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Wang S, Cheng X, Shi L, Liu K, Yang Z, Jia Q, Xiang X. Insights into the response mechanisms of Tetradesmus obliquus to aged polylactic acid and tetracycline exposure via transcriptome analysis and physiological evaluations. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143120. [PMID: 39159767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics, identified as emerging pollutants, are extensively prevalent in aquatic environments and display prolonged durability. Unlike conventional plastics, biodegradable plastics are more susceptible to decomposition in the environment, resulting in the generation of microplastics and posing potential risks to the aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we assessed growth inhibition, chlorophyll a content, malondialdehyde content (MDA), and antioxidant enzyme activities. These measurements were integrated with transcriptome analysis to explore the response mechanisms of virgin and aged polylactic acid (vPLA and aPLA) and tetracycline (TC) following 14-day exposure to Tetradesmus obliquus, either individually or in combination. The findings indicated that exposure to vPLA did not significantly impact the growth of T. obliquus. Conversely, aPLA demonstrated growth-promoting effects on T. obliquus, particularly in the latter incubation stages. Moreover, a 14-day exposure significantly increased the chlorophyll a content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase glutathione (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) within the algal cells. Apart from 1 mg L-1, the TC concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, and 10 mg L-1 exhibited significant toxic effects on T. obliquus, including growth inhibition, decreased chlorophyll a content, elevated activities of SOD, CAT, and GST, and increased MDA levels. Exposure to a combination of 300 mg L-1 aPLA and 5.0 mg L-1 TC, compared to solely 5 mg L-1 TC, demonstrated a notable reduction in TC toxicity to T. obliquus in the presence of aPLA. This was indicated by elevated algal cell density and chlorophyll a content, as well as a decrease in MDA content. Transcriptome analysis indicated an enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in pathways linked to porphyrin metabolism, photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and metabolism within the aPLA + TC combined exposure. The study aid in expanding our knowledge of the potential ecological risks posed by biodegradable plastics and accompanying pollutants in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Xinfeng Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Lina Shi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Zhifu Yang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Qina Jia
- School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - XianLing Xiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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Lan HJ, Ran J, Wang WX, Zhang L, Wu NN, Zhao YT, Huang MJ, Ni M, Liu F, Cheng N, Nakata PA, Pan J, Whitham SA, Baker BJ, Liu JZ. Clathrin light chains negatively regulate plant immunity by hijacking the autophagy pathway. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100937. [PMID: 38693694 PMCID: PMC11369776 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The crosstalk between clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and the autophagy pathway has been reported in mammals; however, the interconnection of CME with autophagy has not been established in plants. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN (CLC) subunit 2 and 3 double mutant, clc2-1 clc3-1, phenocopies Arabidopsis AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENE (ATG) mutants in both autoimmunity and nutrient sensitivity. Accordingly, the autophagy pathway is significantly compromised in the clc2-1 clc3-1 mutant. Interestingly, multiple assays demonstrate that CLC2 directly interacts with ATG8h/ATG8i in a domain-specific manner. As expected, both GFP-ATG8h/GFP-ATG8i and CLC2-GFP are subjected to autophagic degradation, and degradation of GFP-ATG8h is significantly reduced in the clc2-1 clc3-1 mutant. Notably, simultaneous knockout of ATG8h and ATG8i by CRISPR-Cas9 results in enhanced resistance against Golovinomyces cichoracearum, supporting the functional relevance of the CLC2-ATG8h/8i interactions. In conclusion, our results reveal a link between the function of CLCs and the autophagy pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Jiao Lan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jie Ran
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Wen-Xu Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ni-Ni Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ya-Ting Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Min-Jun Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Min Ni
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China
| | - Ninghui Cheng
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul A Nakata
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianwei Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Steven A Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Barbara J Baker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Plant Gene Expression Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94706, USA
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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3
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Inès D, Courty PE, Wendehenne D, Rosnoblet C. CDC48 in plants and its emerging function in plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:786-798. [PMID: 38218650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, namely the balance between protein synthesis and degradation, must be finely controlled to ensure cell survival, notably through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). In all species, including plants, homeostasis is disrupted by biotic and abiotic stresses. A key player in the maintenance of protein balance, the protein CDC48, shows emerging functions in plants, particularly in response to biotic stress. In this review on CDC48 in plants, we detail its highly conserved structure, describe a gene expansion that is only present in Viridiplantae, discuss its various functions and regulations, and finally highlight its recruitment, still not clear, during the plant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Inès
- Agroécologie, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Rosnoblet
