1
|
Zhao Z, Du Y, Yan K, Zhang L, Guo Q. Exercise and osteoimmunology in bone remodeling. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23554. [PMID: 38588175 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301508rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Bones can form the scaffolding of the body, support the organism, coordinate somatic movements, and control mineral homeostasis and hematopoiesis. The immune system plays immune supervisory, defensive, and regulatory roles in the organism, which mainly consists of immune organs (spleen, bone marrow, tonsils, lymph nodes, etc.), immune cells (granulocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, etc.), and immune molecules (immune factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, etc.). Bone and the immune system have long been considered two distinct fields of study, and the bone marrow, as a shared microenvironment between the bone and the immune system, closely links the two. Osteoimmunology organically combines bone and the immune system, elucidates the role of the immune system in bone, and creatively emphasizes its interdisciplinary characteristics and the function of immune cells and factors in maintaining bone homeostasis, providing new perspectives for skeletal-related field research. In recent years, bone immunology has gradually become a hot spot in the study of bone-related diseases. As a new branch of immunology, bone immunology emphasizes that the immune system can directly or indirectly affect bones through the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway, IL family, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IFN-γ. These effects are of great significance for understanding inflammatory bone loss caused by various autoimmune or infectious diseases. In addition, as an external environment that plays an important role in immunity and bone, this study pays attention to the role of exercise-mediated bone immunity in bone reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghan Zhao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiang Du
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lv X, Zhang C, Liu X, Li P, Yang Y. 3D bioprinting technology to construct bone reconstruction research model and its feasibility evaluation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1328078. [PMID: 38314351 PMCID: PMC10834755 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1328078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore and construct a 3D bone remodeling research model displaying stability, repeatability, and precise simulation of the physiological and biochemical environment in vivo. Methods: In this study, 3D bioprinting was used to construct a bone reconstruction model. Sodium alginate (SA), hydroxyapatite (HA) and gelatin (Gel) were mixed into hydrogel as scaffold material. The osteoblast precursor cells MC3T3-E1 and osteoclast precursor cells RAW264.7 were used as seed cells, which may or may not be separated by polycarbonate membrane. The cytokines osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) were used to induce cell differentiation. The function of scaffolds in the process of bone remodeling was analyzed by detecting the related markers of osteoblasts (alkaline phosphatase, ALP) and osteoclasts (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP). Results: The scaffold showed good biocompatibility and low toxicity. The surface morphology aided cell adhesion and growth. The scaffold had optimum degradability, water absorption capacity and porosity, which are in line with the conditions of biological experiments. The effect of induced differentiation of cells was the best when cultured alone. After direct contact between the two types of cells at 2D or 3D level, the induced differentiation of cells was inhibited to varying degrees, although they still showed osteogenesis and osteoclast. After the cells were induced by indirect contact culture, the effect of induced differentiation improved when compared with direct contact culture, although it was still not as good as that of single culture. On the whole, the effect of inducing differentiation at 3D level was the same as that at 2D level, and its relative gene expression and enzyme activity were higher than that in the control group. Hence the scaffold used in this study could induce osteogenesis as well as osteoclast, thereby rendering it more effective in inducing new bone formation. Conclusion: This method can be used to construct the model of 3D bone remodeling mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lv
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingzhu Liu
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim C. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases Play Essential but Contrasting Roles in Osteoclast Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15342. [PMID: 37895023 PMCID: PMC10607827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is regulated by the balanced actions of osteoblasts that form the bone and osteoclasts (OCs) that resorb the bone. Bone-resorbing OCs are differentiated from hematopoietic monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, whereas osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal progenitors. OC differentiation is induced by two key cytokines, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), a factor essential for the proliferation and survival of the OCs, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), a factor for responsible for the differentiation of the OCs. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases, play an essential role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and function of OCs. ERKs have been known to play a critical role in the differentiation and activation of OCs. In most cases, ERKs positively regulate OC differentiation and function. However, several reports present conflicting conclusions. Interestingly, the inhibition of OC differentiation by ERK1/2 is observed only in OCs differentiated from RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current understanding of the conflicting actions of ERK1/2 in OC differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaekyun Kim
