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Egbewale SO, Kumar A, Mokoena MP, Olaniran AO. Purification, characterization and three-dimensional structure prediction of multicopper oxidase Laccases from Trichoderma lixii FLU1 and Talaromyces pinophilus FLU12. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13371. [PMID: 38862560 PMCID: PMC11167041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum biocatalysts enzymes, Laccases, have been implicated in the complete degradation of harmful pollutants into less-toxic compounds. In this study, two extracellularly produced Laccases were purified to homogeneity from two different Ascomycetes spp. Trichoderma lixii FLU1 (TlFLU1) and Talaromyces pinophilus FLU12 (TpFLU12). The purified enzymes are monomeric units, with a molecular mass of 44 kDa and 68.7 kDa for TlFLU1 and TpFLU12, respectively, on SDS-PAGE and zymogram. It reveals distinct properties beyond classic protein absorption at 270-280 nm, with TlFLU1's peak at 270 nm aligning with this typical range of type II Cu site (white Laccase), while TpFLU12's unique 600 nm peak signifies a type I Cu2+ site (blue Laccase), highlighting the diverse spectral fingerprints within the Laccase family. The Km and kcat values revealed that ABTS is the most suitable substrate as compared to 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, caffeic acid and guaiacol for both Laccases. The bioinformatics analysis revealed critical His, Ile, and Arg residues for copper binding at active sites, deviating from the traditional two His and a Cys motif in some Laccases. The predicted biological functions of the Laccases include oxidation-reduction, lignin metabolism, cellular metal ion homeostasis, phenylpropanoid catabolism, aromatic compound metabolism, cellulose metabolism, and biological adhesion. Additionally, investigation of degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by purified Laccases show significant reductions in residual concentrations of fluoranthene and anthracene after a 96-h incubation period. TlFLU1 Laccase achieved 39.0% and 44.9% transformation of fluoranthene and anthracene, respectively, while TpFLU12 Laccase achieved 47.2% and 50.0% transformation, respectively. The enzyme structure-function relationship study provided insights into the catalytic mechanism of these Laccases for possible biotechnological and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson O Egbewale
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mduduzi P Mokoena
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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Ben Ayed A, Akrout I, Albert Q, Greff S, Simmler C, Armengaud J, Kielbasa M, Turbé-Doan A, Chaduli D, Navarro D, Bertrand E, Faulds CB, Chamkha M, Maalej A, Zouari-Mechichi H, Sciara G, Mechichi T, Record E. Biotransformation of the Fluoroquinolone, Levofloxacin, by the White-Rot Fungus Coriolopsis gallica. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090965. [PMID: 36135690 PMCID: PMC9506349 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The wastewater from hospitals, pharmaceutical industries and more generally human and animal dejections leads to environmental releases of antibiotics that cause severe problems for all living organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of three fungal strains to biotransform the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin. The degradation processes were analyzed in solid and liquid media. Among the three fungal strains tested, Coriolopsis gallica strain CLBE55 (BRFM 3473) showed the highest removal efficiency, with a 15% decrease in antibiogram zone of inhibition for Escherichia coli cultured in solid medium and 25% degradation of the antibiotic in liquid medium based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Proteomic analysis suggested that laccases and dye-decolorizing peroxidases such as extracellular enzymes could be involved in levofloxacin degradation, with a putative major role for laccases. Degradation products were proposed based on mass spectrometry analysis, and annotation suggested that the main product of biotransformation of levofloxacin by Coriolopsis gallica is an N-oxidized derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ben Ayed
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Genie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d’Ingenieurs de Sfax, Universite de Sfax, BP 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (A.B.A.); (E.R.)
| | - Imen Akrout
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Genie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d’Ingenieurs de Sfax, Universite de Sfax, BP 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Quentin Albert
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
- CIRM-CF, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Universite, UMR1163, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Greff
- IMBE, UMR 7263, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Universite, Avignon Universite, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- IMBE, UMR 7263, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Universite, Avignon Universite, Station Marine d’Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Departement Medicaments et Technologies pour la Sante, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Universite Paris-Saclay, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, France
| | - Mélodie Kielbasa
- Departement Medicaments et Technologies pour la Sante, CEA, INRAE, SPI, Universite Paris-Saclay, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, France
| | - Annick Turbé-Doan
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Chaduli
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
- CIRM-CF, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Universite, UMR1163, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - David Navarro
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
- CIRM-CF, INRAE, Aix-Marseille Universite, UMR1163, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Bertrand
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Craig B. Faulds
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratoire des Bioprocedes Environnementaux, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Universite de Sfax, BP 1177, Sfax 3063, Tunisia
| | - Amina Maalej
- Laboratoire des Bioprocedes Environnementaux, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Universite de Sfax, BP 1177, Sfax 3063, Tunisia
| | - Héla Zouari-Mechichi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Genie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d’Ingenieurs de Sfax, Universite de Sfax, BP 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Giuliano Sciara
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Tahar Mechichi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Genie Enzymatique des Lipases, Ecole Nationale d’Ingenieurs de Sfax, Universite de Sfax, BP 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Eric Record
- UMR1163, Biodiversite et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Universite, INRAE, 13288 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (A.B.A.); (E.R.)
