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Šimkovicová M, Kramer G, Rep M, Takken FLW. Tomato R-gene-mediated resistance against Fusarium wilt originates in roots and extends to shoots via xylem to limit pathogen colonization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1384431. [PMID: 38751834 PMCID: PMC11094230 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1384431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Vascular wilt disease, caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), poses a threat to many crop species. Four different tomato resistance (R) genes (I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-7) have been identified to confer protection against Fo f.sp. lycopersici (Fol). These I genes are root-expressed and mount an immune response upon perception of the invading fungus. Despite immune activation, Fol is still able to colonize the xylem vessels of resistant tomato lines. Yet, the fungus remains localized in the vessels and does not colonize adjacent tissues or cause disease. The molecular mechanism constraining Fol in the vascular system of the stem remains unclear. We here demonstrate that an I-2-resistant rootstock protects a susceptible scion from Fusarium wilt, notwithstanding fungal colonization of the susceptible scion. Proteomic analyses revealed the presence of fungal effectors in the xylem sap of infected plants, showing that the lack of fungal pathogenicity is not due to its inability to express its virulence genes. To identify mobile root-derived proteins, potentially involved in controlling fungal proliferation, comparative xylem sap proteomics was performed. We identified distinct pathogenesis-related (PR) protein profiles in xylem sap from Fol-inoculated I-1, I-2, I-3, and I-7 resistant lines. Despite structural diversity, all four immune receptors trigger the accumulation of a common set of four PR proteins: PR-5x, PR-P2, and two glucan endo-1,3-β-D-glucosidases. This research provides insights into Fusarium resistance mechanisms and identifies a core set of proteins whose abundance correlates with defense against Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Šimkovicová
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Teixeira EMGF, Kalume DE, Ferreira PF, Alves TA, Fontão APGA, Sampaio ALF, de Oliveira DR, Morgado-Díaz JA, Silva-López RE. A Novel Trypsin Kunitz-Type Inhibitor from Cajanus cajan Leaves and Its Inhibitory Activity on New Cancer Serine Proteases and Its Effect on Tumor Cell Growth. Protein J 2024; 43:333-350. [PMID: 38347326 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A novel trypsin inhibitor from Cajanus cajan (TIC) fresh leaves was partially purified by affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed one band with about 15 kDa with expressive trypsin inhibitor activity by zymography. TIC showed high affinity for trypsin (Ki = 1.617 μM) and was a competitive inhibitor for this serine protease. TIC activity was maintained after 24 h of treatment at 70 °C, after 1 h treatments with different pH values, and β-mercaptoethanol increasing concentrations, and demonstrated expressive structural stability. However, the activity of TIC was affected in the presence of oxidizing agents. In order to study the effect of TIC on secreted serine proteases, as well as on the cell culture growth curve, SK-MEL-28 metastatic human melanoma cell line and CaCo-2 colon adenocarcinoma was grown in supplemented DMEM, and the extracellular fractions were submitted salting out and affinity chromatography to obtain new secreted serine proteases. TIC inhibited almost completely, 96 to 89%, the activity of these serine proteases and reduced the melanoma and colon adenocarcinoma cells growth of 48 and 77% respectively. Besides, it is the first time that a trypsin inhibitor was isolated and characterized from C. cajan leaves and cancer serine proteases were isolated and partial characterized from SK-MEL-28 and CaCo-2 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, TIC shown to be potent inhibitor of tumor protease affecting cell growth, and can be one potential drug candidate to be employed in chemotherapy of melanoma and colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Maria Gomes Ferreira Teixeira
- Departament of Natural Products, Institute of Pharmaceuticals Technology, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
- Laboratory of Bioprospection and Applied Ethnopharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Dario Eluam Kalume
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Research, IOC-Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Fernandes Ferreira
- Departament of Natural Products, Institute of Pharmaceuticals Technology, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Thayane Aparecida Alves
- Departament of Natural Products, Institute of Pharmaceuticals Technology, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G A Fontão
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceuticals Technology, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - André Luís Franco Sampaio
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceuticals Technology, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Bioprospection and Applied Ethnopharmacology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - José Andrés Morgado-Díaz
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, National Institute of Cancer (INCa), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Elisa Silva-López
- Departament of Natural Products, Institute of Pharmaceuticals Technology, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil.