- BK21 Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Laboratory for Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anwar A, Sapra L, Gupta N, Ojha RP, Verma B, Srivastava RK. Fine-tuning osteoclastogenesis: An insight into the cellular and molecular regulation of osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37183350 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts, the bone-resorbing cells, are essential for the bone remodeling process and are involved in the pathophysiology of several bone-related diseases. The extensive corpus of in vitro research and crucial mouse model studies in the 1990s demonstrated the key roles of monocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and integrin αvβ3 in osteoclast biology. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which these variables control osteoclast differentiation and function has significantly advanced in the first decade of this century. Recent developments have revealed a number of novel insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing the differentiation and functional activity of osteoclasts; however, these mechanisms have not yet been adequately documented. Thus, in the present review, we discuss various regulatory factors including local and hormonal factors, innate as well as adaptive immune cells, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), etc., in the molecular regulation of the intricate and tightly regulated process of osteoclastogenesis. ncRNAs have a critical role as epigenetic controllers of osteoclast physiologic activities, including differentiation and bone resorption. The primary ncRNAs, which include micro-RNAs, circular RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs, form a complex network that affects gene transcription activities associated with osteoclast biological activity. Greater knowledge of the involvement of ncRNAs in osteoclast biological activities will contribute to the treatment and management of several skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. Moreover, we further outline potential therapies targeting these regulatory pathways of osteoclastogenesis in distinct bone pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Anwar
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology & Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Leena Sapra
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology & Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Navita Gupta
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Rudra P Ojha
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Gram Bharati University, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupendra Verma
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology & Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh K Srivastava
- Translational Immunology, Osteoimmunology & Immunoporosis Lab (TIOIL), Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Wang X, Lu J. Interleukin-35 Promote Osteogenesis and Inhibit Adipogenesis: Role of Wnt/β-Catenin and PPARγ Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2023; 46:522-533. [PMID: 36380113 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that are able to differentiate into several cell types, including cartilage, fat, and bone. It has been reported that the decision process of MSCs into fat and bone cells is competing and reciprocal. Interleukin (IL)-35 is an important effector protein in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that acts as a bone metabolism regulator. However, it is unclear whether IL-35 is also important for regulating MSC differentiation to fat and bone. In the current study, we evaluated the role of IL-35 in C3H10T1/2 cells, which are a good cell model for investigating osteogenesis and adipogenesis in bone marrows. The role of IL-35 on osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis was assessed using cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Extracellular matrix mineralization and lipid accumulation were measured by Alizarin Red S staining and Oil Red O staining, respectively. The most important transcription factor of the process of osteogenesis Runx2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components β-catenin and Axin2 were investigated in response to IL-35 treatment. Furthermore, the adipogenic markers PPAR-γ and C/EBPα were also investigated. Our observations showed that IL-35 could promote the proliferation of MSCs and inhibit the apoptosis of MSCs. We found that IL-35 treatment resulted in a dramatic stimulation of osteogenesis and inhibition of adipogenesis. Moreover, IL-35 enhanced Wnt/β-catenin pathway key component β-catenin as well as Axin2 expression during MSCs differentiated to osteoblasts. Our findings suggested that IL-35 might control the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of progenitor cells through the Wnt/β-catenin-PPARγ signaling pathway, suggesting its potential application in providing an intervention in osteoporosis and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 San Hao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xin PL, Jie LF, Cheng Q, Bin DY, Dan CW. Pathogenesis and Function of Interleukin-35 in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655114. [PMID: 34054534 PMCID: PMC8155723 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that RA (Rheumatoid arthritis) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple and symmetric arthropathy. The main pathological features of RA are synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis, pannus formation, inflammatory cell infiltration, articular cartilage, bone destruction, and ultimately joint dysfunction, even deformity. IL-35 (Interleukin-35) is a new member of the IL-12 (Interleukin-12) family, which is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine secreted mainly by Treg (T regulatory cells). There is evidence suggested that IL-35 can attenuate the progression of RA through influencing the immune and pathological process. It suggests that IL-35 played an important role in the pathogenesis of RA, and can be used as a potential target for the future treatment of RA. This review summarizes the recent advances of IL-35 in the pathological roles and the therapeutic potential roles in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Lin Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Fan Jie
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Research and Experimental Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Du Yi Bin
