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Shu T, Wang X, Li M, Ma S, Cao J, Sun G, Lai T, Liu S, Li A, Qu Z, Pei D. Nanoscaled Titanium Oxide Layer Provokes Quick Osseointegration on 3D-Printed Dental Implants: A Domino Effect Induced by Hydrophilic Surface. ACS NANO 2024; 18:783-797. [PMID: 38117950 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is a revolutionary strategy to fabricate dental implants. Especially, 3D-printed dental implants modified with nanoscaled titanium oxide layer (H-SLM) have impressively shown quick osseointegration, but the accurate mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we unmask a domino effect that the hydrophilic surface of the H-SLM facilitates blood wetting, enhances the blood shear rate, promotes blood clotting, and changes clot features for quick osseointegration. Combining computational fluid dynamic simulation and biological verification, we find a blood shear rate during blood wetting of the hydrophilic H-SLM 1.2-fold higher than that of the raw 3D-printed implant, which activates blood clot formation. Blood clots formed on the hydrophilic H-SLM demonstrate anti-inflammatory and pro-osteogenesis effects, leading to a 1.5-fold higher bone-to-implant contact and a 1.8-fold higher mechanical anchorage at the early stage of osseointegration. This mechanism deepens current knowledge between osseointegration speed and implant surface characteristics, which is instructive in surface nanoscaled modification of multiple 3D-printed intrabony implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Shu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xueliang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shaoyang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tao Lai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shaobao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhiguo Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dandan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Kitajima H, Hirota M, Iwai T, Mitsudo K, Saruta J, Ogawa T. Synergistic Enhancement of Protein Recruitment and Retention via Implant Surface Microtopography and Superhydrophilicity in a Computational Fluid Dynamics Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15618. [PMID: 37958605 PMCID: PMC10649348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms by which implant surface properties govern osseointegration are incompletely understood. To gain insights into this process, we examined alterations in protein and blood recruitment around screw implants with different surface topographies and wettability using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Compared with a smooth surface, a microrough implant surface reduced protein infiltration from the outer zone to the implant thread and interface zones by over two-fold. However, the microrough implant surface slowed blood flow in the interface zone by four-fold. As a result, compared with the smooth surface, the microrough surface doubled the protein recruitment/retention index, defined as the mass of proteins present in the area per unit time. Converting implant surfaces from hydrophobic to superhydrophilic increased the mass of protein infiltration 2-3 times and slowed down blood flow by up to two-fold in the implant vicinity for both smooth and microrough surfaces. The protein recruitment/retention index was highest at the implant interface when the implant surface was superhydrophilic and microrough. Thus, this study demonstrates distinct control of the mass and speed of protein and blood flow through implant surface topography, wettability, and their combination, significantly altering the efficiency of protein recruitment. Although microrough surfaces showed both positive and negative impacts on protein recruitment over smooth surfaces, superhydrophilicity was consistently positive regardless of surface topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitajima
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (H.K.); (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Makoto Hirota
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (H.K.); (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-0024, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshinori Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Juri Saruta
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (H.K.); (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Department of Education Planning, School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 238-8580, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (H.K.); (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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Kitajima H, Hirota M, Osawa K, Iwai T, Saruta J, Mitsudo K, Ogawa T. Optimization of blood and protein flow around superhydrophilic implant surfaces by promoting contact hemodynamics. J Prosthodont Res 2023; 67:568-582. [PMID: 36543189 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined blood and protein dynamics potentially influenced by implant threads and hydrophilic/hydrophobic states of implant surfaces. METHODS A computational fluid dynamics model was created for a screw-shaped implant with a water contact angle of 70° (hydrophobic surface) and 0° (superhydrophilic surface). Movements and density of blood and fibrinogen as a representative wound healing protein were visualized and quantified during constant blood inflow. RESULTS Blood plasma did not occupy 40-50% of the implant interface or the inside of threads around hydrophobic implants, whereas such blood voids were nearly completely eliminated around superhydrophilic implants. Whole blood field vectors were disorganized and random within hydrophobic threads but formed vortex nodes surrounded by stable blood streams along the superhydrophilic implant surface. The averaged vector within threads was away from the implant surface for the hydrophobic implant and towards the implant surface for the superhydrophilic implant. Rapid and massive whole blood influx into the thread zone was only seen for the superhydrophilic implant, whereas a line of conflicting vectors formed at the entrance of the thread area of the hydrophobic implant to prevent blood influx. The fibrinogen density was up to 20-times greater at the superhydrophilic implant interface than the hydrophobic one. Fibrinogen density was higher at the interface than outside the threads only for the superhydrophilic implant. CONCLUSIONS Implant threads and surface hydrophilicity have profound effects on vector and distribution of blood and proteins. Critically, implant threads formed significant biological voids at the interface that were negated by superhydrophilicity-induced contact hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitajima
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirota
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohei Osawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Education Planning, School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, USA
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Kitajima H, Hirota M, Osawa K, Iwai T, Mitsudo K, Saruta J, Ogawa T. The Effects of a Biomimetic Hybrid Meso- and Nano-Scale Surface Topography on Blood and Protein Recruitment in a Computational Fluid Dynamics Implant Model. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:376. [PMID: 37622981 PMCID: PMC10452410 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying bone-implant integration, or osseointegration, are still incompletely understood, in particular how blood and proteins are recruited to implant surfaces. The objective of this study was to visualize and quantify the flow of blood and the model protein fibrinogen using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) implant model. Implants with screws were designed with three different surface topographies: (1) amorphous, (2) nano-trabecular, and (3) hybrid meso-spikes and nano-trabeculae. The implant with nano-topography recruited more blood and fibrinogen to the implant interface than the amorphous implant. Implants with hybrid topography further increased recruitment, with particularly efficient recruitment from the thread area to the interface. Blood movement significantly slowed at the implant interface compared with the thread area for all implants. The blood velocity at the interface was 3- and 4-fold lower for the hybrid topography compared with the nano-topography and amorphous surfaces, respectively. Thus, this study for the first time provides insights into how different implant surfaces regulate blood dynamics and the potential advantages of surface texturization in blood and protein recruitment and retention. In particular, co-texturization with a hybrid meso- and nano-topography created the most favorable microenvironment. The established CFD model is simple, low-cost, and expected to be useful for a wide range of studies designing and optimizing implants at the macro and micro levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitajima
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (K.O.); (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Makoto Hirota
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama 232-0024, Japan
| | - Kohei Osawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (K.O.); (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Toshinori Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (K.O.); (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (K.O.); (T.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Juri Saruta
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Department of Education Planning, School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA (M.H.); (J.S.)
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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A Novel High-Energy Vacuum Ultraviolet Light Photofunctionalization Approach for Decomposing Organic Molecules around Titanium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031978. [PMID: 36768297 PMCID: PMC9916712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium undergoes biological aging, represented by increased hydrophobicity and surface accumulation of organic molecules over time, which compromises the osseointegration of dental and orthopedic implants. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel UV light source, 172 nm wavelength vacuum UV (VUV), in decomposing organic molecules around titanium. Methylene blue solution used as a model organic molecule placed in a quartz ampoule with and without titanium specimens was treated with four different UV light sources: (i) ultraviolet C (UVC), (ii) high-energy UVC (HUVC), (iii) proprietary UV (PUV), and (iv) VUV. After one minute of treatment, VUV decomposed over 90% of methylene blue, while there was 3-, 3-, and 8-fold more methylene blue after the HUVC, PUV, and UVC treatments, respectively. In dose-dependency experiments, maximal methylene blue decomposition occurred after one minute of VUV treatment and after 20-30 min of UVC treatment. Rapid and effective VUV-mediated organic decomposition was not influenced by the surface topography of titanium or its alloy and even occurred in the absence of titanium, indicating only a minimal photocatalytic contribution of titanium dioxide to organic decomposition. VUV-mediated but not other light source-mediated methylene blue decomposition was proportional to its concentration. Plastic tubes significantly reduced methylene blue decomposition for all light sources. These results suggest that VUV, in synergy with quartz ampoules, mediates rapid and effective organic decomposition compared with other UV sources. This proof-of-concept study paves the way for rapid and effective VUV-powered photofunctionalization of titanium to overcome biological aging.