- Agroécologie, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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Sedaghatmehr M, Balazadeh S. Autophagy: a key player in the recovery of plants from heat stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2246-2255. [PMID: 38236036 PMCID: PMC11016841 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Plants can be primed to withstand otherwise lethal heat stress (HS) through exposure to a preceding temporary and mild HS, commonly known as the 'thermopriming stimulus'. Plants have also evolved mechanisms to establish 'memories' of a previous stress encounter, or to reset their physiology to the original cellular state once the stress has ended. The priming stimulus triggers a widespread change of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites, which is crucial for maintaining the memory state but may not be required for growth and development under optimal conditions or may even be harmful. In such a scenario, recycling mechanisms such as autophagy are crucial for re-establishing cellular homeostasis and optimizing resource use for post-stress growth. While pivotal for eliminating heat-induced protein aggregates and protecting plants from the harmful impact of HS, recent evidence implies that autophagy also breaks down heat-induced protective macromolecules, including heat shock proteins, functioning as a resetting mechanism during the recovery from mild HS. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in understanding the multifaceted functions of autophagy in HS responses, with a specific emphasis on its roles in recovery from mild HS, and the modulation of HS memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastoureh Sedaghatmehr
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Leiden University, PO Box 9500, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Xie X, Pei M, Liu S, Wang X, Gong S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Lu G, Li Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Autophagy-Related Genes in Rice Immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:927. [PMID: 38611457 PMCID: PMC11013097 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is a significant threat to rice production. Resistant cultivars can effectively resist the invasion of M. oryzae. Thus, the identification of disease-resistant genes is of utmost importance for improving rice production. Autophagy, a cellular process that recycles damaged components, plays a vital role in plant growth, development, senescence, stress response, and immunity. To understand the involvement of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in rice immune response against M. oryzae, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 37 OsATGs, including bioinformatic analysis, transcriptome analysis, disease resistance analysis, and protein interaction analysis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the promoter regions of 33 OsATGs contained cis-acting elements responsive to salicylic acid (SA) or jasmonic acid (JA), two key hormones involved in plant defense responses. Transcriptome data showed that 21 OsATGs were upregulated during M. oryzae infection. Loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that OsATG6c, OsATG8a, OsATG9b, and OsATG13a contribute to rice blast resistance. Additionally, through protein interaction analysis, we identified five proteins that may interact with OsATG13a and potentially contribute to plant immunity. Our study highlights the important role of autophagy in rice immunity and suggests that OsATGs may enhance resistance to rice blast fungus through the involvement of SA, JA, or immune-related proteins. These findings provide valuable insights for future efforts in improving rice production through the identification and utilization of autophagy-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuze Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mengtian Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xinxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shanshan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Provincial Quality Safety Inspection and Test Center for Agricultural Products, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350013, China
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Hashimi SM, Huang MJ, Amini MQ, Wang WX, Liu TY, Chen Y, Liao LN, Lan HJ, Liu JZ. Silencing GmATG7 Leads to Accelerated Senescence and Enhanced Disease Resistance in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16508. [PMID: 38003698 PMCID: PMC10671774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in nutrient recycling/re-utilizing under nutrient deprivation conditions. However, the role of autophagy in soybeans has not been intensively investigated. In this study, the Autophay-related gene 7 (ATG7) gene in soybeans (referred to as GmATG7) was silenced using a virus-induced gene silencing approach mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). Our results showed that ATG8 proteins were highly accumulated in the dark-treated leaves of the GmATG7-silenced plants relative to the vector control leaves (BPMV-0), which is indicative of an impaired autophagy pathway. Consistent with the impaired autophagy, the dark-treated GmATG7-silenced leaves displayed an accelerated senescence phenotype, which was not seen on the dark-treated BPMV-0 leaves. In addition, the accumulation levels of both H2O2 and salicylic acid (SA) were significantly induced in the GmATG7-silenced plants compared with the BPMV-0 plants, indicating an activated immunity. Consistently, the GmATG7-silenced plants were more resistant against both Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg) and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) compared with the BPMV-0 plants. However, the activated immunity in the GmATG7-silenced plant was not dependent upon the activation of MPK3/MPK6. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the function of GmATG7 is indispensable for autophagy in soybeans, and the activated immunity in the GmATG7-silenced plant is a result of impaired autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M. Hashimi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Min-Jun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Mohammad Q. Amini
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Wen-Xu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Tian-Yao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Li-Na Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hu-Jiao Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (M.-J.H.); (M.Q.A.); (W.-X.W.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.C.); (L.-N.L.); (H.-J.L.)
