1
|
Olson C, Ivanov K, Boyes D, Bengford D, Ku J, Flojo R, Zhang P, Lu B. Dual-Omics Approach Unveils Novel Perspective on the Quality Control of Genetically Engineered Exosomes. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:824. [PMID: 38931944 PMCID: PMC11207238 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanoscale vesicles derived from human cells, offer great promise for targeted drug delivery. However, their inherent diversity and genetic modifications present challenges in terms of ensuring quality in clinical use. To explore solutions, we employed advanced gene fusion and transfection techniques in human 293T cells to generate two distinct sets of genetically engineered samples. We used dual-omics analysis, combining transcriptomics and proteomics, to comprehensively assess exosome quality by comparing with controls. Transcriptomic profiling showed increased levels of engineering scaffolds in the modified groups, confirming the success of genetic manipulation. Through transcriptomic analysis, we identified 15 RNA species, including 2008 miRNAs and 13,897 mRNAs, loaded onto exosomes, with no significant differences in miRNA or mRNA levels between the control and engineered exosomes. Proteomics analysis identified changes introduced through genetic engineering and over 1330 endogenous exosome-associated proteins, indicating the complex nature of the samples. Further pathway analysis showed enrichment in a small subset of cellular signaling pathways, aiding in our understanding of the potential biological impacts on recipient cells. Detection of over 100 cow proteins highlighted the effectiveness of LC-MS for identifying potential contaminants. Our findings establish a dual-omics framework for the quality control of engineered exosome products, facilitating their clinical translation and therapeutic applications in nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Olson
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA; (C.O.); (K.I.); (D.B.); (J.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Konstantin Ivanov
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA; (C.O.); (K.I.); (D.B.); (J.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Darin Boyes
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA;
| | - David Bengford
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA; (C.O.); (K.I.); (D.B.); (J.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Joy Ku
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA; (C.O.); (K.I.); (D.B.); (J.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Renceh Flojo
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA; (C.O.); (K.I.); (D.B.); (J.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Pengyang Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA; (C.O.); (K.I.); (D.B.); (J.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Biao Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA; (C.O.); (K.I.); (D.B.); (J.K.); (R.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Z, Li C, Huang H, Shi YL, Wang X. Research Progress of Aging-related MicroRNAs. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:334-350. [PMID: 36892029 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230308111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Senescence refers to the irreversible state in which cells enter cell cycle arrest due to internal or external stimuli. The accumulation of senescent cells can lead to many age-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that bind to target mRNA to regulate gene expression after transcription and play an important regulatory role in the aging process. From nematodes to humans, a variety of miRNAs have been confirmed to alter and affect the aging process. Studying the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in aging can further deepen our understanding of cell and body aging and provide a new perspective for the diagnosis and treatment of aging-related diseases. In this review, we illustrate the current research status of miRNAs in aging and discuss the possible prospects for clinical applications of targeting miRNAs in senile diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Chenxu Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Yi-Ling Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
- Key Laboratory of University Cell Biology, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma YM, Zhao L. Mechanism and Therapeutic Prospect of miRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Behav Neurol 2023; 2023:8537296. [PMID: 38058356 PMCID: PMC10697780 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8537296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the smallest class of noncoding RNAs, which widely exist in animals and plants. They can inhibit translation or overexpression by combining with mRNA and participate in posttranscriptional regulation of genes, resulting in reduced expression of target proteins, affecting the development, growth, aging, metabolism, and other physiological and pathological processes of animals and plants. It is a powerful negative regulator of gene expression. It mediates the information exchange between different cellular pathways in cellular homeostasis and stress response and regulates the differentiation, plasticity, and neurotransmission of neurons. In neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to the complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, miRNAs can serve as a promising diagnostic tool for diseases. They can also increase or reduce neuronal damage by regulating the body's signaling pathways, immune system, stem cells, gut microbiota, etc. They can not only affect the occurrence of diseases and exacerbate disease progression but also promote neuronal repair and reduce apoptosis, to prevent and slow down the development of diseases. This article reviews the research progress of miRNAs on the mechanism and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the nervous system. This trial is registered with NCT01819545, NCT02129452, NCT04120493, NCT04840823, NCT02253732, NCT02045056, NCT03388242, NCT01992029, NCT04961450, NCT03088839, NCT04137926, NCT02283073, NCT04509271, NCT02859428, and NCT05243017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Min Ma