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Najafi M, Nasr-Esfahani M, Vatandoost J, Hassanzade-Khankahdani H, Jami Moeini M. Transcriptome-based analysis of candidate gene markers associated with resistance mechanism to Phytophthora melonis that causes root and crown rot in pumpkin. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23038. [PMID: 38207292 DOI: 10.1071/fp23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Root and crown rot incited by an oomycete, Phytophthora melonis , causes significant yield losses in commercial pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo ) production worldwide. Currently, resistant cultivars and knowledge of molecular mechanism of C. pepo against P. melonis are scarce. Here, we analysed the quantitative gene expression changes of 10 candidate gene markers (bHLH87, ERF014, HSF, MYB, PR-1, WRKY21, CPI, POD, PSK, SGT ) in pumpkin roots and leaves at three time points (h post-inoculation, hpi) following inoculation with P. melonis in two resistant (Ghelyani and Tanbal), and two susceptible (Marmari and Khoreshti) varieties of pumpkin. Gene expression using quantitative real time PCR along a time course revealed the strongest transcriptomic response at 48 and 72hpi in resistant genotypes, 1.1-2.7-fold in roots and leaves, respectively, with a high significant correlation (r =0.857**-0.974**). We also found that CPI , PSK, SGT1 and POD act as a dual regulator that similarly modulate immunity not only against P. melonis , but also against other diseases such as early blight (Alternaria cucumerina) , powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii ), downy mildews (Pseudoperonospora cubensis ), and pathogenic plant nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica ). Furthermore, significantly higher activities of the ROS scavenging defence enzymes, catalase (1.6-fold increase) and peroxidase (6-fold increase) were observed in the roots of resistant cultivars at different hpi compared with non-inoculated controls. In addition, the biomass growth parameters including leaf and root length, stem and root diameter, root fresh weight and volume were significantly different among studied genotypes. Cumulatively, the transcriptome data provide novel insights into the response of pumpkins for improving pumpkin breeding to P. melonis .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadhadi Najafi
- Department of Agricultural-Biotechnology, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nasr-Esfahani
- Plant Protection Research Department, Isfahan Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center, AREEO, Isfahan 81786-96446, Iran
| | - Jafar Vatandoost
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hamed Hassanzade-Khankahdani
- Department of Horticulture Crops Research, Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Matin Jami Moeini
- Department of Agricultural-Biotechnology, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran
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Gomes GDS, Espósito PC, Baracat-Pereira MC. Carboxypeptidase inhibitors from Solanaceae as a new subclass of pathogenesis related peptide aiming biotechnological targets for plant defense. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1259026. [PMID: 38033385 PMCID: PMC10687636 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1259026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Plant protease inhibitors play a crucial role in inhibiting proteases produced by phytopathogens and exhibiting inhibitory effects on nematodes, fungi, and insects, making them promising candidates for crop protection. Specifically, carboxypeptidase inhibitors, a subset of proteinase inhibitors, have been extensively studied in potato and tomato of Solanaceae plant family. However, further research is needed to fully understand the functions and biotechnological potential of those inhibitors in plants. This work aimed to in silico characterize carboxypeptidase inhibitors from Solanaceae as potential antimicrobial and defense agents focused on biotechnological targets. Methods: The methodology employed involved search in UniProt, PDB, KNOTTIN, NCBI, and MEROPS databases for solanaceous carboxypeptidase inhibitors, phylogenetic relationships and conservation patterns analyzes using MEGA-X software and Clustal Omega/MView tools, physicochemical properties and antimicrobial potential prediction using ProtParam, ToxinPred, iAMPred, and APD3 tools, and structural features prediction using PSIPRED. Results and discussion: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies on Solanaceae carboxypeptidase inhibitors and their activities against pathogens. The selected studies were reviewed and the main findings compiled. The characterization of Solanaceae carboxypeptidase inhibitors proposed for the first time the global sequence consensus motif CXXXCXXXXDCXXXXXCXXC, shedding light on carboxypeptidase inhibitors distribution, sequence variability, and conservation patterns. Phylogenetic analysis showed evolutionary relationships within the Solanaceae family, particularly in Capsicum, Nicotiana, and Solanum genera. Physicochemical characteristics of those peptides indicated their similarity to antimicrobial peptides. Predicted secondary structures exhibited variations, suggesting a broad spectrum of action, and studies had been demonstrated their activities against various pathogens. Conclusion: Carboxypeptidase inhibitors are being proposed here as a new subclass of PR-6 pathogenesis-related proteins, which will aid in a focused understanding of their functional roles in plant defense mechanisms. These findings confirm the Solanaceae carboxypeptidase inhibitors potential as defense agents and highlight opportunities