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Przewłócka K, Korewo-Labelle D, Berezka P, Karnia MJ, Kaczor JJ. Current Aspects of Selected Factors to Modulate Brain Health and Sports Performance in Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:1842. [PMID: 38931198 PMCID: PMC11206260 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review offers a comprehensive evaluation of current aspects related to nutritional strategies, brain modulation, and muscle recovery, focusing on their applications and the underlying mechanisms of physiological adaptation for promoting a healthy brain, not only in athletes but also for recreationally active and inactive individuals. We propose that applying the rule, among others, of good sleep, regular exercise, and a properly balanced diet, defined as "SPARKS", will have a beneficial effect on the function and regeneration processes of the gut-brain-muscle axis. However, adopting the formula, among others, of poor sleep, stress, overtraining, and dysbiosis, defined as "SMOULDER", will have a detrimental impact on the function of this axis and consequently on human health as well as on athletes. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for optimizing brain health and cognitive function. This review highlights the significance of these factors for overall well-being, suggesting that adopting the "SPARKS" approach may benefit not only athletes but also older adults and individuals with health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Przewłócka
- Division of Physiology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Daria Korewo-Labelle
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Berezka
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Mateusz Jakub Karnia
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland; (P.B.); (M.J.K.)
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Lipoxin A4 attenuated dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy via activation of PGC-1α/Nrf2/TFAM pathway. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:107-115. [PMID: 36125698 PMCID: PMC9905194 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged dexamethasone (DEX) administration causes skeletal muscle atrophy through induction of both oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a recognized antioxidant but its effect against DEX-induced muscle atrophy has not been studied yet. This study aimed to assess the potential ameliorating effect of LXA4 on DEX-induced muscle atrophy and investigate the possible involvement of the mitochondrial dynamics pathway and the redox state in this effect. Forty male rats were divided into four groups; normal control, LXA4-treated, DEX-treated, and LXA4 plus DEX-treated. At the end of the experiment, LXA4 counteracted the effect of DEX on different parameters including muscle weight, muscle strength, serum creatine kinase activity, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents, Na/K-ATPase and citrate synthase activities, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). These findings signify the promising therapeutic effect of LXA4 against DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and indicate the possible involvement of LXA4-induced mitochondrial activation in addition to its well-known antioxidant effects.
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Li H, Qin S, Liang Q, Xi Y, Bo W, Cai M, Tian Z. Exercise Training Enhances Myocardial Mitophagy and Improves Cardiac Function via Irisin/FNDC5-PINK1/Parkin Pathway in MI Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060701. [PMID: 34205641 PMCID: PMC8234442 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the major cause of death in cardiovascular disease. In vitro and in vivo models are used to find the exercise mode which has the most significant effect on myocardial irisin/FNDC5 expression and illuminate the cardioprotective role and mechanisms of exercise-activated myocardial irisin/FNDC5-PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in myocardial infarction. The results indicated that expression of irisin/FNDC5 in myocardium could be up-regulated by different types of exercise and skeletal muscle electrical stimulation, which then promotes mitophagy and improves cardiac function and the effect of resistance exercise. Resistance exercise can improve cardiac function by activating the irisin/FNDC5-PINK1/Parkin-LC3/P62 pathway, regulating mitophagy and inhibiting oxidative stress. OPA1 may play an important role in the improvement of cardiac function and mitophagy pathway in myocardial infarction mice by irisin-mediated resistance exercise. Resistance exercise is expected to become an effective therapeutic way to promote myocardial infarction rehabilitation.
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The 'Jekyll and Hyde' of Gluconeogenesis: Early Life Adversity, Later Life Stress, and Metabolic Disturbances. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073344. [PMID: 33805856 PMCID: PMC8037741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological response to a psychological stressor broadly impacts energy metabolism. Inversely, changes in energy availability affect the physiological response to the stressor in terms of hypothalamus, pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), and sympathetic nervous system activation. Glucocorticoids, the endpoint of the HPA axis, are critical checkpoints in endocrine control of energy homeostasis and have been linked to metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Glucocorticoids, through the glucocorticoid receptor, activate transcription of genes associated with glucose and lipid regulatory pathways and thereby control both physiological and pathophysiological systemic energy homeostasis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of glucocorticoid functions in energy metabolism and systemic metabolic dysfunction, particularly focusing on glucose and lipid metabolism. There are elements in the external environment that induce lifelong changes in the HPA axis stress response and glucocorticoid levels, and the most prominent are early life adversity, or exposure to traumatic stress. We hypothesise that when the HPA axis is so disturbed after early life adversity, it will fundamentally alter hepatic gluconeogenesis, inducing hyperglycaemia, and hence crystalise the significant lifelong risk of developing either the metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes. This gives a “Jekyll and Hyde” role to gluconeogenesis, providing the necessary energy in situations of acute stress, but driving towards pathophysiological consequences when the HPA axis has been altered.