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Rozanova IV, Grigoriev YN, Efimov VM, Igoshin AV, Khlestkina EK. Genetic Dissection of Spike Productivity Traits in the Siberian Collection of Spring Barley. Biomolecules 2023; 13:909. [PMID: 37371489 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most commonly cultivated cereals worldwide. Its local varieties can represent a valuable source of unique genetic variants useful for crop improvement. The aim of this study was to reveal loci contributing to spike productivity traits in Siberian spring barley and to develop diagnostic DNA markers for marker-assisted breeding programs. For this purpose we conducted a genome-wide association study using a panel of 94 barley varieties. In total, 64 SNPs significantly associated with productivity traits were revealed. Twenty-three SNP markers were validated by genotyping in an independent sample set using competitive allele-specific PCR (KASP). Finally, fourteen markers associated with spike productivity traits on chromosomes 2H, 4H and 5H can be suggested for use in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Rozanova
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjeva Ave. 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuriy N Grigoriev
- Siberian Research Institute of Plant Cultivation and Breeding-Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoobsk, 630501 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vadim M Efimov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjeva Ave. 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Igoshin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjeva Ave. 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena K Khlestkina
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentjeva Ave. 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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8
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Kahar G, Liu X, Zhang D. Role of pathogen's effectors in understanding host-pathogen interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119347. [PMID: 36055522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens can pose challenges to plant growth and development at various stages of their life cycle. Two interconnected defense strategies prevent the growth of pathogens in plants, i.e., molecular patterns triggered immunity (PTI) and pathogenic effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that often provides resistance when PTI no longer functions as a result of pathogenic effectors. Plants may trigger an ETI defense response by directly or indirectly detecting pathogen effectors via their resistance proteins. A typical resistance protein is a nucleotide-binding receptor with leucine-rich sequences (NLRs) that undergo structural changes as they recognize their effectors and form associations with other NLRs. As a result of dimerization or oligomerization, downstream components activate "helper" NLRs, resulting in a response to ETI. It was thought that ETI is highly dependent on PTI. However, recent studies have found that ETI and PTI have symbiotic crosstalk, and both work together to create a robust system of plant defense. In this article, we have summarized the recent advances in understanding the plant's early immune response, its components, and how they cooperate in innate defense mechanisms. Moreover, we have provided the current perspective on engineering strategies for crop protection based on up-to-date knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China.