- Department of Orthopedic, Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Wen Dan
- Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schmidlin PR, Dehghannejad M, Fakheran O. Interleukin-35 pathobiology in periodontal disease: a systematic scoping review. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:139. [PMID: 33743678 PMCID: PMC7981974 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-35 is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by regulatory T cells. IL-35 mediates immunological functions and plays a protective role in several diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the role of IL-35 in gingivitis and periodontitis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and collecting the available evidence regarding the role of IL-35 in pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Methods A systematic search of electronic databases including MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted in November 2020 to identify studies addressing the Interleukin-35 pathobiology in periodontal disease. The identified studies were subjected to pre-identified inclusion criteria. The retrived papers were assessed by the authours independently and consensus was reached in cases where disagreement occurred. Articles written in languages other than English, case reports, letters to editors, conference abstracts, theses, and dissertations were excluded from the review. Results A total of 176 possibly relevant articles were identified through the search strategy. Finally, 15 papers which met the criteria of eligibility were included in this review by consensus. The included articles were classified based on their design and level of evidence.Three subclinical study, ten cross sectional investigation and two randomized clinical trials constituted the final set of studies in this review. At preclinical level, Il-35 showed inhibitory characteristics regarding alveolar bone resorption of animal periodontitis models. The results of observatory human studies confirmed the presence of high levels of IL-35 in saliva, GCF, serum, and gingival biopsies of patients suffering from inflammatory periodontal disease. Moreover, two included clinical trials showed that non-surgical periodontal therapy could downregulate IL-35 production in chronic periodontitis patients. Conclusion Interleukin-35 has an undeniable role in pathobiology of inflammatory periodontal disease. Further well-controlled studies are needed to better elucidate the functional pattern of IL-35 in pathogeneisis of gingival and periodontal disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01515-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Schmidlin
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mandana Dehghannejad
- Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Fakheran
- Department of Oral Health and Community Dentistry, Dental Implant Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eisa NH, Reddy SV, Elmansi AM, Kondrikova G, Kondrikov D, Shi XM, Novince CM, Hamrick MW, McGee-Lawrence ME, Isales CM, Fulzele S, Hill WD. Kynurenine Promotes RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro by Activating the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217931. [PMID: 33114603 PMCID: PMC7662708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of the involvement of the tryptophan metabolite kynurenine (KYN) in disrupting osteogenesis and contributing to aging-related bone loss. Here, we show that KYN has an effect on bone resorption by increasing osteoclastogenesis. We have previously reported that in vivo treatment with KYN significantly increased osteoclast number lining bone surfaces. Here, we report the direct effect of KYN on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells, and we propose a potential mechanism for these KYN-mediated effects. We show that KYN/RANKL treatment results in enhancement of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. KYN drives upregulation and activation of the key osteoclast transcription factors, c-fos and NFATc1 resulting in an increase in the number of multinucleated TRAP+ osteoclasts, and in hydroxyapatite bone resorptive activity. Mechanistically, the KYN receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), plays an important role in the induction of osteoclastogenesis. We show that blocking AhR signaling using an AhR antagonist, or AhR siRNA, downregulates the KYN/RANKL-mediated increase in c-fos and NFATc1 and inhibits the formation of multinucleated TRAP + osteoclasts. Altogether, this work highlights that the novelty of the KYN and AhR pathways might have a potential role in helping to regulate osteoclast function with age and supports pursuing additional research to determine if they are potential therapeutic targets for the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada H. Eisa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Sakamuri V. Reddy
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Ahmed M. Elmansi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Galina Kondrikova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Dmitry Kondrikov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
| | - Chad M. Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
- Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Meghan E. McGee-Lawrence
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Carlos M. Isales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.W.H.); (M.E.M.-L.); (C.M.I.); (S.F.)
- Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - William D. Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (N.H.E.); (A.M.E.); (G.K.); (D.K.)
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(843)-792-6623
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brunetti G, Mori G, Faienza MF. Editorial: Special Issue on "Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Osteoclastogenesis". Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207643. [PMID: 33076553 PMCID: PMC7589872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-080-0547-8306
| | - Giorgio Mori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Medical School, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Maria Felicia Faienza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Paediatric Unit, University of Bari, 70100 Bari, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|