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Rohr L, Ehinger A, Rausch L, Glöckner Burmeister N, Meixner AJ, Gronnier J, Harter K, Kemmerling B, zur Oven-Krockhaus S. OneFlowTraX: a user-friendly software for super-resolution analysis of single-molecule dynamics and nanoscale organization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1358935. [PMID: 38708397 PMCID: PMC11066300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1358935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) approaches revolutionize cell biology by providing insights into the nanoscale organization and dynamics of macromolecular assemblies and single molecules in living cells. A major hurdle limiting SRM democratization is post-acquisition data analysis which is often complex and time-consuming. Here, we present OneFlowTraX, a user-friendly and open-source software dedicated to the analysis of single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) approaches such as single-particle tracking photoactivated localization microscopy (sptPALM). Through an intuitive graphical user interface, OneFlowTraX provides an automated all-in-one solution for single-molecule localization, tracking, as well as mobility and clustering analyses. OneFlowTraX allows the extraction of diffusion and clustering parameters of millions of molecules in a few minutes. Finally, OneFlowTraX greatly simplifies data management following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles. We provide a detailed step-by-step manual and guidelines to assess the quality of single-molecule analyses. Applying different fluorophores including mEos3.2, PA-GFP, and PATagRFP, we exemplarily used OneFlowTraX to analyze the dynamics of plant plasma membrane-localized proteins including an aquaporin, the brassinosteroid receptor Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1) and the Receptor-Like Protein 44 (RLP44).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Rohr
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luiselotte Rausch
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Alfred J. Meixner
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven zur Oven-Krockhaus
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Bai Q, Wang L, Huang S, Ali K, Li G, Ren H, Zheng B. The receptor-like kinase EMS1 and BRI1 coordinately regulate stamen elongation via the transcription factors BES1/BZR1 in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111673. [PMID: 36931564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess a large family of receptor kinase proteins to mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-environment communication, and these regulations are essential for plant growth and development as well as resistance to biotic or abiotic stresses. EMS1 is a receptor kinase which involved in tapetum cell fate determination during anther development, while brassinosteroid (BR) receptor, BRI1, controls most aspects of plant growth and development. Although EMS1 and BRI1 are known to regulate independent biological processes, they interact with identical components of the downstream signaling pathways. However, the biological processes other than the tapetum development controlled by the EMS1 signal are not clear. Here, we report that EMS1 signaling-related mutants exhibited an insufficient stamen elongation phenotype, similar to BR signaling mutants. Transgenic expression of BRI1 restored the short filament phenotype of ems1. Conversely, co-expression of EMS1 and TPD1 also restored the short filaments of BRI1 mutants, bri1. Genetic experiments confirmed that EMS1 and BRI1 regulate filament elongation through their downstream transcription factors BES1/BZR1. Molecular analysis suggested that the decrease in BR signaling output in filaments of the ems1 mutant caused deficient filament development. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo experiments proved BES1 interacts with filament-specific transcription factor MYB21. Together, we found that the two receptor-like kinases (RLKs) EMS1 and BRI1 are cooperatively involved in the regulation of filament elongation via the transcription factors BES1/BZR1. These results indicated that the biological processes regulated by EMS1 and BRI1 in plants are both independent and interactive, which provides us with insights into multidimensional molecular control of the RLK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwei Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lihaitian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Shengdi Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Glöckner N, zur Oven-Krockhaus S, Rohr L, Wackenhut F, Burmeister M, Wanke F, Holzwart E, Meixner AJ, Wolf S, Harter K. Three-Fluorophore FRET Enables the Analysis of Ternary Protein Association in Living Plant Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192630. [PMID: 36235497 PMCID: PMC9571070 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction studies provide valuable insights into cellular signaling. Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling is initiated by the hormone-binding receptor Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1 (BRI1) and its co-receptor BRI1 Associated Kinase 1 (BAK1). BRI1 and BAK1 were shown to interact independently with the Receptor-Like Protein 44 (RLP44), which is implicated in BRI1/BAK1-dependent cell wall integrity perception. To demonstrate the proposed complex formation of BRI1, BAK1 and RLP44, we established three-fluorophore intensity-based spectral Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and FRET-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for living plant cells. Our evidence indicates that RLP44, BRI1 and BAK1 form a ternary complex in a distinct plasma membrane nanodomain. In contrast, although the immune receptor Flagellin Sensing 2 (FLS2) also forms a heteromer with BAK1, the FLS2/BAK1 complexes are localized to other nanodomains. In conclusion, both three-fluorophore FRET approaches provide a feasible basis for studying the in vivo interaction and sub-compartmentalization of proteins in great detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Glöckner
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sven zur Oven-Krockhaus