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Ivaldi C, Daou M, Vallon L, Bisotto A, Haon M, Garajova S, Bertrand E, Faulds CB, Sciara G, Jacotot A, Marchand C, Hugoni M, Rakotoarivonina H, Rosso MN, Rémond C, Luis P, Record E. Screening New Xylanase Biocatalysts from the Mangrove Soil Diversity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071484. [PMID: 34361919 PMCID: PMC8306085 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove sediments from New Caledonia were screened for xylanase sequences. One enzyme was selected and characterized both biochemically and for its industrial potential. Using a specific cDNA amplification method coupled with a MiSeq sequencing approach, the diversity of expressed genes encoding GH11 xylanases was investigated beneath Avicenia marina and Rhizophora stylosa trees during the wet and dry seasons and at two different sediment depths. GH11 xylanase diversity varied more according to tree species and season, than with respect to depth. One complete cDNA was selected (OFU29) and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The corresponding enzyme (called Xyn11-29) was biochemically characterized, revealing an optimal activity at 40–50 °C and at a pH of 5.5. Xyn11-29 was stable for 48 h at 35 °C, with a half-life of 1 h at 40 °C and in the pH range of 5.5–6. Xyn11-29 exhibited a high hydrolysis capacity on destarched wheat bran, with 40% and 16% of xylose and arabinose released after 24 h hydrolysis. Its activity on wheat straw was lower, with a release of 2.8% and 6.9% of xylose and arabinose, respectively. As the protein was isolated from mangrove sediments, the effect of sea salt on its activity was studied and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Ivaldi
- INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France; (C.I.); (H.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Mariane Daou
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laurent Vallon
- CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (L.V.); (M.H.); (P.L.)
| | - Alexandra Bisotto
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
| | - Sona Garajova
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
| | - Emmanuel Bertrand
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
| | - Craig B. Faulds
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
| | - Giuliano Sciara
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
| | - Adrien Jacotot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IMPMC, UPMC, CNRS, MNHN, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia, France; (A.J.); (C.M.)
- ISEA, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, EA 7484, 8 BPR4, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia, France
- CNRS, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, Université d’Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Cyril Marchand
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IMPMC, UPMC, CNRS, MNHN, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia, France; (A.J.); (C.M.)
- ISEA, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, EA 7484, 8 BPR4, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia, France
| | - Mylène Hugoni
- CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (L.V.); (M.H.); (P.L.)
| | - Harivony Rakotoarivonina
- INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France; (C.I.); (H.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
| | - Caroline Rémond
- INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Chaire AFERE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France; (C.I.); (H.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Patricia Luis
- CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (L.V.); (M.H.); (P.L.)
| | - Eric Record
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.D.); (A.B.); (M.H.); (S.G.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.); (M.-N.R.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Ben Ayed A, Saint-Genis G, Vallon L, Linde D, Turbé-Doan A, Haon M, Daou M, Bertrand E, Faulds CB, Sciara G, Adamo M, Marmeisse R, Comtet-Marre S, Peyret P, Abrouk D, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Marchand C, Hugoni M, Luis P, Mechichi T, Record E. Exploring the Diversity of Fungal DyPs in Mangrove Soils to Produce and Characterize Novel Biocatalysts. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050321. [PMID: 33919051 PMCID: PMC8143184 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional diversity of the New Caledonian mangrove sediments was examined, observing the distribution of fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs), together with the complete biochemical characterization of the main DyP. Using a functional metabarcoding approach, the diversity of expressed genes encoding fungal DyPs was investigated in surface and deeper sediments, collected beneath either Avicennia marina or Rhizophora stylosa trees, during either the wet or the dry seasons. The highest DyP diversity was observed in surface sediments beneath the R. stylosa area during the wet season, and one particular operational functional unit (OFU1) was detected as the most abundant DyP isoform. This OFU was found in all sediment samples, representing 51–100% of the total DyP-encoding sequences in 70% of the samples. The complete cDNA sequence corresponding to this abundant DyP (OFU 1) was retrieved by gene capture, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzyme, called DyP1, was purified and characterized, leading to the description of its physical–chemical properties, its ability to oxidize diverse phenolic substrates, and its potential to decolorize textile dyes; DyP1 was more active at low pH, though moderately stable over a wide pH range. The enzyme was very stable at temperatures up to 50 °C, retaining 60% activity after 180 min incubation. Its ability to decolorize industrial dyes was also tested on Reactive Blue 19, Acid Black, Disperse Blue 79, and Reactive Black 5. The effect of hydrogen peroxide and sea salt on DyP1 activity was studied and compared to what is reported for previously characterized enzymes from terrestrial and marine-derived fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ben Ayed
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie, Enzymatique des Lipases, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia;
| | - Geoffroy Saint-Genis
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Laurent Vallon
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.L.); (F.J.R.-D.)
| | - Annick Turbé-Doan
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Marianne Daou
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emmanuel Bertrand
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Craig B. Faulds
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuliano Sciara
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Martino Adamo
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Roland Marmeisse
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sophie Comtet-Marre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.C.-M.); (P.P.)
| | - Pierre Peyret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.C.-M.); (P.P.)
| | - Danis Abrouk
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.L.); (F.J.R.-D.)
| | - Cyril Marchand
- IMPMC, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), UPMC, CNRS, MNHN, 98851 Noumea, France;
- ISEA, EA, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), 3325, BP R4, 98851 Noumea, France
| | - Mylène Hugoni
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Patricia Luis
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Tahar Mechichi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie, Enzymatique des Lipases, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia;
| | - Eric Record
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
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