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Wang S, Wu B, Todhanakasem T. Expanding the horizons of levan: from microbial biosynthesis to applications and advanced detection methods. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:214. [PMID: 38789837 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Levan, a β-(2,6)-linked fructose polymer, exhibits diverse properties that impart versatility, rendering it a highly sought-after biopolymer with various industrial applications. Levan can be produced by various microorganisms using sucrose, food industry byproducts and agricultural wastes. Microbial levan represents the most potent cost-effective process for commercial-scale levan production. This study reviews the optimization of levan production by understanding its biosynthesis, physicochemical properties and the fermentation process. In addition, genetic and protein engineering for its increased production and emerging methods for its detection are introduced and discussed. All of these comprehensive studies could serve as powerful tools to optimize levan production and broaden its applications across various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Wang
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Center, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Renmin Rd. S 4-13, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tatsaporn Todhanakasem
- School of Food Industry, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
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2
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Wong Min M, Liu L, Karboune S. Investigating the Potential of Phenolic Compounds and Carbohydrates as Acceptor Substrates for Levansucrase-Catalyzed Transfructosylation Reaction. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400107. [PMID: 38536122 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This study characterizes the acceptor specificity of levansucrases (LSs) from Gluconobacter oxydans (LS1), Vibrio natriegens (LS2), Novosphingobium aromaticivorans (LS3), and Paraburkholderia graminis (LS4) using sucrose as fructosyl donor and selected phenolic compounds and carbohydrates as acceptors. Overall, V. natriegens LS2 proved to be the best biocatalyst for the transfructosylation of phenolic compounds. More than one fructosyl unit could be attached to fructosylated phenolic compounds. The transfructosylation of epicatechin by P. graminis LS4 resulted in the most diversified products, with up to five fructosyl units transferred. In addition to the LS source, the acceptor specificity of LS towards phenolic compounds and their transfructosylation products were found to greatly depend on their chemical structure: the number of phenolic rings, the reactivity of hydroxyl groups and the presence of aliphatic chains or methoxy groups. Similarly, for carbohydrates, the transfructosylation yield was dependent on both the LS source and the acceptor type. The highest yield of fructosylated-trisaccharides was Erlose from the transfructosylation of maltose catalyzed by LS2, with production reaching 200 g/L. LS2 was more selective towards the transfructosylation of phenolic compounds and carbohydrates, while reactions catalyzed by LS1, LS3 and LS4 also produced fructooligosaccharides. This study shows the high potential for the application of LSs in the glycosylation of phenolic compounds and carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Wong Min
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Tian J, Wei S, Jiao Y, Liang W, Wang G. A strategy to reduce the byproduct glucose by simultaneously producing levan and single cell oil using an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain displaying levansucrase on the surface. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130395. [PMID: 38301939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Currently, levan is attracting attention due to its promising applications in the food and biomedical fields. Levansucrase synthesizes levan by polymerizing the fructosyl unit in sucrose. However, a large amount of the byproduct glucose is produced during this process. In this paper, an engineered oleaginous yeast (Yarrowia lipolytica) strain was constructed using a surface display plasmid containing the LevS gene of Gluconobacter sp. MP2116. The levansucrase activity of the engineered yeast strain reached 327.8 U/g of cell dry weight. The maximal levan concentration (58.9 g/l) was achieved within 156 h in the 5-liter fermentation. Over 81.2 % of the sucrose was enzymolyzed by the levansucrase, and the byproduct glucose was converted to 21.8 g/l biomass with an intracellular oil content of 25.5 % (w/w). The obtained oil was comprised of 91.3 % long-chain fatty acids (C16-C18). This study provides new insight for levan production and comprehensive utilization of the byproduct in levan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shumin Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yingying Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guangyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road, No.700, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Chen L, Hill A, Petit JL, Mariage A, de Berardinis V, Karboune S. Discovery and Enzymatic Screening of Genome-Mined Microbial Levanases to Produce Second-Generation β-(2,6)-Fructooligosaccharides: Catalytic Properties. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:465-475. [PMID: 36826427 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that β-(2,6)-levan-type fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) possess higher prebiotic potential and selectivity than their β-(2,1)-inulin-type counterparts. The focus of the present work was to develop an enzymatic approach for the synthesis of levan-type FOSs, employing levanases (EC 3.2.1.65), specifically those performing endo-hydrolysis on levans. To identify new levanases, a selection of candidates was obtained via in silico exploration of the levanase family biodiversity through a sequence-driven approach. A collection of 113 candidates was screened according to their specific activities on low- and high-molecular-weight (MW) levan as well as thermal stability. The most active levanases were able to hydrolyze both types of levan with similar efficiency. This ultimately revealed 10 active, highly evolutionary distant and diverse candidate levanases, which demonstrated preferential hydrolysis of levan over inulin. The end-product profile differed significantly depending on levanase with levanbiose, levantriose, and levantetraose being the major FOSs. Among them, the catalytic properties of 5 selected potential new levanases (LEV9 from Belliella Baltica, LEV36 from Dyadobacter fermentans, LEV37 from Capnocytophaga ochracea, LEV79 from Vibrio natriegens, LEV91 from Paenarthrobacter aurescens) were characterized, especially in terms of pH and temperature profiles, thermal stability, and kinetic parameters. The identification of these novel levanases is expected to contribute to the production of levan-type FOSs with properties surpassing those of commercial preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Chen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University 21,111 Lakeshore Road Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Andrea Hill