for their biotechnological applications in pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Vorster J, van der Westhuizen W, du Plessis G, Marais D, Sparvoli F, Cominelli E, Camilli E, Ferrari M, Le Donne C, Marconi S, Lisciani S, Losa A, Sala T, Kunert K. In order to lower the antinutritional activity of serine protease inhibitors, we need to understand their role in seed development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1252223. [PMID: 37860251 PMCID: PMC10582697 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1252223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Proteases, including serine proteases, are involved in the entire life cycle of plants. Proteases are controlled by protease inhibitors (PI) to limit any uncontrolled or harmful protease activity. The role of PIs in biotic and abiotic stress tolerance is well documented, however their role in various other plant processes has not been fully elucidated. Seed development is one such area that lack detailed work on the function of PIs despite the fact that this is a key process in the life cycle of the plant. Serine protease inhibitors (SPI) such as the Bowman-Birk inhibitors and Kunitz-type inhibitors, are abundant in legume seeds and act as antinutrients in humans and animals. Their role in seed development is not fully understood and present an interesting research target. Whether lowering the levels and activity of PIs, in order to lower the anti-nutrient levels in seed will affect the development of viable seed, remains an important question. Studies on the function of SPI in seed development are therefore required. In this Perspective paper, we provide an overview on the current knowledge of seed storage proteins, their degradation as well as on the serine protease-SPI system in seeds and what is known about the consequences when this system is modified. We discuss areas that require investigation. This includes the identification of seed specific SPIs; screening of germplasms, to identify plants with low seed inhibitor content, establishing serine protease-SPI ratios and lastly a focus on molecular techniques that can be used to modify seed SPI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vorster
- Department Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willem van der Westhuizen
- Department Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gedion du Plessis
- Department Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Diana Marais
- Department Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cominelli
- National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Camilli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Ferrari
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Le Donne
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Marconi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Lisciani
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Losa
- Council for Research in Agriculture and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Tea Sala
- Council for Research in Agriculture and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Karl Kunert
- Department Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Pacheco JS, Teixeira ÉMGF, Paschoal RG, Torres-Santos EC, Simone SGDE, Silva-López REDA. Antileishmanial effects of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth aqueous extracts on Leishmania amazonensis. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220613. [PMID: 37672397 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen polar extracts from leaf, seed, pod, stem, flower and root of Crotalaria spectabilis were prepared using aqueous systems, based on the principles of green chemistry, and showed different protease inhibitor (PI) activities on trypsin, papain, pepsin and the extracellular L. amazonensis serine protease (LSPIII). The most pronounced inhibitory effect on LSPIII was observed in leaf (CS-P), root, stem, flower (CS-FPVPP) and pod (CS-VA) extracts. Crotalaria extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity on macrophages; however, they decreased the viability of L. amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes, as observed in leaf (CS-AE, CS-P, CS-T and CS-PVPP), seed (CS-ST), flower and root (CS-RA) extracts. CS-P was chosen to study PI and secondary metabolites and a 10-12 kDa protein, analyzed by mass spectrometry, was identified as a serine PI homologous with papaya latex serine PI. Glycosylated flavonoids, such as quercetins, vitexin and tricin were the major secondary metabolites of CS-P. The presence of PIs in C. spectabilis is a new finding, especially in other organs than seeds since PIs have been reported only in seed legumes. Besides, this is the first report of antileishmanial activity of C. spectabilis extracts and the identification of serine polypeptide PI and glycosylated flavonoids from leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana S Pacheco
- FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Farmanguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Érika Maria G F Teixeira
- FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Farmanguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ramon G Paschoal
- FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Farmanguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Giovanni DE Simone
- FIOCRUZ, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia para Inovação em Doenças Negligenciadas (INCT-IDN), Avenida Brasil, 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Elisa DA Silva-López
- FIOCRUZ, Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Farmanguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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7