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9
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Shabbir R, Zhaoli L, Yueyu X, Zihao S, Pinghua C. Transcriptome Analysis of Sugarcane Response to Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus Infection Transmitted by the Vector Melanaphis sacchari. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:921674. [PMID: 35774818 PMCID: PMC9237618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.921674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane yellow leaf disease severely affects sugarcane production. As a viral disease, the pathogen sugarcane yellow leaf virus can only be transmitted by aphid vectors rather than mechanical means. To understand the sugarcane responses to ScYLV infection, the corresponding transcriptomic profile of ScYLV-infected and ScYLV-free plants were analyzed with RNA-Seq technology. In this study, Melanaphis sacchari was used as the vector to transmit ScYLV to the susceptible sugarcane cultivar CP72-1210 and transcriptome was sequenced as well as differentially expressed genes between disease-infected and non-infected sugarcane plants were investigated. A total of 1,22,593 genes were assembled, of which 1,630 genes were differentially expressed. Among DEGs, 1,622 were upregulated and eight were downregulated that were further annotated with GO, KEGG, KOG, PFAM, SwissProt, and Nr databases. The expression levels of DEGs in the three KEGG pathways, namely endocytosis, PEX protein synthesis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress response to viral protein synthesis were observed. Interestingly, it was found that the yellow leaf virus could induce the formation of autophagosomes by LC3, promoted by ER stress, and may be related to the replication of viral RNA. We tested 63 DEGs in this research. The qRT-PCR results showed that two were downregulated and 45 were upregulated in response to the ScYLV infection. This study will not only offer an overall comprehension of sugarcane responses to ScYLV infection at the gene expression level but also increase the chances to block the transmission of ScYLV for use in further molecular biology techniques and will aid in increasing the resistance of plants against ScYLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Shabbir
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhaoli
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Yueyu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sun Zihao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chen Pinghua
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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10
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Luong AM, Koestel J, Bhati KK, Batoko H. Cargo receptors and adaptors for selective autophagy in plant cells. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2104-2132. [PMID: 35638898 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Plant selective (macro)autophagy is a highly regulated process whereby eukaryotic cells spatiotemporally degrade some of their constituents that have become superfluous or harmful. The identification and characterization of the factors determining this selectivity make it possible to integrate selective (macro)autophagy into plant cell physiology and homeostasis. The specific cargo receptors and/or scaffold proteins involved in this pathway are generally not structurally conserved, as are the biochemical mechanisms underlying recognition and integration of a given cargo into the autophagosome in different cell types. This review discusses the few specific cargo receptors described in plant cells to highlight key features of selective autophagy in the plant kingdom and its integration with plant physiology, so as to identify evolutionary convergence and knowledge gaps to be filled by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai My Luong
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Koestel
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Henri Batoko
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain Croix du Sud 4, L7.07.14, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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11
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Xu C, Fan J. Links between autophagy and lipid droplet dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2848-2858. [PMID: 35560198 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process in which cytoplasmic components are delivered to vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation and nutrient recycling. Autophagy-mediated degradation of membrane lipids provides a source of fatty acids for the synthesis of energy-rich, storage lipid esters such as triacylglycerol (TAG). In eukaryotes, storage lipids are packaged into dynamic subcellular organelles, lipid droplets. In times of energy scarcity, lipid droplets can be degraded via autophagy in a process termed lipophagy to release fatty acids for energy production via fatty acid β-oxidation. On the other hand, emerging evidence suggests that lipid droplets are required for the efficient execution of autophagic processes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of metabolic interactions between autophagy and TAG storage, and discuss mechanisms of lipophagy. Free fatty acids are cytotoxic due to their detergent-like properties and their incorporation into lipid intermediates that are toxic at high levels. Thus, we also discuss how cells manage lipotoxic stresses during autophagy-mediated mobilization of fatty acids from lipid droplets and organellar membranes for energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jilian Fan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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12
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Wu W, Luo X, Ren M. Clearance or Hijack: Universal Interplay Mechanisms Between Viruses and Host Autophagy From Plants to Animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:786348. [PMID: 35047417 PMCID: PMC8761674 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.786348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses typically hijack the cellular machinery of their hosts for successful infection and replication, while the hosts protect themselves against viral invasion through a variety of defense responses, including autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient catabolic pathway conserved from plants to animals. Double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes transport trapped viral cargo to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. However, during an ongoing evolutionary arms race, viruses have acquired a strong ability to disrupt or even exploit the autophagy machinery of their hosts for successful invasion. In this review, we analyze the universal role of autophagy in antiviral defenses in animals and plants and summarize how viruses evade host immune responses by disrupting and manipulating host autophagy. The review provides novel insights into the role of autophagy in virus–host interactions and offers potential targets for the prevention and control of viral infection in both plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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13
