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Regmi P, Young M, Minigo G, Milic N, Gyawali P. Photoperiod and metabolic health: evidence, mechanism, and implications. Metabolism 2024; 152:155770. [PMID: 38160935 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are evolutionarily programmed biological rhythms that are primarily entrained by the light cycle. Disruption of circadian rhythms is an important risk factor for several metabolic disorders. Photoperiod is defined as total duration of light exposure in a day. With the extended use of indoor/outdoor light, smartphones, television, computers, and social jetlag people are exposed to excessive artificial light at night increasing their photoperiod. Importantly long photoperiod is not limited to any geographical region, season, age, or socioeconomic group, it is pervasive. Long photoperiod is an established disrupter of the circadian rhythm and can induce a range of chronic health conditions including adiposity, altered hormonal signaling and metabolism, premature ageing, and poor psychological health. This review discusses the impact of exposure to long photoperiod on circadian rhythms, metabolic and mental health, hormonal signaling, and ageing and provides a perspective on possible preventive and therapeutic approaches for this pervasive challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Regmi
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Australia.
| | - Morag Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Milic
- Faculty of Health, Charles Darwin University, Australia
| | - Prajwal Gyawali
- Centre of Health Research and School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
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Wójcik M, Krawczyńska A, Zieba DA, Antushevich H, Herman AP. Influence of Leptin on the Secretion of Growth Hormone in Ewes under Different Photoperiodic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098036. [PMID: 37175738 PMCID: PMC10178528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine with a pleiotropic impact on many physiological processes, including hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic (HPS) axis activity, which plays a key role in regulating mammalian metabolism. Leptin insensitivity/resistance is a pathological condition in humans, but in seasonal animals, it is a physiological adaptation. Therefore, these animals represent a promising model for studying this phenomenon. This study aimed to determine the influence of leptin on the activity of the HPS axis. Two in vivo experiments performed during short- and long-day photoperiods were conducted on 12 ewes per experiment, and the ewes were divided randomly into 2 groups. The arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, anterior pituitary (AP) tissues, and blood were collected. The concentration of growth hormone (GH) was measured in the blood, and the relative expression of GHRH, SST, GHRHR, SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR5, LEPR, and GH was measured in the collected brain structures. The study showed that the photoperiod, and therefore leptin sensitivity, plays an important role in regulating HPS axis activity in the seasonal ewe. However, leptin influences the release of GH in a season-dependent manner, and its effect seems to be targeted at the posttranscriptional stages of GH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wójcik
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Dorota Anna Zieba
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Biotechnology, and Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
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The Effect of Leptin on the Blood Hormonal Profile (Cortisol, Insulin, Thyroid Hormones) of the Ewe in Acute Inflammation in Two Different Photoperiodical Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158109. [PMID: 35897684 PMCID: PMC9331064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a day animal with sensitivity to inflammation similar to that of humans, the sheep may highly outperform the rodent model in inflammation studies. Additionally, seasonality makes sheep an interesting model in endocrinology research. Although there are studies concerning inflammation’s influence on leptin secretion and vice versa, a ewe model, with its possible ‘long-day leptin resistance’, is still not examined enough. The present study aimed to examine whether leptin may modulate an acute inflammation influence on plasma hormones in two photoperiodical conditions. The experiment was conducted on 48 ewes divided into four groups (control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leptin, LPS + leptin) during short and long days. Blood sampling started 1 hour before and continued 3 h after LPS/saline administration for further hormonal analysis. The results showed that the photoperiod is one of the main factors influencing the basal concentrations of several hormones with higher values of leptin, insulin and thyroid hormones during long days. Additionally, the acute inflammation effect on cortisol, insulin and thyroid hormones was photoperiod-dependent. The endotoxemia may also exert an influence on leptin concentration regardless of season. The effects of leptin alone on hormone blood concentrations are rather limited; however, leptin can modulate the LPS influence on insulin or thyroxine in a photoperiod-dependent way.
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Photoperiod alters the choroid plexus response to LPS-induced acute inflammation in EWES. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study determined the influence of photoperiod on the expression of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4), interleukin 1□ (IL1B), IL-1 receptor type I (IL1R1) and II (IL1R2), interleukin 6 (IL6), the IL-6 receptor (IL6R) and signal transducer (IL6ST), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), and TNF□ receptor type I (TNFRSF1A) and II (TNFRSF1B) in the choroid plexus (ChP) of ewes with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammation. Under short-days (SD, n = 12, anestrous) and long-days (LD, n = 12, synchronized follicular phase), ewes were treated with saline or LPS. Compared to LD conditions, the ewes under SD were characterized by a greater (P<0.05) area under the curve (AUC) of cortisol in the LPS-treated group and by a lower (P<0.05) AUC of prolactin in the saline-treated group. Under both photoperiods, LPS increased (P<0.05) the expression of all examined genes except for TNFRSF1B (only under SD), TNF and TNFRSF1A (no stimulation), and IL6R (decreased (P<0.05) under SD). The LPS-induced increases in TLR2, TLR4, IL1B and its receptors, IL6 and TNFRSF1B were higher (P<0.05) under SD than LD. TLR4 was positively correlated with IL1B and IL6 in both saline- (r2 = 0.64, P<0.01 and r2 = 0.52, P<0.01) and LPS-treated (r2 = 0.81, P<0.0001 and r2 = 0.51, P<0.001) ewes. IL1B (r2 = 0.56, P<0.01 and r2 = 0.77, P<0.0001) and IL6 (r2 = 0.77, P<0.005 and r2 = 0.35, P<0.05) were positively correlated with TLR2 in saline- and LPS-treated ewes, respectively. This indicates that in ewes, the ChP response to acute systemic inflammation is dependent upon the photoperiod with stronger effects being observed under SD. Our results also suggest that gonadal hormones altering TLR4 signaling events are involved in the photoperiodic modulation of the ChP response to LPS. Further experiments are required to explain the mechanism involved in this phenomenon.
