not belong to any previously sequenced species in the Streptomyces genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Shicai Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yongfei Jian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhenglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Pan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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Barrera-Galicia GC, Peniche-Pavía HA, Peña-Cabriales JJ, Covarrubias SA, Vera-Núñez JA, Délano-Frier JP. Metabolic Footprints of Burkholderia Sensu Lato Rhizosphere Bacteria Active against Maize Fusarium Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102061. [PMID: 34683382 PMCID: PMC8538949 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent with their reported abundance in soils, several Burkholderia sensu lato strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of maize plants cultivated at different sites in central México. Comparative analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences permitted their separation into three distinctive clades, which were further subdivided into six other clusters by their close resemblance to (1) Trinickia dinghuensis; (2) Paraburkholderia kirstenboschensis, P. graminis, P. dilworthii and P. rhynchosiae; (3) B. gladioli; (4) B. arboris; (5) B. contaminans, or (6) B. metallica representative species. Direct confrontation assays revealed that these strains inhibited the growth of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, and F. verticillioides within a roughly 3-55% inhibition range. The use of a DIESI-based non-targeted mass spectroscopy experimental strategy further indicated that this method is an option for rapid determination of the pathogen inhibitory capacity of Burkholderia sensu lato strains based solely on the analysis of their exometabolome. Furthermore, it showed that the highest anti-fungal activity observed in B. contaminans and B. arboris was associated with a distinctive abundance of certain m/z ions, some of which were identified as components of the ornbactin and pyochelin siderophores. These results highlight the chemical diversity of Burkholderia sensu lato bacteria and suggest that their capacity to inhibit the Fusarium-related infection of maize in suppressive soils is associated with siderophore synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe C. Barrera-Galicia
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico; (G.C.B.-G.); (H.A.P.-P.); (J.J.P.-C.)
| | - Héctor A. Peniche-Pavía
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico; (G.C.B.-G.); (H.A.P.-P.); (J.J.P.-C.)
| | - Juan José Peña-Cabriales
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico; (G.C.B.-G.); (H.A.P.-P.); (J.J.P.-C.)
| | - Sergio A. Covarrubias
- Área de Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad Universitaria Campus Siglo XXI, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico; (S.A.C.); (J.A.V.-N.)
| | - José A. Vera-Núñez
- Área de Ciencias de la Salud, Ciudad Universitaria Campus Siglo XXI, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico; (S.A.C.); (J.A.V.-N.)
| | - John P. Délano-Frier
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico; (G.C.B.-G.); (H.A.P.-P.); (J.J.P.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-462-623-9600
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Niu X, Zhang J, Wang C, Jia X, Fu J, Suo Y. Evaluation of the lignite biotransformation capacity of Fusarium sp. NF01 cultured on different growth substrates. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:613-621. [PMID: 33751915 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The screening and studying the lignite solubilization/degradation capacities of indigenous microorganisms are key to exploring the in-situ biotransformation of lignite. Herein, a fungus was isolated from in-situ lignite samples and identified as Fusarium sp. NF01. This isolate was then cultured on four different carbon sources to evaluate its lignite-transformation capacity. When cultured on a solid agar medium containing sodium gluconate or sodium glutamate, Fusarium sp. NF01 completely liquefied 0.5 g of lignite within 6 days, and when cultured in a liquid medium containing sodium gluconate, the weight of lignite decreased by 28.4% within 7 days. Elemental analysis showed that the rate of lignite biodegradation was inversely proportional to the C:O ratio of the residual lignite samples. Additionally, a 5.9% biodesulfurization rate was achieved when Fusarium sp. NF01 was cultured in the presence of sodium gluconate. Finally, Fourier-transform infrared analysis of the residual lignite samples revealed relatively weak signal intensities of the signature peaks representing the following: aromatic ring side chains; ether, ester, and alcohol bonds; aromatic ring carbon-carbon double bonds; and aliphatic methyl and methylene. The results show that Fusarium sp. NF01 degrades lignite in a carbon-dependent manner and could be thus used for the bioconversion of subsurface coalbeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Niu
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China.,School of Mining and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, P.R. China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Cuiyan Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Jilagamazhi Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Yonglu Suo