- Acupuncture and Massage Department of Nanyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wo Long District, Nanyang City 473000, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300381, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abbasi Sourki P, Pourfathollah AA, Kaviani S, Soufi Zomorrod M, Ajami M, Wollenberg B, Multhoff G, Bashiri Dezfouli A. The profile of circulating extracellular vesicles depending on the age of the donor potentially drives the rejuvenation or senescence fate of hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Gerontol 2023; 175:112142. [PMID: 36921675 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Blood donor age has become a major concern due to the age-associated variations in the content and concentration of circulating extracellular nano-sized vesicles (EVs), including exosomes. These EVs mirror the state of their parental cells and transfer it to the recipient cells via biological messengers such as microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs). Since the behavior of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is potentially affected by the miRs of plasma-derived EVs, a better understanding of the content of EVs is important for the safety and efficacy perspectives in blood transfusion medicine. Herein, we investigated whether the plasma-derived EVs of young (18-25 years) and elderly human donors (45-60 years) can deliver "youth" or "aging" signals into human umbilical cord blood (hUCB)-derived HSCs in vitro. The results showed that EVs altered the growth functionality and differentiation of HSCs depending on the age of the donor from which they are derived. EVs of young donors could ameliorate the proliferation and self-renewal potential of HSCs whereas those of aged donors induced senescence-associated differentiation in the target cells, particularly toward the myeloid lineage. These findings were confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of surface markers and microarray profiling of genes related to stemness (e.g., SOX-1, Nanog) and differentiation (e.g., PU-1). The results displayed an up-regulation of miR-29 and miR-96 and a down-regulation of miR-146 in EVs derived from elderly donors. The higher expression of miR-29 and miR-96 contributed to the diminished expression of CDK-6 and CDKN1A (p21), promoting senescence fate via cell growth suppression, while the lower expression of miR-146 positively regulates TRAF-6 expression to accelerate biological aging. Our findings reveal that plasma-derived EVs from young donors can reverse the aging-associated changes in HSCs, while vice versa, the EVs from elderly donors rather promote the senescence process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Abbasi Sourki
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Pourfathollah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Kaviani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Soufi Zomorrod
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Ajami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Barbara Wollenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität München and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität München and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany; Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanz-Ros J, Mas-Bargues C, Romero-García N, Huete-Acevedo J, Dromant M, Borrás C. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314632. [PMID: 36498960 PMCID: PMC9735639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an alteration of intercellular communication. These changes in the extracellular environment contribute to the aging phenotype and have been linked to different aging-related diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are factors that mediate the transmission of signaling molecules between cells. In the aging field, these EVs have been shown to regulate important aging processes, such as oxidative stress or senescence, both in vivo and in vitro. EVs from healthy cells, particularly those coming from stem cells (SCs), have been described as potential effectors of the regenerative potential of SCs. Many studies with different animal models have shown promising results in the field of regenerative medicine. EVs are now viewed as a potential cell-free therapy for tissue damage and several diseases. Here we propose EVs as regulators of the aging process, with an important role in tissue regeneration and a raising therapy for age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sanz-Ros
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nekane Romero-García
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Huete-Acevedo
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Dromant
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lai G, Zhao R, Zhuang W, Hou Z, Yang Z, He P, Wu J, Sang H. BMSC-derived exosomal miR-27a-3p and miR-196b-5p regulate bone remodeling in ovariectomized rats. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13744. [PMID: 36168439 PMCID: PMC9509671 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the bone marrow microenvironment of postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomal miRNAs play an important role in bone formation and bone resorption, although the pathogenesis has yet to be clarified. Methods BMSC-derived exosomes from ovariectomized rats (OVX-Exo) and sham-operated rats (Sham-Exo) were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived macrophages to study their effects on osteoclast differentiation. Next-generation sequencing was utilized to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) between OVX-Exo and Sham-Exo, while target genes were analyzed using bioinformatics. The regulatory effects of miR-27a-3p and miR-196b-5p on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and osteoclast differentiation were verified by gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses. Results Osteoclast differentiation was significantly enhanced in the OVX-Exo treatment group compared to the Sham-Exo group. Twenty DE-miRNAs were identified between OVX-Exo and Sham-Exo, among which miR-27a-3p and miR-196b-5p promoted the expressions of osteogenic differentiation markers in BMSCs. In contrast, knockdown of miR-27a-3p and miR-196b-5p increased the expressions of osteoclastic markers in osteoclast. These 20 DE-miRNAs were found to target 11435 mRNAs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses revealed that these target genes were involved in several biological processes and osteoporosis-related signaling pathways. Conclusion BMSC-derived exosomal miR-27a-3p and miR-196b-5p may play a positive regulatory role in bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Lai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renli Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weida Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuoxu Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zefeng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peipei He
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxun Sang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China,The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Screening of Serum Exosomal miRNAs as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer Using Small RNA Sequencing. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:5346563. [PMID: 35571485 PMCID: PMC9095383 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5346563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aim Exosomal miRNAs are promising tumor biomarkers. This research explored the diagnostic value of serum exosomal miRNAs by analyzing the exosomal miRNAs derived from the serum of gastric cancer patients. Methods Deep sequencing of exosomal miRNAs was performed using an Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencer on serum samples from three healthy subjects in the normal control group (group N) and six gastric cancer patients in the gastric cancer treatment group (group T). Bioinformatics analysis was performed on exosomal miRNA profiles to screen differentially expressed miRNA. In addition, target gene prediction, GO, and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Finally, the serum exocrine bodies of 24 patients with gastric cancer and 24 normal controls were verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to confirm the findings. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the subjects was plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The exosomes were successfully extracted from the serum of gastric cancer patients, which showed a form of goblet vesicles or irregular circles, with an average particle size of approximately 102.3 nm. The exosomal marker proteins, CD9, CD63, TSG101, and calnexin, were positively expressed. Small RNA sequencing detected 15 different types of RNA components in the serum exosomes, and the most abundant one was miRNA. In the screened cohort, the downregulation of seven existing miRNAs and the upregulation of one existing miRNA were observed. Four of them were selected for confirmation, revealing that the expression of miR-10401-3p, miR-1255b-5p, and miR-6736-5p declined significantly in group T (P < 0.05). In addition, the ROC curve showed that the AUC values for these three miRNAs were 0.8333, 0.8316, and 0.8142, respectively; all of them are statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions The above three miRNAs found in the serum exosomes from gastric cancer patients might serve as diagnostic biomarkers for gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaur G, Maremanda KP, Campos M, Chand HS, Li F, Hirani N, Haseeb MA, Li D, Rahman I. Distinct Exosomal miRNA Profiles from BALF and Lung Tissue of COPD and IPF Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111830. [PMID: 34769265 PMCID: PMC8584050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are chronic, progressive lung ailments that are characterized by distinct pathologies. Early detection biomarkers and disease mechanisms for these debilitating diseases are lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are small, lipid-bound vesicles attributed to carry proteins, lipids, and RNA molecules to facilitate cell-to-cell communication under normal and diseased conditions. Exosomal miRNAs have been studied in relation to many diseases. However, there is little to no knowledge regarding the miRNA population of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or the lung-tissue-derived exosomes in COPD and IPF. Here, we determined and compared the miRNA profiles of BALF- and lung-tissue-derived exosomes of healthy non-smokers, smokers, and patients with COPD or IPF in independent cohorts. Results: Exosome characterization using NanoSight particle tracking and TEM demonstrated that the BALF-derived exosomes were ~89.85 nm in size with a yield of ~2.95 × 1010 particles/mL in concentration. Lung-derived exosomes were larger in size (~146.04 nm) with a higher yield of ~2.38 × 1011 particles/mL. NGS results identified three differentially expressed miRNAs in the BALF, while there was one in the lung-derived exosomes from COPD patients as compared to healthy non-smokers. Of these, miR-122-5p was three- or five-fold downregulated among the lung-tissue-derived exosomes of COPD patients as compared to healthy non-smokers and smokers, respectively. Interestingly, there were a large number (55) of differentially expressed miRNAs in the lung-tissue-derived exosomes of IPF patients compared to non-smoking controls. Conclusions: Overall, we identified lung-specific miRNAs associated with chronic lung diseases that can serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (G.K.); or (K.P.M.)