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Karnia MJ, Korewo D, Myślińska D, Ciepielewski ZM, Puchalska M, Konieczna-Wolska K, Kowalski K, Kaczor JJ. The Positive Impact of Vitamin D on Glucocorticoid-Dependent Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030936. [PMID: 33799389 PMCID: PMC7998166 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The study aimed to investigate whether vitamin D3 supplementation would positively affect rats with glucocorticoids-induced muscle atrophy as measured by skeletal muscle mass in two experimental conditions: chronic dexamethasone (DEX) administration and a model of the chronic stress response. (2) The study lasted 28 consecutive days and was performed on 45 male Wistar rats randomly divided into six groups. These included two groups treated by abdominal injection of DEX at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day supplemented with vegetable oil (DEX PL; n = 7) or with vitamin D3 600 IU/kg/day (DEX SUP; n = 8), respectively, and a control group treated with an abdominal injection of saline (CON; n = 6). In addition, there were two groups of rats chronically stressed by cold water immersion (1 hour/day in a glass box with 1-cm-deep ice/water mixture; temperature ~4 °C), which were supplemented with vegetable oil as a placebo (STR PL; n = 9) or vitamin D3 at 600 IU/kg/day (STR SUP; n = 9). The last group was of sham-stressed rats (SHM; n = 6). Blood, soleus, extensor digitorum longus, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps femoris muscles were collected and weighed. The heart, liver, spleen, and thymus were removed and weighed immediately after sacrifice. The plasma corticosterone (CORT) and vitamin D3 metabolites were measured. (3) We found elevated CORT levels in both cold water-immersed groups; however, they did not alter body and muscle weight. Body weight and muscle loss occurred in groups with exogenously administered DEX, with the exception of the soleus muscle in rats supplemented with vitamin D3. Decreased serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations in DEX-treated rats were observed, and the cold water immersion did not affect vitamin D3 levels. (4) Our results indicate that DEX-induced muscle loss was abolished in rats supplemented with vitamin D3, especially in the soleus muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Jakub Karnia
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (M.J.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Daria Korewo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (M.J.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Dorota Myślińska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.M.); (Z.M.C.); (M.P.); (K.K.-W.)
| | - Ziemowit Maciej Ciepielewski
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.M.); (Z.M.C.); (M.P.); (K.K.-W.)
| | - Monika Puchalska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.M.); (Z.M.C.); (M.P.); (K.K.-W.)
| | - Klaudia Konieczna-Wolska
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (D.M.); (Z.M.C.); (M.P.); (K.K.-W.)
| | - Konrad Kowalski
- Masdiag-Diagnostic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stefana Żeromskiego 33, 01-882 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Górskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland; (M.J.K.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-554-72-55
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Aravena-Canales D, Aedo JE, Molina A, Valdés JA. Regulation of the early expression of MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1 through membrane-initiated cortisol action in the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 253:110565. [PMID: 33497801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are key stress-related hormones in vertebrates, with cortisol being the main glucocorticoid in teleosts. Glucocorticoids exert their effects through two mechanisms of action: genomic/classic and membrane initiated. In mammals, cortisol-mediated stress has been found to be associated with increased expression of critical atrophy-related genes (atrogenes), such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and murf1/trim63. However, the direct impact of cortisol on the early regulation of atrogene expression in teleost skeletal muscle and the contribution of membrane-initiated cortisol action to this process have not been identified. In this work, the mRNA levels of atrogin-1 and murf1 were assessed in isolated myotubes and skeletal muscle of rainbow trout administered with cortisol or cortisol-BSA. This latter compound is a membrane-impermeable cortisol analog that exclusively induces membrane-initiated effects. We found that cortisol (10 mg/kg) first decreased the expression of both atrogenes at 3 h of treatment and then increased their expression at 9 h of treatment in the skeletal muscle of rainbow trout. Additionally, the in vitro analysis suggested that membrane-initiated cortisol action regulates murf1 but not atrogin-1 in rainbow trout myotubes. Using RU486 to selectively block glucocorticoid receptor (GR), we found that early downregulation of murf1 is potentially mediated by membrane GR signaling in myotubes. Considering the results of both the in vivo and in vitro approaches, we suggest that membrane-initiated cortisol action regulates the early expression of atrophy-related processes in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Aravena-Canales
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge E Aedo
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
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Przewłócka K, Folwarski M, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kaczor JJ. Gut-Muscle AxisExists and May Affect Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Training. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051451. [PMID: 32443396 PMCID: PMC7285193 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive training may limit physiological muscle adaptation through chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. Improper diet and overtraining may also disrupt intestinal homeostasis and in consequence enhance inflammation. Altogether, these factors may lead to an imbalance in the gut ecosystem, causing dysregulation of the immune system. Therefore, it seems to be important to optimize the intestinal microbiota composition, which is able to modulate the immune system and reduce oxidative stress. Moreover, the optimal intestinal microbiota composition may have an impact on muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis and function, as well as muscle glycogen storage. Aproperly balanced microbiome may also reduce inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species production, which may further attenuate macromolecules damage. Consequently, supplementation with probiotics may have some beneficial effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance. The phenomenon of gut-muscle axis should be continuously explored to function maintenance, not only in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Przewłócka
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marcin Folwarski
- Departmentof Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | | | | | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-516-191-109
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