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Nayyar D, Yan X, Xu G, Shi M, Garnham AP, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ. Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Increases Exercise Performance and Alters Mitochondrial Respiration and AMPK in Healthy Males. Nutrients 2023; 15:4721. [PMID: 38004115 PMCID: PMC10675532 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to determine the effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (G. pentaphyllum) on exercise performance, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitochondrial signaling in human muscle. This randomized double-blind placebo control crossover study provided placebo or 450 mg of G. pentaphyllum dried leaf extract equivalent to 2.25 g of dry leaf per day for four weeks to 16 healthy untrained young males, separated by four weeks wash-out. Following 4-week supplementation with G. pentaphyllum, participants had significantly lower leptin and blood glucose levels and improved time trial performance over 20 km, which corresponded with a higher muscle oxygen flux compared to placebo. Muscle AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation significantly increased after 60 min exercise following G. pentaphyllum supplementation. AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation levels relative to total AMPK increased earlier following exercise with G. pentaphyllum compared to placebo. Total ACC-α was lower following G. pentaphyllum supplementation compared to placebo. While further research is warranted, G. pentaphyllum supplementation improved exercise performance in healthy untrained males, which corresponded with improved mitochondrial respiration, altered AMPK and ACC, and decreased plasma leptin and glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Nayyar
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (D.N.); (X.Y.); (M.S.); (A.P.G.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (D.N.); (X.Y.); (M.S.); (A.P.G.); (M.L.M.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Guoqin Xu
- College of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China;
| | - Min Shi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (D.N.); (X.Y.); (M.S.); (A.P.G.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Andrew P. Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (D.N.); (X.Y.); (M.S.); (A.P.G.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (D.N.); (X.Y.); (M.S.); (A.P.G.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (D.N.); (X.Y.); (M.S.); (A.P.G.); (M.L.M.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
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Wang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu Y, Yang B, Li H, Chen L. An overview on synthetic and biological activities of cannabidiol (CBD) and its derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106810. [PMID: 37659147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Cannabidiol is a class of non-psychoactive plant cannabinoids derived from cannabis plants. Currently, Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of two rare and severe forms of epilepsy related diseases, namely Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Dravet (DS). In addition, Cannabidiol and its structural analogues have received increasing attention due to their potential therapeutic effects such as neuroprotection, anti-epilepsy, anti-inflammation, anti-anxiety, and anti-cancer. Based on literature review, no comprehensive reviews on the synthesis of Cannabidiol and its derivatives have been found in recent years. Therefore, this article summarizes the published synthesis methods of Cannabidiol and the synthesis routes of Cannabidiol derivatives, and introduces the biological activities of some Cannabidiol analogues that have been studied extensively and have significant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huanbang Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150006, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150006, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Dort J, Orfi Z, Fiscaletti M, Campeau PM, Dumont NA. Gpr18 agonist dampens inflammation, enhances myogenesis, and restores muscle function in models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1187253. [PMID: 37645248 PMCID: PMC10461444 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1187253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Muscle wasting in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is caused by myofiber fragility and poor regeneration that lead to chronic inflammation and muscle replacement by fibrofatty tissue. Our recent findings demonstrated that Resolvin-D2, a bioactive lipid derived from omega-3 fatty acids, has the capacity to dampen inflammation and stimulate muscle regeneration to alleviate disease progression. This therapeutic avenue has many advantages compared to glucocorticoids, the current gold-standard treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. However, the use of bioactive lipids as therapeutic drugs also faces many technical challenges such as their instability and poor oral bioavailability. Methods: Here, we explored the potential of PSB-KD107, a synthetic agonist of the resolvin-D2 receptor Gpr18, as a therapeutic alternative for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Results and discussion: We showed that PSB-KD107 can stimulate the myogenic capacity of patient iPSC-derived myoblasts in vitro. RNAseq analysis revealed an enrichment in biological processes related to fatty acid metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, small molecule biosynthesis, and steroid-related processes in PSB-KD107-treated mdx myoblasts, as well as signaling pathways such as Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and sphingolipid signaling pathways. In vivo, the treatment of dystrophic mdx mice with PSB-KD107 resulted in reduced inflammation, enhanced myogenesis, and improved muscle function. The positive impact of PSB-KD107 on muscle function is similar to the one of Resolvin-D2. Overall, our findings provide a proof-of concept that synthetic analogs of bioactive lipid receptors hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junio Dort