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Derikvand F, Bazgir E, El Jarroudi M, Darvishnia M, Mirzaei Najafgholi H, Laasli SE, Lahlali R. Unleashing the Potential of Bacterial Isolates from Apple Tree Rhizosphere for Biocontrol of Monilinia laxa: A Promising Approach for Combatting Brown Rot Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:828. [PMID: 37623599 PMCID: PMC10455449 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monilinia laxa, a notorious fungal pathogen responsible for the devastating brown rot disease afflicting apples, wreaks havoc in both orchards and storage facilities, precipitating substantial economic losses. Currently, chemical methods represent the primary means of controlling this pathogen in warehouses. However, this study sought to explore an alternative approach by harnessing the biocontrol potential of bacterial isolates against brown rot in apple trees. A total of 72 bacterial isolates were successfully obtained from the apple tree rhizosphere and subjected to initial screening via co-cultivation with the pathogen. Notably, eight bacterial isolates demonstrated remarkable efficacy, reducing the mycelial growth of the pathogen from 68.75 to 9.25%. These isolates were subsequently characterized based on phenotypic traits, biochemical properties, and 16S rRNA gene amplification. Furthermore, we investigated these isolates' production capacity with respect to two enzymes, namely, protease and chitinase, and evaluated their efficacy in disease control. Through phenotypic, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene-sequencing analyses, the bacterial isolates were identified as Serratia marcescens, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus succinus, and Pseudomonas baetica. In dual culture assays incorporating M. laxa, S. marcescens and S. succinus exhibited the most potent degree of mycelial growth inhibition, achieving 68.75 and 9.25% reductions, respectively. All the bacterial isolates displayed significant chitinase and protease activities. Quantitative assessment of chitinase activity revealed the highest levels in strains AP5 and AP13, with values of 1.47 and 1.36 U/mL, respectively. Similarly, AP13 and AP6 exhibited the highest protease activity, with maximal enzyme production levels reaching 1.3 and 1.2 U/mL, respectively. In apple disease control assays, S. marcescens and S. succinus strains exhibited disease severity values of 12.34% and 61.66% (DS), respectively, highlighting their contrasting efficacy in mitigating disease infecting apple fruits. These findings underscore the immense potential of the selected bacterial strains with regard to serving as biocontrol agents for combatting brown rot disease in apple trees, thus paving the way for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to chemical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Derikvand
- Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Khorramabad 68151-44316, Iran; (F.D.); (M.D.); (H.M.N.)
| | - Eidi Bazgir
- Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Khorramabad 68151-44316, Iran; (F.D.); (M.D.); (H.M.N.)
| | - Moussa El Jarroudi
- Water, Environment and Development Unit, Department of Environmental Sciences and Management, UR SPHERES Research Unit, University of Liège, 6700 Arlon, Belgium;
| | - Mostafa Darvishnia
- Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Khorramabad 68151-44316, Iran; (F.D.); (M.D.); (H.M.N.)
| | - Hossein Mirzaei Najafgholi
- Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Khorramabad 68151-44316, Iran; (F.D.); (M.D.); (H.M.N.)
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco;
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès 50001, Morocco;
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, AgroBioSciences, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
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8
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Dos Santos C, Franco OL. Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) with Enzyme Activity Activating Plant Defense Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112226. [PMID: 37299204 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and induced factors combined as defense mechanisms. These mechanisms involve a complex signaling network linking structural and biochemical defense. Antimicrobial and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are examples of this mechanism, which can accumulate extra- and intracellular space after infection. However, despite their name, some PR proteins are present at low levels even in healthy plant tissues. When they face a pathogen, these PRs can increase in abundance, acting as the first line of plant defense. Thus, PRs play a key role in early defense events, which can reduce the damage and mortality caused by pathogens. In this context, the present review will discuss defense response proteins, which have been identified as PRs, with enzymatic action, including constitutive enzymes, β-1,3 glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and ribonucleases. From the technological perspective, we discuss the advances of the last decade applied to the study of these enzymes, which are important in the early events of higher plant defense against phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Dos Santos
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil
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9