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Wang Z, Huang X, Ye X, Li X, Wei J. Roles of leptin on the key effector cells of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2021; 233:92-96. [PMID: 33652029 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, an adipokine sharing structural characteristics of the long-chain helical cytokine family with the crucial role as a regulator in energy homeostasis, has been paid more and more attention to its immunoregulatory function. Emerging evidence has indicated the roles of leptin on autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis, implying that leptin may be involved in autoimmune disorders. It is very definite that there exists immunocyte dysfunction in RA patients. Growing data has manifested that leptin is increased in both serum and synovial fluid of RA patients compared to healthy controls, suggesting leptin probably takes part in the pathogenesis of RA. The aim of this review is to discuss about what we currently know with regard to the role of leptin in immune system and its effects on RA crucial cells. To clarify the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of RA is beneficial to both the treatment and medical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaokang Ye
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China.
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Photoperiod Affects Leptin Action on the Choroid Plexus in Ewes Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide-Study on the mRNA Level. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207647. [PMID: 33076568 PMCID: PMC7589540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovine choroid plexus (ChP) expresses the long isoform of the leptin receptor, which makes this structure a potential target for leptin action. In sheep, leptin concentration in plasma is higher during long days (LD) than short days (SD). This study evaluates the influence a of photoperiod on leptin impact on the gene expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), proinflammatory cytokines (IL1B, IL6), their receptors (IL1R1, IL1R2, ILRN, IL6R, IL6ST) and inflammasome components necessary for pro-IL-1β activation (NLRP3, PYCARD, CASP1), chemokine (CCL2), leptin receptor isoforms (LEPRa, LEPRb) and a suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS3) in the ChP of ewes treated or not with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Studies were conducted on adult female sheep divided into four groups (n = 6 in each): control, leptin (20 μg/kg), LPS (400 ng/kg), and LPS and leptin injected under SD and LD photoperiods. The leptin alone did not affect the gene expression but in co-treatment with LPS increased (p < 0.05) IL1B but only during SD, and SOCS3, IL1R2, IL1RN, IL6ST and CCL2 only during LD, and decreased (p < 0.05) the IL1R1 expression only during SD photoperiod. This indicates that the immunomodulatory action of leptin on the ChP is manifested only under the LPS challenge and is photoperiodically dependent.
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Wojtulewicz K, Krawczyńska A, Tomaszewska-Zaremba D, Wójcik M, Herman AP. Effect of Acute and Prolonged Inflammation on the Gene Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Their Receptors in the Anterior Pituitary Gland of Ewes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6939. [PMID: 32967383 PMCID: PMC7554822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An acute and prolonged inflammation inhibits the reproduction process by the disruption of the neurohormonal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. It is thought that these changes may be caused by proinflammatory cytokines, i.e., interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an acute and prolonged inflammation on the expression of genes encoding cytokine and their receptors, gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR), beta subunits of luteinizing hormone (LHβ) and follicle-stimulating (FSHβ) in the anterior pituitary (AP). Moreover, the circulating concentration of LH and FSH was also assayed. Two experiments were carried out on adult ewes which were divided into two control groups and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 400 ng / kg). Acute inflammation was caused by a single injection of LPS into the external jugular vein, while the chronic inflammation was induced by seven times LPS injection (one a day). In both experiments, animals were euthanized 3h after the last LPS / NaCl injection and the blood samples collected 15 min before euthanasia. An acute inflammation stimulates the expression of the IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα genes and their receptors in the AP of sheep. Prolonged inflammation increased TNFα gene expression and both types of TNFα and IL-6 receptors. Both an acute and prolonged inflammation inhibited LHβ gene expression in the AP and reduced LH level in blood. A sevenfold LPS injection raises FSH concentration. The gene expression of GnRHR was reduced in the ovine AP only after a single injection of endotoxin. Our results suggest that there are important differences in the way how an acute and prolonged inflammation influence proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors gene expression in the AP of anestrous ewes, which could be reflected by differences in the AP secretory activity during these states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wojtulewicz
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 03-105 Jabłonna, Poland; (A.K.); (D.T.-Z.); (M.W.); (A.P.H.)
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