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zakaria Orfi
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melissa Fiscaletti
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe M. Campeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas A. Dumont
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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O'Keefe L, Vu T, Simcocks AC, Jenkin KA, Mathai ML, McAinch AJ, Hutchinson DS, Hryciw DH. Treatment of Diet-Induced Obese Rats with CB 2 Agonist AM1241 or CB 2 Antagonist AM630 Reduces Leptin and Alters Thermogenic mRNA in Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087601. [PMID: 37108770 PMCID: PMC10147021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a contributor to co-morbidities, resulting in alterations in hormones, lipids, and low-grade inflammation, with the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2) contributing to the inflammatory response. The effects of modulating CB2 with pharmacological treatments on inflammation and adaptations to the obese state are not known. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms in adipose tissue of CB2 agonism and CB2 antagonism treatment in a DIO model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were placed on a high-fat diet (HFD) (21% fat) for 9 weeks, then received daily intraperitoneal injections with a vehicle, AM630 (0.3 mg/kg), or AM1241 (3 mg/kg), for a further 6 weeks. AM630 or AM1241 treatment in DIO rats did not alter their body weight, food intake, or liver weight, and it had no effect on their numerous circulating cytokines or peri-renal fat pad mass. AM1241 decreased heart weight and BAT weight; both treatments (AM630 or AM1241) decreased plasma leptin levels, while AM630 also decreased plasma ghrelin and GLP-1 levels. Both treatments decreased Adrb3 and TNF-α mRNA levels in eWAT and TNF-α levels in pWAT. AM630 treatment also decreased the mRNA levels of Cnr2, leptin, and Slc2a4 in eWAT. In BAT, both treatments decreased leptin, UCP1, and Slc2a4 mRNA levels, with AM1241 also decreasing Adrb3, IL1β, and PRDM16 mRNA levels, and AM630 increasing IL6 mRNA levels. In DIO, CB2 agonist and CB2 antagonist treatment reduces circulating leptin in the absence of weight loss and modulates the mRNA responsible for thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lannie O'Keefe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Teresa Vu
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna C Simcocks
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Kayte A Jenkin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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CB1 Ligand AM251 Induces Weight Loss and Fat Reduction in Addition to Increased Systemic Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911447. [PMID: 36232744 PMCID: PMC9569643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity (DIO) reduces fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle and decreases circulating levels of adiponectin. Endocannabinoid signaling is overactive in obesity, with some effects abated by antagonism of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). This research aimed to determine if treatment with the global CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist, AM251, in high-fat diet (HFD) fed rats influenced adiponectin signaling in skeletal muscle and a “browning” of white adipose tissue (WAT) defined by UCP1 expression levels. Male Sprague Dawley rats consumed an HFD (21% fat) for 9 weeks before receiving daily intraperitoneal injections with vehicle or AM251 (3 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. mRNA expression of genes involved in metabolic functions were measured in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and blood was harvested for the measurement of hormones and cytokines. Muscle citrate synthase activity was also measured. AM251 treatment decreased fat pad weight (epididymal, peri-renal, brown), and plasma levels of leptin, glucagon, ghrelin, and GLP-1, and increased PAI-1 along with a range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines; however, AM251 did not alter plasma adiponectin levels, skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity or mRNA expression of the genes measured in muscle. AM251 treatment had no effect on white fat UCP1 expression levels. AM251 decreased fat pad mass, altered plasma hormone levels, but did not induce browning of WAT defined by UCP1 mRNA levels or alter gene expression in muscle treated acutely with adiponectin, demonstrating the complexity of the endocannabinoid system and metabolism. The CB1 ligand AM251 increased systemic inflammation suggesting limitations on its use in metabolic disorders.