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Decomposing Organic Molecules on Titanium with Vacuum Ultraviolet Light for Effective and Rapid Photofunctionalization. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010011. [PMID: 36662058 PMCID: PMC9861116 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization counteracts the biological aging of titanium to increase the bioactivity and osseointegration of titanium implants. However, UV photofunctionalization currently requires long treatment times of between 12 min and 48 h, precluding routine clinical use. Here, we tested the ability of a novel, xenon excimer lamp emitting 172 nm vacuum UV (VUV) to decompose organic molecules coated on titanium as a surrogate of photofunctionalization. Methylene blue as a model organic molecule was coated on grade 4 commercially pure titanium and treated with four UV light sources: (i) ultraviolet C (UVC), (ii) high-energy UVC (HUVC), (iii) proprietary UV (PUV), and (iv) VUV. After one minute of treatment, VUV decomposed 57% of methylene blue compared with 2%, 36%, and 42% for UVC, HUVC, and PUV, respectively. UV dose-dependency testing revealed maximal methylene blue decomposition with VUV within one minute. Equivalent decomposition was observed on grade 5 titanium alloy specimens, and placing titanium specimens in quartz ampoules did not compromise efficacy. Methylene blue was decomposed even on polymethyl methacrylate acrylic specimens at 20-25% lower efficiency than on titanium specimens, indicating a relatively small contribution of titanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic decomposition to the total decomposition. Load-testing revealed that VUV maintained high efficacy of methylene blue decomposition regardless of the coating density, whereas other UV light sources showed low efficacy with thin coatings and plateauing efficacy with thicker coatings. This study provides foundational data on rapid and efficient VUV-mediated organic decomposition on titanium. In synergy with quartz ampoules used as containers, VUV has the potential to overcome current technical challenges hampering the clinical application of UV photofunctionalization.
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Kitajima H, Hirota M, Komatsu K, Isono H, Matsuura T, Mitsudo K, Ogawa T. Ultraviolet Light Treatment of Titanium Microfiber Scaffolds Enhances Osteoblast Recruitment and Osteoconductivity in a Vertical Bone Augmentation Model: 3D UV Photofunctionalization. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010019. [PMID: 36611812 PMCID: PMC9818481 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical bone augmentation to create host bone prior to implant placement is one of the most challenging regenerative procedures. The objective of this study is to evaluate the capacity of a UV-photofunctionalized titanium microfiber scaffold to recruit osteoblasts, generate intra-scaffold bone, and integrate with host bone in a vertical augmentation model with unidirectional, limited blood supply. Scaffolds were fabricated by molding and sintering grade 1 commercially pure titanium microfibers (20 μm diameter) and treated with UVC light (200-280 nm wavelength) emitted from a low-pressure mercury lamp for 20 min immediately before experiments. The scaffolds had an even and dense fiber network with 87% porosity and 20-50 mm inter-fiber distance. Surface carbon reduced from 30% on untreated scaffold to 10% after UV treatment, which corresponded to hydro-repellent to superhydrophilic conversion. Vertical infiltration testing revealed that UV-treated scaffolds absorbed 4-, 14-, and 15-times more blood, water, and glycerol than untreated scaffolds, respectively. In vitro, four-times more osteoblasts attached to UV-treated scaffolds than untreated scaffolds three hours after seeding. On day 2, there were 70% more osteoblasts on UV-treated scaffolds. Fluorescent microscopy visualized confluent osteoblasts on UV-treated microfibers two days after seeding but sparse and separated cells on untreated microfibers. Alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin gene expression were significantly greater in osteoblasts grown on UV-treated microfiber scaffolds. In an in vivo model of vertical augmentation on rat femoral cortical bone, the interfacial strength between innate cortical bone and UV-treated microfiber scaffold after two weeks of healing was double that observed between bone and untreated scaffold. Morphological and chemical analysis confirmed seamless integration of the innate cortical and regenerated bone within microfiber networks for UV-treated scaffolds. These results indicate synergy between titanium microfiber scaffolds and UV photofunctionalization to provide a novel and effective strategy for vertical bone augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kitajima
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirota
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Orthodontics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafune-cho, Minami-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-45-785-8438
| | - Keiji Komatsu
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Hitoshi Isono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Kenji Mitsudo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Division of Regenerative and Reconstructive Sciences and Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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UV Light-Generated Superhydrophilicity of a Titanium Surface Enhances the Transfer, Diffusion and Adsorption of Osteogenic Factors from a Collagen Sponge. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136811. [PMID: 34202795 PMCID: PMC8268603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a significant challenge for a titanium implant, which is a bio-inert material, to recruit osteogenic factors, such as osteoblasts, proteins and blood effectively when these are contained in a biomaterial. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ultraviolet (UV)-treatment of titanium on surface wettability and the recruitment of osteogenic factors when they are contained in an atelocollagen sponge. UV treatment of a dental implant made of commercially pure titanium was performed with UV-light for 12 min immediately prior to the experiments. Superhydrophilicity on dental implant surfaces was generated with UV-treatment. The collagen sponge containing blood, osteoblasts, or albumin was directly placed on the dental implant. Untreated implants absorbed only a little blood from the collagen sponge, while the UV-treated implants absorbed blood rapidly and allowed it to spread widely, almost over the entire implant surface. Blood coverage was 3.5 times greater for the UV-treated implants (p < 0.001). Only 6% of the osteoblasts transferred from the collagen sponge to the untreated implants, whereas 16% of the osteoblasts transferred to the UV-treated implants (p < 0.001). In addition, a weight ratio between transferred albumin on the implant and measured albumin adsorbed on the implant was 17.3% in untreated implants and 38.5% in UV-treated implants (p < 0.05). These results indicated that UV treatment converts a titanium surface into a superhydrophilic and bio-active material, which could recruite osteogenic factors even when they were contained in a collagen sponge. The transfer and subsequent diffusion and adsorption efficacy of UV-treated titanium surfaces could be useful for bone formation when titanium surfaces and osteogenic factors are intervened with a biomaterial.