| | - Krishna Prahlad Maremanda
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (G.K.); or (K.P.M.)
| | - Michael Campos
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Hitendra S. Chand
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Feng Li
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (F.L.); (N.H.)
| | - Nikhil Hirani
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; (F.L.); (N.H.)
| | - M. A. Haseeb
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
| | - Dongmei Li
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI), Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (G.K.); or (K.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-275-6911
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lananna BV, Imai S. Friends and foes: Extracellular vesicles in aging and rejuvenation. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:787-801. [PMID: 34632314 PMCID: PMC8493967 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by many different cell types throughout the body and play a role in a diverse range of biological processes. EVs circulating in blood as well as in other body fluids undergo dramatic alterations over an organism's lifespan that are only beginning to be elucidated. The exact nature of these changes is an area of active and intense investigation, but lacks clear consensus due to the substantial heterogeneity in EV subpopulations and insufficiencies in current technologies. Nonetheless, emerging evidence suggests that EVs regulate systemic aging as well as the pathophysiology of age-related diseases. Here, we review the current literature investigating EVs and aging with an emphasis on consequences for the maintenance of human healthspan. Intriguingly, the biological utility of EVs both in vitro and in vivo and across contexts depends on the states of the source cells or tissues. As such, EVs secreted by cells in an aged or pathological state may impose detrimental consequences on recipient cells, while EVs secreted by youthful or healthy cells may promote functional improvement. Thus, it is critical to understand both functions of EVs and tip the balance toward their beneficial effects as an antiaging intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian V. Lananna
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Shin‐ichiro Imai
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- Department of GerontologyLaboratory of Molecular Life ScienceInstitute of Biomedical Research and InnovationKobeJapan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
|
11
|
Special Issue "Centenarians-A Model to Study the Molecular Basis of Lifespan and Healthspan". Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042044. [PMID: 33669501 PMCID: PMC7922801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
12
|
Wang X, HuangFu C, Zhu X, Liu J, Gong X, Pan Q, Ma X. Exosomes and Exosomal MicroRNAs in Age-Associated Stroke. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 19:587-600. [PMID: 33563154 DOI: 10.2174/1570161119666210208202621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been considered to be the most important non-modifiable risk factor for stroke and death. Changes in circulation factors in the systemic environment, cellular senescence and artery hypertension during human ageing have been investigated. Exosomes are nanosize membrane vesicles that can regulate target cell functions via delivering their carried bioactive molecules (e.g. protein, mRNA, and microRNAs). In the central nervous system, exosomes and exosomal microRNAs play a critical role in regulating neurovascular function, and are implicated in the initiation and progression of stroke. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that have been reported to play critical roles in various biological processes. Recently, evidence has shown that microRNAs are packaged into exosomes and can be secreted into the systemic and tissue environment. Circulating microRNAs participate in cellular senescence and contribute to age-associated stroke. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge on exosomes and their carried microRNAs in the regulation of cellular and organismal ageing processes, demonstrating the potential role of exosomes and their carried microRNAs in age-associated stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, . China
| | - Changmei HuangFu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, . China
| | - Xiudeng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, . China
| | - Jiehong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, . China
| | - Xinqin Gong
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, . China
| | - Qunwen Pan
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, . China
| | - Xiaotang Ma
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, . China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Exosomal vesicles enhance immunosuppression in chronic inflammation: Impact in cellular senescence and the aging process. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109771. [PMID: 32896608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes represent an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway which can act as an alarming mechanism in responses to diverse stresses, e.g. chronic inflammation activates the budding of exosomal vesicles in both immune and non-immune cells. Exosomes can contain both pro- and anti-inflammatory cargos but in chronic inflammation, exosomes mostly carry immunosuppressive cargos, e.g. enzymes and miRNAs. The aging process is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and the accumulation of pro-inflammatory senescent cells into tissues. There is clear evidence that aging increases the number of exosomes in both the circulation and tissues. Especially, the secretion of immunosuppressive exosomes robustly increases from senescent cells. There are observations that the exosomes from senescent cells are involved in the expansion of senescence into neighbouring cells. Interestingly, the age-related exosomes contain immune suppressive cargos which enhance the immunosuppression within recipient immune cells, i.e. tissue-resident and recruited immune cells including M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and regulatory T cells (Treg). It seems that increased immunosuppression with aging impairs the clearance of senescent cells and their accumulation within tissues augments the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang K, Ru J, Zhang H, Chen J, Lin X, Lin Z, Wen M, Huang L, Ni H, Zhuge Q, Yang S. Melatonin Enhances the Therapeutic Effect of Plasma Exosomes Against Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Pyroptosis Through the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:848. [PMID: 33013286 PMCID: PMC7461850 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ischemic stroke-induced inflammation and inflammasome-dependent pyroptotic neural death cause serious neurological injury. Nano-sized plasma exosomes have exhibited therapeutic potential against ischemia and reperfusion injury by ameliorating inflammation. To enhance its therapeutic potential in patients with ischemic injury, we isolated exosomes from melatonin-treated rat plasma and assessed the neurological protective effect in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Methods Basal plasma exosomes and melatonin-treated plasma exosomes were isolated and intravenously injected into a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Neurological recovery was evaluated by determining the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), infarct volume, and brain water content. Pyroptosis in the ischemic cortex was detected through dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage. NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and global inflammatory cytokine secretion were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot assay. In immunized Sprague-Dawley rats, microglia pyroptosis was determined through a positive percentage of IBA1+ and caspase-1 (p20)+ cells. Finally, the microRNA (miRNA) profiles in melatonin-treated plasma exosomes were analyzed by exosome miRNA microarray analysis. Results Melatonin treatment enhanced plasma exosome therapeutic effects against ischemia-induced inflammatory responses and inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. In addition, we confirmed that ischemic stroke-induced pyroptotic cell death occurred in the microglia and neuron, while the administration of melatonin-treated exosomes further effectively decreased the infarct volume and improved recovery of function via regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, the altered miRNA profiles in the melatonin-treated plasma exosomes demonstrated the regulatory mechanisms involved in neurological recovery after ischemic injury. Conclusion This study suggests that nano-sized plasma exosomes with melatonin pretreatment might be a more effective strategy for patients with ischemic brain injury. Further exploration of key molecules in the plasma exosome may provide increased therapeutic value for cerebral ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kankai Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junnan Ru
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hengli Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiao Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijie Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haoqi Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Su Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sabo AA, Birolo G, Naccarati A, Dragomir MP, Aneli S, Allione A, Oderda M, Allasia M, Gontero P, Sacerdote C, Vineis P, Matullo G, Pardini B. Small Non-Coding RNA Profiling in Plasma Extracellular Vesicles of Bladder Cancer Patients by Next-Generation Sequencing: Expression Levels of miR-126-3p and piR-5936 Increase with Higher Histologic Grades. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061507. [PMID: 32527011 PMCID: PMC7352804 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most frequent cancer worldwide. Due to the need for recurrent cystoscopies and the lack of non-invasive biomarkers, BC is associated with a high management burden. In this respect, small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) have been investigated in urine as possible biomarkers for BC, but in plasma their potential has not yet been defined. The expression levels of sncRNAs contained in plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) from 47 men with BC and 46 healthy controls were assessed by next-generation sequencing. The sncRNA profiles were compared with urinary profiles from the same subjects. miR-4508 resulted downregulated in plasma EVs of muscle-invasive BC patients, compared to controls (adj-p = 0.04). In World Health Organization (WHO) grade 3 (G3) BC, miR-126-3p was upregulated both in plasma EVs and urine, when compared to controls (for both, adj-p < 0.05). Interestingly, two sncRNAs were associated with the risk class: miR-4508 with a downward trend going from controls to high risk BC, and piR-hsa-5936 with an upward trend (adj-p = 0.04 and adj-p = 0.05, respectively). Additionally, BC cases with low expression of miR-185-5p and miR-106a-5p or high expression of miR-10b-5p showed shorter survival (adj-p = 0.0013, adj-p = 0.039 and adj-p = 0.047, respectively). SncRNAs from plasma EVs could be diagnostic biomarkers for BC, especially in advanced grade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru A. Sabo