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Wackenhut
- Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Burmeister
- Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Wanke
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eleonore Holzwart
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred J. Meixner
- Institute for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-7071-2972605
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Großeholz R, Wanke F, Rohr L, Glöckner N, Rausch L, Scholl S, Scacchi E, Spazierer AJ, Shabala L, Shabala S, Schumacher K, Kummer U, Harter K. Computational modeling and quantitative physiology reveal central parameters for brassinosteroid-regulated early cell physiological processes linked to 5elongation growth of the Arabidopsis root. eLife 2022; 11:73031. [PMID: 36069528 PMCID: PMC9525061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BR) are key hormonal regulators of plant development. However, whereas the individual components of BR perception and signaling are well characterized experimentally, the question of how they can act and whether they are sufficient to carry out the critical function of cellular elongation remains open. Here, we combined computational modeling with quantitative cell physiology to understand the dynamics of the plasma membrane (PM)-localized BR response pathway during the initiation of cellular responses in the epidermis of the Arabidopsis root tip that are be linked to cell elongation. The model, consisting of ordinary differential equations, comprises the BR-induced hyperpolarization of the PM, the acidification of the apoplast and subsequent cell wall swelling. We demonstrate that the competence of the root epidermal cells for the BR response predominantly depends on the amount and activity of H+-ATPases in the PM. The model further predicts that an influx of cations is required to compensate for the shift of positive charges caused by the apoplastic acidification. A potassium channel was subsequently identified and experimentally characterized, fulfilling this function. Thus, we established the landscape of components and parameters for physiological processes potentially linked to cell elongation, a central process in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Friederike Wanke
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Glöckner
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luiselotte Rausch
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emanuele Scacchi
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lana Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobard, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Kummer
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harter
- Center for Molecular Biology of Plants, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Bai Q, Li C, Wu L, Liu H, Ren H, Li G, Wang Q, Wu G, Zheng B. Engineering Chimeras by Fusing Plant Receptor-like Kinase EMS1 and BRI1 Reveals the Two Receptors' Structural Specificity and Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042155. [PMID: 35216268 PMCID: PMC8876890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteriods (BRs) are plant hormones essential for plant growth and development. The receptor-like kinase (RLK) BRI1 perceives BRs to initiate a well-known transduction pathway which finally activate the transcription factors BZR1/BES1 specifically regulating BR-mediated gene expression. The RLK EMS1 governs tapetum formation via the same signaling pathway shared with BRI1. BRI1 and EMS1 have a common signal output, but the gene structural specificity and the molecular response remain unclear. In this study, we identified that the transmembrane (TM), intracellular juxtamembrane (iJM), kinase, and leucin-rich repeats 1-13 (LRR1-13) domains of EMS1 could replace the corresponding BRI1 domain to maintain the BR receptor function, whereas the extracellular juxtamembrane (eJM) and LRR1-14 domains could not, indicating that the LRR14-EJM domain conferred functional specificity to BRI1. We compared the kinase domains of EMS1 and BRI1, and found that EMS1’s kinase activity was weaker than BRI1’s. Further investigation of the specific phosphorylation sites in BRI1 and EMS1 revealed that the Y1052 site in the kinase domain was essential for the BRI1 biological function, but the corresponding site in EMS1 showed no effect on the biological function of EMS1, suggesting a site regulation difference in the two receptors. Furthermore, we showed that EMS1 shared the substrate BSKs with BRI1. Our study provides insight into the structural specificity and molecular mechanism of BRI1 and EMS1, as well as the origin and divergence of BR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwei Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Qiuling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Bowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (Q.B.); (C.L.); (L.W.); (H.L.); (H.R.); (G.L.); (G.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15102902460
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6
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Importance of tyrosine phosphorylation for transmembrane signaling in plants. Biochem J 2021; 478:2759-2774. [PMID: 34297043 PMCID: PMC8331091 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a widespread post-translational modification fundamental for signaling across all domains of life. Tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation has recently emerged as being important for plant receptor kinase (RK)-mediated signaling, particularly during plant immunity. How Tyr phosphorylation regulates RK function is however largely unknown. Notably, the expansion of protein Tyr phosphatase and SH2 domain-containing protein families, which are the core of regulatory phospho-Tyr (pTyr) networks in choanozoans, did not occur in plants. Here, we summarize the current understanding of plant RK Tyr phosphorylation focusing on the critical role of a pTyr site (‘VIa-Tyr’) conserved in several plant RKs. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of metazoan-like pTyr signaling modules in plants based on atypical components with convergent biochemical functions.