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Njaci I, Waweru B, Kamal N, Muktar MS, Fisher D, Gundlach H, Muli C, Muthui L, Maranga M, Kiambi D, Maass BL, Emmrich PMF, Domelevo Entfellner JB, Spannagl M, Chapman MA, Shorinola O, Jones CS. Chromosome-level genome assembly and population genomic resource to accelerate orphan crop lablab breeding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1915. [PMID: 37069152 PMCID: PMC10110558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Under-utilised orphan crops hold the key to diversified and climate-resilient food systems. Here, we report on orphan crop genomics using the case of Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet (lablab) - a legume native to Africa and cultivated throughout the tropics for food and forage. Our Africa-led plant genome collaboration produces a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the lablab genome. Our assembly highlights the genome organisation of the trypsin inhibitor genes - an important anti-nutritional factor in lablab. We also re-sequence cultivated and wild lablab accessions from Africa confirming two domestication events. Finally, we examine the genetic and phenotypic diversity in a comprehensive lablab germplasm collection and identify genomic loci underlying variation of important agronomic traits in lablab. The genomic data generated here provide a valuable resource for lablab improvement. Our inclusive collaborative approach also presents an example that can be explored by other researchers sequencing indigenous crops, particularly from low and middle-income countries (LMIC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Njaci
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bernice Waweru
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nadia Kamal
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - David Fisher
- University of Southampton, School of Biological Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Heidrun Gundlach
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Collins Muli
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucy Muthui
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Maranga
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya
| | - Davies Kiambi
- Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Brigitte L Maass
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstr 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter M F Emmrich
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department for International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Manuel Spannagl
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark A Chapman
- University of Southampton, School of Biological Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Oluwaseyi Shorinola
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Chris S Jones
- International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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10
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Duraiswamy A, Sneha A. NM, Jebakani K. S, Selvaraj S, Pramitha J. L, Selvaraj R, Petchiammal K. I, Kather Sheriff S, Thinakaran J, Rathinamoorthy S, Kumar P. R. Genetic manipulation of anti-nutritional factors in major crops for a sustainable diet in future. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1070398. [PMID: 36874916 PMCID: PMC9976781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1070398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of healthy food, in order to strengthen the immune system, is now a major focus of people worldwide and is essential to tackle the emerging pandemic concerns. Moreover, research in this area paves the way for diversification of human diets by incorporating underutilized crops which are highly nutritious and climate-resilient in nature. However, although the consumption of healthy foods increases nutritional uptake, the bioavailability of nutrients and their absorption from foods also play an essential role in curbing malnutrition in developing countries. This has led to a focus on anti-nutrients that interfere with the digestion and absorption of nutrients and proteins from foods. Anti-nutritional factors in crops, such as phytic acid, gossypol, goitrogens, glucosinolates, lectins, oxalic acid, saponins, raffinose, tannins, enzyme inhibitors, alkaloids, β-N-oxalyl amino alanine (BOAA), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), are synthesized in crop metabolic pathways and are interconnected with other essential growth regulation factors. Hence, breeding with the aim of completely eliminating anti-nutrition factors tends to compromise desirable features such as yield and seed size. However, advanced techniques, such as integrated multi-omics, RNAi, gene editing, and genomics-assisted breeding, aim to breed crops in which negative traits are minimized and to provide new strategies to handle these traits in crop improvement programs. There is also a need to emphasize individual crop-based approaches in upcoming research programs to achieve smart foods with minimum constraints in future. This review focuses on progress in molecular breeding and prospects for additional approaches to improve nutrient bioavailability in major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Duraiswamy
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Nancy Mano Sneha A.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sherina Jebakani K.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sellakumar Selvaraj
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Lydia Pramitha J.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramchander Selvaraj
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Indira Petchiammal K.
- Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sharmili Kather Sheriff
- Agronomy, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Jenita Thinakaran
- Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Samundeswari Rathinamoorthy
- Crop Physiology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar P.