- Klinikum Stuttgart, Olgahospital, Zentrum für Kinder, Jugend und Frauenmedizin, Pediatrics 2 (General and Special Pediatrics), 70174 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Department of Pediatrics, Marie Curie Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children, 041434 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Giovanni Birolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.A.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM) 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (A.N.); (P.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Mihnea P. Dragomir
- Department of Surgery, Fundeni Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 022328 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Serena Aneli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.A.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandra Allione
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.A.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Marco Oderda
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin and Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.O.); (M.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Marco Allasia
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin and Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.O.); (M.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Paolo Gontero
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin and Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.O.); (M.A.); (P.G.)
| | | | - Paolo Vineis
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM) 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (A.N.); (P.V.)
- MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (S.A.); (A.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM) 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (A.N.); (P.V.)
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mancuso T, Barone A, Salatino A, Molinaro C, Marino F, Scalise M, Torella M, De Angelis A, Urbanek K, Torella D, Cianflone E. Unravelling the Biology of Adult Cardiac Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes to Foster Endogenous Cardiac Regeneration and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3725. [PMID: 32466282 PMCID: PMC7279257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remuscularization has been the stated goal of the field of regenerative cardiology since its inception. Along with the refreshment of lost and dysfunctional cardiac muscle cells, the field of cell therapy has expanded in scope encompassing also the potential of the injected cells as cardioprotective and cardio-reparative agents for cardiovascular diseases. The latter has been the result of the findings that cell therapies so far tested in clinical trials exert their beneficial effects through paracrine mechanisms acting on the endogenous myocardial reparative/regenerative potential. The endogenous regenerative potential of the adult heart is still highly debated. While it has been widely accepted that adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) are renewed throughout life either in response to wear and tear and after injury, the rate and origin of this phenomenon are yet to be clarified. The adult heart harbors resident cardiac/stem progenitor cells (CSCs/CPCs), whose discovery and characterization were initially sufficient to explain CM renewal in response to physiological and pathological stresses, when also considering that adult CMs are terminally differentiated cells. The role of CSCs in CM formation in the adult heart has been however questioned by some recent genetic fate map studies, which have been proved to have serious limitations. Nevertheless, uncontested evidence shows that clonal CSCs are effective transplantable regenerative agents either for their direct myogenic differentiation and for their paracrine effects in the allogeneic setting. In particular, the paracrine potential of CSCs has been the focus of the recent investigation, whereby CSC-derived exosomes appear to harbor relevant regenerative and reparative signals underlying the beneficial effects of CSC transplantation. This review focuses on recent advances in our knowledge about the biological role of exosomes in heart tissue homeostasis and repair with the idea to use them as tools for new therapeutic biotechnologies for "cell-less" effective cardiac regeneration approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mancuso
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Antonella Barone
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Alessandro Salatino
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Claudia Molinaro
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Fabiola Marino
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Michele Torella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, AORN dei Colli/Monaldi Hospital, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Via Leonardo Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Campania “L.Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy;
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Daniele Torella
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (T.M.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (C.M.); (F.M.); (M.S.); (K.U.)
| | - Eleonora Cianflone
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|