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Wang L, Liu J, Shen Y, Pu R, Hou M, Wei Q, Zhang X, Li G, Ren H, Wu G. Brassinosteroids synthesised by CYP85A/A1 but not CYP85A2 function via a BRI1-like receptor but not via BRI1 in Picea abies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1748-1763. [PMID: 33247718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential plant hormones. In angiosperms, brassinolide and castasterone, the first and second most active BRs, respectively, are synthesised by CYP85A2 and CYP85A/A1, respectively. BRs in angiosperms function through an essential receptor, BR Insensitive 1 (BRI1). In addition, some angiosperms also have non-essential BRI1-like 1/3 (BRL1/3). In conifers, BRs promote seed germination under drought stress; however, how BRs function in gymnosperms is unknown. In this study, we performed functional complementation of BR biosynthesis and receptor genes from Picea abies with respective Arabidopsis mutants. We found that P. abies possessed functional PaCYP85A and PaBRL1 but not PaCYP85A2 or PaBRI1, and this results in weak BR signaling, and both PaCYP85A and PaBRL1 were abundantly expressed. However, neither BR treatment of P. abies seedlings nor expression of PaBRL1 in the Arabidopsis Atbri1 mutant promoted plant height, despite the fact that BR-responsive genes were activated. Importantly, chimeric AtBRI1 replaced with the BR-binding domain of PaBRL1 complemented the Atbri1 phenotypes. Furthermore, PaBRL1 had less kinase activity than BRI1 in vitro. Overall, P. abies had weak but still active BR signaling, explaining aspects of its slow growth and high stress tolerance. Our study sheds light on the functional and evolutionary significance of distinct BR signaling that is independent of BRI1 and brassinolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Ruolan Pu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Meiying Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Xinzhen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
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8
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Ferreira-Guerra M, Marquès-Bueno M, Mora-García S, Caño-Delgado AI. Delving into the evolutionary origin of steroid sensing in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:87-95. [PMID: 32861054 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that play crucial roles in plant growth, development and adaptation to shifting environmental conditions. Our current understanding of the origin, evolution and functional significance of BRs is influenced by a double-edged bias: most we know stems from studies on a single species and, on the flip side, dearth of information from a phylogenetically broad and significant array of land plants precludes well-grounded comparisons. Here, we provide an update on BR presence and sensing along land plant evolution. Furthermore, a comprehensive search in all major plant lineages reveals the widespread presence of BR-receptor related sequences, suggesting that steroid-related signals may have been functional early in the evolution of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ferreira-Guerra
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Mora-García
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana I Caño-Delgado
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Demissie ZA, Huang F, Song H, Todd AT, Vrinten P, Loewen MC. Barley "uzu" and Wheat "uzu-like" Brassinosteroid Receptor BRI1 Kinase Domain Variations Modify Phosphorylation Activity In Vitro. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2986-2997. [PMID: 32786402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid insensitive1 (BRI1), a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, is responsible for the perception of the brassinosteroid (BR) phytohormone in plants. While recent evidence has implicated a naturally occurring Hordeum vulgare V. (barley) HvBRI1 kinase domain (KD) variant (H857R; "uzu" variation) in increased fungal disease resistance, the impact of the variation on receptor function and thus the mechanism by which disease resistance might be imparted remain enigmatic. Here, the functional implications of the uzu variation as well as the effects of newly identified naturally occurring Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) TaBRI1-KD variants are investigated. Recombinantly produced KDs of wild-type (WT) and uzu HvBRI1 were assessed for phosphorylation activity in vitro, yielding WT KM and VMAX values similar to those of other reports, but the uzu variation delayed saturation and reduced turnover levels. In silico modeling of the H857R variation showed it to be surface-exposed and distal from the catalytic site. Further evaluation of three naturally occurring wheat TaBRI1 variants, A907T, A970V, and G1019R (barley numbering) identified in the A, B, and D subgenomic genes, respectively, highlighted a significant loss of activity for A907T. A907T is located on the same surface as the H857R variation and a negative regulatory phosphorylation site (T982) in Arabidopsis thaliana BRI1. A fourth variation, T1031A (barley numbering), unique to both subgenomic A proteins and localized to the BKI1 binding site, also decreased activity. The outcomes are discussed with respect to the predicted structural contexts of the variations and their implications with respect to mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Fang Huang
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Halim Song
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Andrea T Todd
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Patricia Vrinten
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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