- Plant Biochemistry, School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India
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11
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Saxena H, Kulshreshtha A, Agarwal A, Kumar A, Singh N, Jain CK. LDRGDb - Legumes disease resistance genes database. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1143111. [PMID: 37143876 PMCID: PMC10151526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Legumes comprise one of the world's largest, most diverse, and economically important plant families, known for their nutritional and medicinal benefits. Legumes are susceptible to a wide range of diseases, similar to other agricultural crops. Diseases have a considerable impact on the production of legume crop species, resulting in large yield losses worldwide. Due to continuous interactions between plants and their pathogens in the environment and the evolution of new pathogens under high selection pressure; disease resistant genes emerge in plant cultivars in the field against those pathogens or disease. Thus, disease resistant genes play critical roles in plant resistance responses, and their discovery and subsequent use in breeding programmes aid in reducing yield loss. The genomic era, with its high-throughput and low-cost genomic tools, has revolutionised our understanding of the complex interactions between legumes and pathogens, resulting in the identification of several critical participants in both the resistant and susceptible relationships. However, a substantial amount of existing information about numerous legume species has been disseminated as text or is preserved across fractions in different databases, posing a challenge for researchers. As a result, the range, scope, and complexity of these resources pose challenges to those who manage and use them. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop tools and a single conjugate database to manage genetic information for the world's plant genetic resources, allowing for the rapid incorporation of essential resistance genes into breeding strategies. Here, developed the first comprehensive database of disease resistance genes named as LDRGDb - LEGUMES DISEASE RESISTANCE GENES DATABASE comprises 10 legumes [Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), Soybean (Glycine max), Lentil (Lens culinaris), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Barrelclover (Medicago truncatula), Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), Pea (Pisum sativum),Faba bean (Vicia faba), and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)]. The LDRGDb is a user-friendly database developed by integrating a variety of tools and software that combine knowledge about resistant genes, QTLs, and their loci, with proteomics, pathway interactions, and genomics (https://ldrgdb.in/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Aishani Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Avinav Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Chakresh Kumar Jain, ; Nisha Singh,
| | - Chakresh Kumar Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
- *Correspondence: Chakresh Kumar Jain, ; Nisha Singh,
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12
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Mangena P. Pleiotropic effects of recombinant protease inhibitors in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:994710. [PMID: 36119571 PMCID: PMC9478479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant gene encoded protease inhibitors have been identified as some of the most effective antidigestive molecules to guard against proteolysis of essential proteins and plant attacking proteases from herbivorous pests and pathogenic microorganisms. Protease inhibitors (PIs) can be over expressed in transgenic plants to complement internal host defense systems, Bt toxins in genetically modified pest resistance and abiotic stress tolerance achieved through cystatins expression. Although the understanding of the role of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors encoded by both endogenous and transgenes expressed in crop plants has significantly advanced, their implication in biological systems still requires further elucidations. This paper, therefore, succinctly reviewed most recently published literature on recombinant proteases inhibitors (RPIs), focusing mainly on their unintended consequences in plants, other living organisms, and the environment. The review discusses major negative and unintended effects of RPIs involving the inhibitors' non-specificity on protease enzymes, non-target organisms and ubiquitous versatility in their mechanism of inhibition. The paper also discusses some direct and indirect effects of RPIs such as degradation by distinct classes of proteases, reduced functionality due to plant exposure to severe environmental stress and any other potential negative influences exerted on both the host plant as well as the environment. These pleiotropic effects must be decisively monitored to eliminate and prevent any potential adverse effects that transgenic plants carrying recombinant inhibitor genes may have on non-target organisms and biodiversity.
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Darrag HM, Almuhanna HT, Hakami EH. Secondary Metabolites in Basil, Bio-Insecticide, Inhibition Effect, and In Silico Molecular Docking against Proteolytic Enzymes of the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081087. [PMID: 35448815 PMCID: PMC9027599 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the secondary metabolites generated by O. basilicum cell suspensions, as well as their insecticide and inhibitory activity against R. ferrugineus. The growth kinetics with inoculation Verticillium dahliae were determined and identified using LC-MS. Determination of total phenolic components (TFC), flavonoids (TF), and condensed tannins (TCT) were measured. Insecticidal activity of O. basilicum extract against R. ferrugineus (larva and adult) and proteolytic enzymes activity were assessed (in vitro and in vivo). The O.basilicum extract had an LC50 of 1238 µg/mL and an LD50 of 13.4 µg/larva. The LC50 of chicoric acid, ursolic acid, salvigenin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, rosmarinyl glucoside, and nepetoidin B demonstrated activity at an LC50 of 1132, 1167, 1189, 1214, 1275, and 1317 µg/mL, respectively. Chicoric acid, salvigenin, nepetoidin B, and rosmarinic acid demonstrated an LD50 activity of 10.23, 11.4, 11.9, and 12.4 µg/larva, respectively. The active extract of O. basilicum inhibited total protease, trypsin-like serine proteinases, elastase, cysteine, and metalloprotease activity with an IC50 (in vitro) of 119.4, 91, 102.4, 76.4, and 52.4 µg/mL, respectively. In silico studies of compounds were conducted, such as molecular docking and ADMET analysis. The study proposes using an efficient cell suspension technique to produce O. basilicum extract containing active secondary metabolites and accessible using as bio-insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Moustafa Darrag
- Department of Research and Training, Research and Training Station, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-508299027
| | - Hani Taher Almuhanna
- Research and Training Station, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.T.A.); (E.H.H.)
| | - Emadaldeen Hamad Hakami
- Research and Training Station, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (H.T.A.); (E.H.H.)