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Dalle S, Schouten M, Meeus G, Slagmolen L, Koppo K. Molecular networks underlying cannabinoid signaling in skeletal muscle plasticity. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3517-3540. [PMID: 35862111 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system is ubiquitously present and is classically considered to engage in neural and immunity processes. Yet, the role of the cannabinoid system in the whole body and tissue metabolism via central and peripheral mechanisms is increasingly recognized. The present review provides insights in (i) how cannabinoid signaling is regulated via receptor-independent and -dependent mechanisms and (ii) how these signaling cascades (might) affect skeletal muscle plasticity and physiology. Receptor-independent mechanisms include endocannabinoid metabolism to eicosanoids and the regulation of ion channels. Alternatively, endocannabinoids can act as ligands for different classic (cannabinoid receptor 1 [CB1 ], CB2 ) and/or alternative (e.g., TRPV1, GPR55) cannabinoid receptors with a unique affinity, specificity, and intracellular signaling cascade (often tissue-specific). Antagonism of CB1 might hold clues to improve oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism, insulin sensitivity, satellite cell growth, and muscle anabolism, whereas CB2 agonism might be a promising way to stimulate muscle metabolism and muscle cell growth. Besides, CB2 ameliorates muscle regeneration via macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, induction of MyoD and myogenin expression and antifibrotic mechanisms. Also TRPV1 and GPR55 contribute to the regulation of muscle growth and metabolism. Future studies should reveal how the cannabinoid system can be targeted to improve muscle quantity and/or quality in conditions such as ageing, disease, disuse, and metabolic dysregulation, taking into account challenges that are inherent to modulation of the cannabinoid system, such as central and peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gitte Meeus
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Slagmolen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Morger A, Garcia de Lomana M, Norinder U, Svensson F, Kirchmair J, Mathea M, Volkamer A. Studying and mitigating the effects of data drifts on ML model performance at the example of chemical toxicity data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7244. [PMID: 35508546 PMCID: PMC9068909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning models are widely applied to predict molecular properties or the biological activity of small molecules on a specific protein. Models can be integrated in a conformal prediction (CP) framework which adds a calibration step to estimate the confidence of the predictions. CP models present the advantage of ensuring a predefined error rate under the assumption that test and calibration set are exchangeable. In cases where the test data have drifted away from the descriptor space of the training data, or where assay setups have changed, this assumption might not be fulfilled and the models are not guaranteed to be valid. In this study, the performance of internally valid CP models when applied to either newer time-split data or to external data was evaluated. In detail, temporal data drifts were analysed based on twelve datasets from the ChEMBL database. In addition, discrepancies between models trained on publicly-available data and applied to proprietary data for the liver toxicity and MNT in vivo endpoints were investigated. In most cases, a drastic decrease in the validity of the models was observed when applied to the time-split or external (holdout) test sets. To overcome the decrease in model validity, a strategy for updating the calibration set with data more similar to the holdout set was investigated. Updating the calibration set generally improved the validity, restoring it completely to its expected value in many cases. The restored validity is the first requisite for applying the CP models with confidence. However, the increased validity comes at the cost of a decrease in model efficiency, as more predictions are identified as inconclusive. This study presents a strategy to recalibrate CP models to mitigate the effects of data drifts. Updating the calibration sets without having to retrain the model has proven to be a useful approach to restore the validity of most models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morger
- In Silico Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Marina Garcia de Lomana
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Ulf Norinder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
- Dept Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, Kista, 164 07, Sweden
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, 701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Alzheimer's Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Volkamer
- In Silico Toxicology and Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
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Kozłowska H, Malinowska B, Baranowska-Kuczko M, Kusaczuk M, Nesterowicz M, Kozłowski M, Müller CE, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Schlicker E. GPR18-Mediated Relaxation of Human Isolated Pulmonary Arteries. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031427. [PMID: 35163351 PMCID: PMC8836012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR18 receptor protein was detected in the heart and vasculature and appears to play a functional role in the cardiovascular system. We investigated the effects of the new GPR18 agonists PSB-MZ-1415 and PSB-MZ-1440 and the new GPR18 antagonist PSB-CB-27 on isolated human pulmonary arteries (hPAs) and compared their effects with the previously proposed, but unconfirmed, GPR18 ligands NAGly, Abn-CBD (agonists) and O-1918 (antagonist). GPR18 expression in hPAs was shown at the mRNA level. PSB-MZ-1415, PSB-MZ-1440, NAGly and Abn-CBD fully relaxed endothelium-intact hPAs precontracted with the thromboxane A2 analog U46619. PSB-CB-27 shifted the concentration-response curves (CRCs) of PSB-MZ-1415, PSB-MZ-1440, NAGly and Abn-CBD to the right; O-1918 caused rightward shifts of the CRCs of PSB-MZ-1415 and NAGly. Endothelium removal diminished the potency and the maximum effect of PSB-MZ-1415. The potency of PSB-MZ-1415 or NAGly was reduced in male patients, smokers and patients with hypercholesterolemia. In conclusion, the novel GPR18 agonists, PSB-MZ-1415 and PSB-MZ-1440, relax hPAs and the effect is inhibited by the new GPR18 antagonist PSB-CB-27. GPR18, which appears to exhibit lower activity in hPAs from male, smoking or hypercholesterolemic patients, may become a new target for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kozłowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (B.M.); (M.B.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-85-7485699
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (B.M.); (M.B.-K.)