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Hashimi SM, Wu NN, Ran J, Liu JZ. Silencing Autophagy-Related Gene 2 ( ATG2) Results in Accelerated Senescence and Enhanced Immunity in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11749. [PMID: 34769178 PMCID: PMC8584260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in nutrient recycling and stress adaptations. However, the role of autophagy has not been extensively investigated in crop plants. In this study, soybean autophagy-related gene 2 (GmATG2) was silenced, using virus-induced silencing (VIGS) mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). An accelerated senescence phenotype was exclusively observed for the GmATG2-silenced plants under dark conditions. In addition, significantly increased accumulation of both ROS and SA as well as a significantly induced expression of the pathogenesis-related gene 1 (PR1) were also observed on the leaves of the GmATG2-silenced plants, indicating an activated immune response. Consistent with this, GmATG2-silenced plants exhibited a significantly enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg) relative to empty vector control plants (BPMV-0). Notably, the activated immunity of the GmATG2-silenced plants was independent of the MAPK signaling pathway. The fact that the accumulation levels of ATG8 protein and poly-ubiquitinated proteins were significantly increased in the dark-treated GmATG2-silenced plants relative to the BPMV-0 plants indicated that the autophagic degradation is compromised in the GmATG2-silenced plants. Together, our results indicated that silencing GmATG2 compromises the autophagy pathway, and the autophagy pathway is conserved in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M. Hashimi
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (N.-N.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Ni-Ni Wu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (N.-N.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Jie Ran
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (N.-N.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (S.M.H.); (N.-N.W.); (J.R.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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14
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Huo L, Guo Z, Wang P, Sun X, Xu K, Ma F. MdHARBI1, a MdATG8i-interacting protein, plays a positive role in plant thermotolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 306:110850. [PMID: 33775357 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation pathway in plants for maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to various environmental stressors. ATG8 is one of a series of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and plays a central role in both bulk and selective autophagy. Previously, we characterized MdATG8i in apple and demonstrated that it has a positive role in apple stress resistance. Although many ATG8-interacting proteins have been found in Arabidopsis, no protein has been reported to interact with MdATG8 in apple. Here, we identified MdHARBI1 as a MdATG8i-interacting protein in apple, however, the functions of HARBI1-like proteins have not been explored in plants. Expression analysis of MdHARBI1 and pro-MdHARBI1-GUS staining of transgenic Arabidopsis exposed to high temperature demonstrated that MdHARBI1 was significantly induced by heat stress. Moreover, heat-treated MdHARBI1-trangenic tomato plants maintained higher autophagic activity, accumulated fewer ROS, and displayed stronger chlorophyll fluorescence than wild-type plants. Because these phenotypes were consistent with those displayed by MdATG8i-overexpressing apple plants under high temperature, we concluded that the MdATG8i-interacting protein MdHARBI1 plays a critical role in the basal thermotolerance of plants, mainly by influencing autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Huo
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kai Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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15
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Luo S, Li X, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. Cargo Recognition and Function of Selective Autophagy Receptors in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031013. [PMID: 33498336 PMCID: PMC7864022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major quality control system for degradation of unwanted or damaged cytoplasmic components to promote cellular homeostasis. Although non-selective bulk degradation of cytoplasm by autophagy plays a role during cellular response to nutrient deprivation, the broad roles of autophagy are primarily mediated by selective clearance of specifically targeted components. Selective autophagy relies on cargo receptors that recognize targeted components and recruit them to autophagosomes through interaction with lapidated autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) family proteins anchored in the membrane of the forming autophagosomes. In mammals and yeast, a large collection of selective autophagy receptors have been identified that mediate the selective autophagic degradation of organelles, aggregation-prone misfolded proteins and other unwanted or nonnative proteins. A substantial number of selective autophagy receptors have also been identified and functionally characterized in plants. Some of the autophagy receptors in plants are evolutionarily conserved with homologs in other types of organisms, while a majority of them are plant-specific or plant species-specific. Plant selective autophagy receptors mediate autophagic degradation of not only misfolded, nonactive and otherwise unwanted cellular components but also regulatory and signaling factors and play critical roles in plant responses to a broad spectrum of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we summarize the research on selective autophagy in plants, with an emphasis on the cargo recognition and the biological functions of plant selective autophagy receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Luo
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.L.); (X.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Xifeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.L.); (X.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui 323000, China;
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
| | - Yunting Fu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.L.); (X.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.L.); (X.L.); (Y.F.)
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.L.); (X.L.); (Y.F.)
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA;
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-571-8683-6090 (C.Z.); +1-765-494-4657 (Z.C.)
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