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Pandey A, Yadav R, Sanyal I. Evaluating the pesticidal impact of plant protease inhibitors: lethal weaponry in the co-evolutionary battle. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:855-868. [PMID: 34570437 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the arsenal of plant defense, protease inhibitors (PIs) are well-designed defensive products to counter field pests. PIs are produced in plant tissues by means of 'stable defense metabolite' and triggered on demand as the perception of the signal and well established as a part of plant active defense. PIs have been utilized for approximately four decades, initially as a gene-alone approach that was later replaced by multiple gene pyramiding/gene stacking due to insect adaptability towards the PI alone. By considering the adaptive responses of the pest to the single insecticidal gene, the concept of gene pyramiding gained continuous appreciation for the development of transgenic crops to deal with co-evolving pests. Gene pyramiding approaches are executed to bypass the insect's adaptive responses against PIs. Stacking PIs with additional insecticidal proteins, plastid engineering, recombinant proteinase inhibitors, RNAi-based methods and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing are the advanced tools and methods for next-generation pest management. Undoubtedly, the domain associated with the mechanism of PIs in the course of plant-pest interactions will occupy a central role for the advancement of more efficient and sustainable pest control strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankesh Pandey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Reena Yadav
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Indraneel Sanyal
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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15
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Bio-Insecticide of Thymus vulgaris and Ocimum basilicum Extract from Cell Suspensions and Their Inhibitory Effect against Serine, Cysteine, and Metalloproteinases of the Red Palm Weevil ( Rhynchophorus ferrugineus). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12050405. [PMID: 33946503 PMCID: PMC8147177 DOI: 10.3390/insects12050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the insecticide role of volatile constituents produced from cell suspensions of T. vulgaris and O. basilicum against R. ferrugineus. Constituents were extracted from cell suspension after 40 days. Growth kinetics were measured with an inoculation of Verticillium dahliae and identified by GC-MS. Total volatile phenolic constituents were measured. Insecticidal activity against R. ferrugineus (adult) and proteolytic enzyme activity in larvae were assessed. GC-MS showed that the T. vulgaris extract has higher amounts of thymol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, β-caryophyllene, and linalool in comparison to the O. basilicum extract, which is rich in estragole, β-terpineol, (E)-β-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, and eugenol. The T. vulgaris extract showed an LC50 of 1032 µg/mL, followed by O. basilicum with an LC50 of 1246 µg/mL. The IC50 values against the total proteases were 110.8 and 119.4 µg/mL for T. vulgaris and O. basilicum, respectively. The IC50 for the trypsin-like serine proteinase assessment was 81.6 and 91 µg/mL for T. vulgaris and O. basilicum, respectively. Cysteine, chymotrypsin, and metalloproteinase assessment showed an IC50 above 5000 µg/mL for both extracts. The study is proposed as a potential approach to use T. vulgaris and O. basilicum extract as a bio-insecticide against R. ferrugineus using an accessible and efficient cell suspension technique.
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Plant Allelochemicals as Sources of Insecticides. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030189. [PMID: 33668349 PMCID: PMC7996276 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the role of plant-derived biochemicals that are toxic to insect pests. Biotic stress in plants caused by insect pests is one of the most significant problems, leading to yield losses. Synthetic pesticides still play a significant role in crop protection. However, the environmental side effects and health issues caused by the overuse or inappropriate application of synthetic pesticides forced authorities to ban some problematic ones. Consequently, there is a strong necessity for novel and alternative insect pest control methods. An interesting source of ecological pesticides are biocidal compounds, naturally occurring in plants as allelochemicals (secondary metabolites), helping plants to resist, tolerate or compensate the stress caused by insect pests. The abovementioned bioactive natural products are the first line of defense in plants against insect herbivores. The large group of secondary plant metabolites, including alkaloids, saponins, phenols and terpenes, are the most promising compounds in the management of insect pests. Secondary metabolites offer sustainable pest control, therefore we can conclude that certain plant species provide numerous promising possibilities for discovering novel and ecologically friendly methods for the control of numerous insect pests.
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