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Sun Y, Liu X, Tan J, Lv D, Song W, Su R, Li L, Liu X, Ouyang L, Liao Y. Strontium ranelate incorporated 3D porous sulfonated PEEK simulating MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbaa043. [PMID: 33732489 PMCID: PMC7947580 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been used as an implant material because it has similar mechanical properties to natural bone. However, inferior osseointegration and bioinertness hamper the clinical application of PEEK. In this study, the surfaces of sulfonated three-dimensional (3D) PEEK porous structures were loaded with different concentrations of strontium ranelate, a compound commonly used in the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis by promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the topography of the structures, elemental carbon, oxygen and strontium contents were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and surface zeta potentials and water-contact angle were also measured. The results indicated that strontium ranelate was successfully loaded onto the 3D porous structures. In vitro cellular results showed that strontium ranelate-treated sulfonated PEEK (SP-SR) strengthened the adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells. The activity of alkaline phosphatase, collagen secretion and extracellular matrix mineralization deposition of MC3T3-E1 cells were also improved on the surface of SP-SR. These results indicate that SP-SR could serve a new implant candidate for surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xingdan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning District, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Ji Tan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning District, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Wengang Song
- Graduate School of Beihua University, Beihua University, Fengman District Jilin 132013, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning District, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Liping Ouyang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
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Shu T, Zhang Y, Sun G, Pan Y, He G, Cheng Y, Li A, Pei D. Enhanced Osseointegration by the Hierarchical Micro-Nano Topography on Selective Laser Melting Ti-6Al-4V Dental Implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:621601. [PMID: 33490056 PMCID: PMC7817818 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.621601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, selective laser melting (SLM) has been thriving in implant dentistry for on-demand fabricating dental implants. Based on the coarse microtopography of SLM titanium surfaces, constructing nanostructure to form the hierarchical micro-nano topography is effective in enhancing osseointegration. Given that current nanomodification techniques of SLM implants, such as anodization and hydrothermal treatment, are facing the inadequacy in costly specific apparatus and reagents, there has been no recognized nanomodified SLM dental implants. The present study aimed to construct hierarchical micro-nano topography on self-made SLM dental implants by a simple and safe inorganic chemical oxidation, and to evaluate its contribution on osteoblastic cells bioactivity and osseointegration. The surface chemical and physical parameters were characterized by FE-SEM, EDS, profilometer, AFM, and contact angle meter. The alteration on bioactivity of MG-63 human osteoblastic cells were detected by qRT-PCR. Then the osseointegration was assessed by implanting implants on the femur condyle of New Zealand Rabbits. The hierarchical micro-nano topography was constituted by the microrough surface of SLM implants and nanoneedles (diameter: 20∼50 nm, height: 150∼250 nm), after nanomodifying SLM implants in 30% hydrogen peroxide and 30% hydrochloride acid (volume ratio 1:2.5) at room temperature for 36 h. Low chemical impurities content and high hydrophilicity were observed in the nanomodified group. Cell experiments on the nanomodified group showed higher expression of mitophagy related gene (PINK1, PARKIN, LC3B, and LAMP1) at 5 days and higher expression of osteogenesis related gene (Runx2 and OCN) at 14 days. In the early stage of bone formation, the nanomodified SLM implants demonstrated higher bone-to-implant contact. Intriguingly, the initial bone-to-implant contact of nanomodified SLM implants consisted of more mineralized bone with less immature osteoid. After the cessation of bone formation, the bone-to-implant contact of nanomodified SLM implants was equal to untreated SLM implants and marketable TixOs implants. The overall findings indicated that the inorganic chemical oxidized hierarchical micro-nano topography could enhance the bioactivity of osteoblastic cells, and consequently promote the peri-implant bone formation and mineralization of SLM dental implants. This study sheds some light on improvements in additive manufactured dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Shu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dandan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Ding X, Xu S, Li S, Guo Z, Lu H, Lai C, Wu J, Wang J, Zeng S, Lin X, Zhou L. Biological Effects of Titanium Surface Charge with a Focus on Protein Adsorption. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25617-25624. [PMID: 33073087 PMCID: PMC7557225 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of changes in surface charge on the biological properties of implants is not clear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological properties of the surface of titanium sheets with different charges due to different treatment methods. Titanium sheets were sandblasted with large grit and underwent acid etching before being subsequently divided into the following groups: SLA, no further treatment; SLA-Ca2+, immersed in 1% CaCl2 solution; SLA-NaCl, immersed in saline; and SLA-Ca2+-NaCl, immersed in 1% CaCl2 solution followed by saline. Surface characteristics were evaluated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry, surface profilometry, and contact angle assays. Additionally, we used a ζ-potential analyzer to directly measure the electrostatic charge on the different group surfaces. The effect of changes in the Ti surface on biological processes after different treatments was determined by analyzing fibronectin adsorption, osteoblast-like MG63 cell adhesion and proliferation, and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes. Compared to the SLA surface, the other three groups contained corresponding trace elements because they were soaked in different liquids; the contact angles of the three groups were not significantly different, but they were significantly smaller than that of the SLA group; and there was no change in the surface topography or roughness. Furthermore, the SLA-Ca2+ group had a significantly reduced negative charge compared to that of the other three groups. There were no differences between the SLA-NaCl and SLA-Ca2+-NaCl groups in terms of negative charge, and the SLA group surface carried the most negative charge. Fibronectin adsorption capacity and cytological performance testing further showed that the SLA-Ca2+ group had the most significant change, followed by the SLA-NaCl and SLA-Ca2+-NaCl groups; the SLA group had significantly lower capacity and performance than the other three groups. These results suggest that the surface charge of the titanium sheet changed when immersed in different liquids and that this treatment enhanced biocompatibility by reducing the electrostatic repulsion between biomaterials and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Ding
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shulan Xu
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- . Tel: +86 2034152947
| | - Shaobing Li
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Zehong Guo
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Haibin Lu
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Stomatology
Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical
University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde), Shunde 528000, China
| | - Chunhua Lai
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jingxun Wang
- Stomatology
Department, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shuguang Zeng
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Center
of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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12
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Hamajima K, Ozawa R, Saruta J, Saita M, Kitajima H, Taleghani SR, Usami D, Goharian D, Uno M, Miyazawa K, Goto S, Tsukinoki K, Ogawa T. The Effect of TBB, as an Initiator, on the Biological Compatibility of PMMA/MMA Bone Cement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114016. [PMID: 32512780 PMCID: PMC7312717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylic bone cement is widely used in orthopedic surgery for treating various conditions of the bone and joints. Bone cement consists of methyl methacrylate (MMA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and benzoyl peroxide (BPO), functioning as a liquid monomer, solid phase, and polymerization initiator, respectively. However, cell and tissue toxicity caused by bone cement has been a concern. This study aimed to determine the effect of tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) as an initiator on the biocompatibility of bone cement. Rat spine bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were cultured on two commercially available PMMA-BPO bone cements and a PMMA-TBB experimental material. After a 24-h incubation, more cells survived on PMMA-TBB than on PMMA-BPO. Cytomorphometry showed that the area of cell spread was greater on PMMA-TBB than on PMMA-BPO. Analysis of alkaline phosphatase activity, gene expression, and matrix mineralization showed that the osteoblastic differentiation was substantially advanced on the PMMA-TBB. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy revealed that polymerization radical production within the PMMA-TBB was 1/15–1/20 of that within the PMMA-BPO. Thus, the use of TBB as an initiator, improved the biocompatibility and physicochemical properties of the PMMA-based material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hamajima
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan; (K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Ryotaro Ozawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
- Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine (Prosthodontics & Oral Implantology), Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Juri Saruta
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan;
| | - Makiko Saita
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
- Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine (Prosthodontics & Oral Implantology), Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitajima
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Samira Rahim Taleghani
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
| | - Dan Usami
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
| | - Donya Goharian
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
| | - Mitsunori Uno
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
- Department of Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science and Rehabilitation, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan; (K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan; (K.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Keiichi Tsukinoki
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan;
| | - Takahiro Ogawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA; (K.H.); (R.O.); (J.S.); (M.S.); (H.K.); (S.R.T.); (D.U.); (D.G.); (M.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-825-0727; Fax: +1-310-825-6345
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