- School of Energy, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Chen J, Hu L, Jia R, Ma Q, Tang J, Wang Y. Antagonistic action of Streptomyces pratensis S10 on Fusarium graminearum and its complete genome sequence. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1925-1940. [PMID: 33073508 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wheat scab, mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, can decrease wheat yield and grain quality. Chemical pesticides are currently the main control method but have an inevitable negative consequence on the environment and in food safety. This research studies a promising substitute, Streptomyces pratensis S10, which was isolated from tomato leaf mould and shows a significant inhibition effect on F. graminearum based on antagonism assays. The biocontrol mechanism is studied by enhanced green fluorescent protein labelling, quantitative real-time PCR, the Doskochilova 8 solvents system test and complete genome sequencing. Strain S10 can colonize in the wheat root, control wheat scab and decrease deoxynivalenol (DON) content. The control effects in vitro, planta and the plot experiments were 92.86%, 68.67% and 40.87% to 86.62%, respectively. S10 decreased DON content by inhibiting the mycelium growth and DON synthesis gene expression. The active substances of the S10 secondary metabolites had a high-temperature resistance and 29 putative biosynthetic gene clusters in its genome. The S10 control mechanism is multivariate, which shows potential in controlling wheat scab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lifang Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ruimin Jia
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Qing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiangjiang Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Investigating Useful Properties of Four Streptomyces Strains Active against Fusarium graminearum Growth and Deoxynivalenol Production on Wheat Grains by qPCR. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090560. [PMID: 32878002 PMCID: PMC7551252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces spp. can be exploited as biocontrol agents (BCAs) against plant pathogens such as Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and against the contamination of grains with deoxynivalenol (DON). In the present research, four Streptomyces strains active against F. graminearum in dual plate assays were characterized for their ability to colonize detached wheat grains in the presence of F. graminearum and to limit DON production. The pathogen and BCA abundance were assessed by a quantitative real-time PCR, while DON production was assessed by HPLC quantification and compared to ergosterol to correlate the toxin production to the amount of fungal mycelium. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production were assessed with both co-inoculation and late inoculation of the BCAs in vitro (three days post-Fusarium inoculation) to test the interaction between the fungus and the bacteria. The level of inhibition of the pathogen and the toxin production were strain-specific. Overall, a higher level of DON inhibition (up to 99%) and a strong reduction in fungal biomass (up to 71%) were achieved when streptomycetes were co-inoculated with the fungus. This research enabled studying the antifungal efficacy of the four Streptomyces strains and monitoring their development in DON-inducing conditions.
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Quinn GA, Banat AM, Abdelhameed AM, Banat IM. Streptomyces from traditional medicine: sources of new innovations in antibiotic discovery. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1040-1048. [PMID: 32692643 PMCID: PMC7642979 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the increased reporting of multi-resistant bacteria and the shortage of newly approved medicines, researchers have been looking towards extreme and unusual environments as a new source of antibiotics. Streptomyces currently provides many of the world's clinical antibiotics, so it comes as no surprise that these bacteria have recently been isolated from traditional medicine. Given the wide array of traditional medicines, it is hoped that these discoveries can provide the much sought after core structure diversity that will be required of a new generation of antibiotics. This review discusses the contribution of Streptomyces to antibiotics and the potential of newly discovered species in traditional medicine. We also explore how knowledge of traditional medicines can aid current initiatives in sourcing new and chemically diverse antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry A. Quinn
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Aiya M. Banat
- Department of Orthopaedics, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alyaa M. Abdelhameed
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Ibrahim M. Banat
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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Morelli M, Bahar O, Papadopoulou KK, Hopkins DL, Obradović A. Editorial: Role of Endophytes in Plant Health and Defense Against Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1312. [PMID: 32983202 PMCID: PMC7479191 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Morelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Sede Secondaria di Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Massimiliano Morelli,
| | - Ofir Bahar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | | | - Aleksa Obradović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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