| | - Marta Baranowska-Kuczko
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (B.M.); (M.B.-K.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kusaczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Nesterowicz
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M.C. Skłodowska 4A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Mirosław Kozłowski
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M.C. Skłodowska 4A, 15-276 Białystok, Poland; (M.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, ul. Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
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Cai Z, Deng X, Jia J, Wang D, Yuan G. Ectodysplasin A/Ectodysplasin A Receptor System and Their Roles in Multiple Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:788411. [PMID: 34938205 PMCID: PMC8685516 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.788411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodysplasin A (EDA) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of ligands that was initially reported to induce the formation of various ectodermal derivatives during normal prenatal development. EDA exerts its biological activity as two splice variants, namely, EDA-A1 and EDA-A2. The former binds to the EDA receptor (EDAR), resulting in the recruitment of the intracellular EDAR-associated death domain (EDARADD) adapter protein and the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, while the latter binds to a different receptor, EDA2R, also known as X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor (XEDAR). Inactivation mutation of the EDA gene or the genes coding for its receptors can result in hypohidrosis ectodermal dysplasia (HED), a condition that is characterized by oligotrichosis, edentulosis or oligodontia, and oligohidrosis or anhidrosis. Recently, as a new liver factor, EDA is gradually known and endowed with some new functions. EDA levels were observed to be upregulated in several metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, and insulin resistance. In addition, EDA and its receptors have been implicated in tumor pathogenesis through the regulation of tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. Here, we first review the role of EDA and its two-receptor system in various signaling pathways and then discuss the physiological and pathological roles of EDA and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jue Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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10
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Haddad M. The Impact of CB1 Receptor on Nuclear Receptors in Skeletal Muscle Cells. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:457-470. [PMID: 35366244 PMCID: PMC8830471 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are abundant signaling compounds; their influence predominantly arises via engagement with the principal two G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. One suggested theory is that cannabinoids regulate a variety of physiological processes within the cells of skeletal muscle. Earlier publications have indicated that expression of CB1 receptor mRNA and protein has been recognized within myotubes and tissues of skeletal muscle from both murines and humans, thus representing a potentially significant pathway which plays a role in the control of skeletal muscular activities. The part played by CB1 receptor activation or inhibition with respect to these functions and relevant to targets in the periphery, especially skeletal muscle, is not fully delineated. Thus, the aim of the current research was to explore the influence of CB1 receptor stimulation and inhibition on downstream signaling of the nuclear receptor, NR4A, which regulates the immediate impacts of arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide (ACEA) and/or rimonabant in the cells of skeletal muscle. Murine L6 skeletal muscle cells were used in order to clarify additional possible molecular signaling pathways which contribute to alterations in the CB1 receptor. Skeletal muscle cells have often been used; it is well-documented that they express cannabinoid receptors. Quantitative real-time probe-based polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays are deployed in order to assess the gene expression characteristics of CB1 receptor signaling. In the current work, it is demonstrated that skeletal muscle cells exhibit functional expression of CB1 receptors. This can be deduced from the qRT-PCR assays; triggering CB1 receptors amplifies both NR4A1 and NR4A3 mRNA gene expression. The impact of ACEA is inhibited by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant. The present research demonstrated that 10 nM of ACEA notably amplified mRNA gene expression of NR4A1 and NR4A3; this effect was suppressed by the addition of 100 nM rimonabant. Furthermore, the CB1 receptor antagonist led to the downregulation of mRNA gene expression of NR4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3. In conclusion, in skeletal muscle, CB1 receptors were recognized to be important moderators of NR4A1 and NR4A3 mRNA gene expression; these actions may have possible clinical benefits. Thus, in skeletal muscle cells, a possible physiological expression of CB1 receptors was identified. It is as yet unknown whether these CB1 receptors contribute to pathways underlying skeletal muscle biological function and disease processes. Further research is required to fully delineate their role(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Haddad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan
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