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University 21,111 Lakeshore Road Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jean-Louis Petit
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Saclay, Evry 91057, France
| | - Aline Mariage
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Saclay, Evry 91057, France
| | - Véronique de Berardinis
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Saclay, Evry 91057, France
| | - Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University 21,111 Lakeshore Road Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Chronopoulou EG. Levansucrase: Enzymatic Synthesis of Engineered Prebiotics. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2023; 24:199-202. [PMID: 36883258 DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666220421134103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia G Chronopoulou
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Bahlawan R, Karboune S. The preparation of two immobilized levansucrase biocatalysts and their application for the synthesis of lactosucrose. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Karboune S, Seo S, Li M, Waglay A, Lagacé L. Biotransformation of sucrose rich Maple syrups into fructooligosaccharides, oligolevans and levans using levansucrase biocatalyst: Bioprocess optimization and prebiotic activity assessment. Food Chem 2022; 382:132355. [PMID: 35152014 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maple syrup was investigated as a source to produce FOSs and β-(2-6)-linked-oligolevans/levans. The modulation of this biotransformation was achieved through the control of Maple syrup °Bx and reaction conditions. Reaction time was identified as the most influential factor for the oligolevans/FOSs production in Maple syrup 30°Bx reaction system as well as for the oligolevans/levans synthesis in the 66°Bx one. In the predictive model of oligolevans/levans production in Maple syrup 60°Bx, the interactive effect between levansucrase unit and reaction time was significant (p-value of 0.0008). The optimal conditions for oligolevans/FOSs production (109.20 g/L) in Maple syrup 30°Bx were 3.73 U/mL, pH 6.60 and 23.12 h; while 5 U/mL, pH 6.04 and 29.92 h were identified as the optimal conditions for oligolevans/levans production (147.09 g/L) in Maple syrup 66°Bx. As compared to inulin-type commercial FOSs, the fermentation of oligolevans/FOSs from Maple syrup led to a higher count of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis and resulted in a higher production of lactic acid. This study lays the foundation for the biotransformation of Maple syrups into functional prebiotic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Sooyoun Seo
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mengxi Li
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Amanda Waglay
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Luc Lagacé
- Centre de recherche, de développement et de transfert technologique acéricole inc, 142 rang Lainesse St-Norbert d'Arthabaska, Québec G0P 1B0, Canada
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Wang Y, Lin L, Li L, Li Q, Gao M, Yang X, Yang J, Xie C. Dynamic changes of differential metabolites and key metabolic pathways of Gastrodia elata Blume during fermentation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2088788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Lilang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunzhi Xie
- College of Food and Biotechnology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen TT, Tran TPH, Nguyen VB, Tran TD, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Production of Sucrolytic Enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis by the Bioconversion of Pomelo Albedo as a Carbon Source. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121959. [PMID: 34199171 PMCID: PMC8231626 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing use of agro-byproducts in microbial fermentation to produce a variety of value-added products. In this study, among various kinds of agro-byproducts, pomelo albedo powder (PAP) was found to be the most effective carbon source for the production of sucrose hydrolyzing enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis TKU004. The optimal medium for sucrolytic enzyme production contained 2% PAP, 0.75% NH4NO3, 0.05% MgSO4, and 0.05% NaH2PO4 and the optimal culture conditions were pH 6.7, 35 °C, 150 rpm, and 24 h. Accordingly, the highest sucrolytic activity was 1.87 U/mL, 4.79-fold higher than that from standard conditions using sucrose as the carbon source. The purified sucrolytic enzyme (sleTKU004) is a 53 kDa monomeric protein and belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 68. The optimum temperature and pH of sleTKU004 were 50 °C, and pH = 6, respectively. SleTKU004 could hydrolyze sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose by attacking the glycoside linkage between glucose and fructose molecules of the sucrose unit. The Km and Vmax of sleTKU004 were 1.16 M and 5.99 µmol/min, respectively. Finally, sleTKU004 showed strong sucrose tolerance and presented the highest hydrolytic activity at the sucrose concentration of 1.2 M–1.5 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Thi Phuong Hanh Tran
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (V.B.N.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Trung Dung Tran
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (T.T.N.); (T.P.H.T.); (T.D.T.)
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam; (V.B.N.); (A.D.N.)
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656; Fax: +886-2-2620-9924
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