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Li C, Wang X, Wang X, Li X, Chen W, Zhao M, Liu X, Li P, Xue M. Novel pathogenic variants in the androgen receptor gene associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome identified through exome sequencing and in silico analysis. Gene 2023; 860:147225. [PMID: 36708848 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a common disorder/differences of sex development with a 46, XY karyotype, but diverse genital phenotypes. Various pathogenic variants within the androgen receptor (AR) gene on the X chromosome are the primary pathogenesis of AIS. However, some patients with AIS still lack a definitive molecular diagnosis. Here, molecular diagnosis of eight patients with the clinical phenotype of AIS was performed using exome sequencing. We found eight variants of the AR gene, including p.(C131*), p.(W435*), p.(T653Lfs*8), c.2318+1G>T, p.(S397R), p.(Y572C), p.(S648G), and p.(D691G), and a pathogenic copy number variation covering a deletion of exon 2 of AR gene. Patient pedigree validation confirmed that the discovered variants conformed to the X-linked recessive inheritance patterns of AIS. In silico analysis indicated that the splice site variant (c.2318+1G>T) could lead to loss of the original 5' splice donor site and exon skipping. Missense variants, including p.(S397R), p.(S648G), and p.(D691G), may affect the structure and function of the AR protein. Our results highlight the applicability of exome sequencing for molecular diagnosis of AIS. The novel variants found in this study enrich the pathogenic variant spectrum of the AR gene and provide a basis for the diagnosis and management of patients with AIS. A definite molecular diagnosis will provide accurate guidance for genetic counseling of proband's family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xu Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Minggang Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Pingping Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Reyes AP, León NY, Frost ER, Harley VR. Genetic control of typical and atypical sex development. Nat Rev Urol 2023:10.1038/s41585-023-00754-x. [PMID: 37020056 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex development relies on the sex-specific action of gene networks to differentiate the bipotential gonads of the growing fetus into testis or ovaries, followed by the differentiation of internal and external genitalia depending on the presence or absence of hormones. Differences in sex development (DSD) arise from congenital alterations during any of these processes, and are classified depending on sex chromosomal constitution as sex chromosome DSD, 46,XY DSD or 46,XX DSD. Understanding the genetics and embryology of typical and atypical sex development is essential for diagnosing, treating and managing DSD. Advances have been made in understanding the genetic causes of DSD over the past 10 years, especially for 46,XY DSD. Additional information is required to better understand ovarian and female development and to identify further genetic causes of 46,XX DSD, besides congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Ongoing research is focused on the discovery of further genes related to typical and atypical sex development and, therefore, on improving diagnosis of DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra P Reyes
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Genetics Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nayla Y León
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily R Frost
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent R Harley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Nguyen TH, Nguyen DQ, Kim LNT, Thi TNN, Nguyen TPM, Tran ND, Nguyen HH. Four novel mutations in the androgen receptor gene from Vietnamese patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:467-474. [PMID: 35445939 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) are critical regulators of the masculinization process in male sexual development. The absence of a functioning AR results in the development of the androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), a rare disorder of sexual development (DSD) characterized by the external genitalia feminization, gynecomastia, and impaired spermatogenesis. OBJECTIVE To determine the AR gene mutations associated with male DSD in four unrelated Vietnamese patients. METHODS To detect the disease-causing mutations, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on four patients diagnosed with AIS. Sanger sequencing was then used for validation of the identified mutations. Finally, 12 web-based tools, three-dimensional protein modeling software, and the guidelines issued by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics were used to assess the potential pathogenicity of these mutations. RESULTS Four distinct novel mutations, namely c.1834T > A (p.Cys612Ser), c.2122 C > G (p.Leu708Val), c.2630T > G (p.Phe877Cys), and c.2641 C > A (p.Leu881Met) in the AR gene, were identified in four AIS patients using WES. The in silico analysis results revealed that the Cys612, Leu708, Phe877, and Leu881 sites are important for an appropriate response to androgens of the AR, and mutation at these sites can have adverse effects on the AR functions, androgen-AR interaction, and AR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS WES and in silico analyses strongly suggested that four novel AR mutations are pathogenic and have led to the development of AIS in the four Vietnamese patients under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Hien Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Anatomy Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Quan Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lien Nguyen Thi Kim
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Ngan Nguyen Thi
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Ngoc Dung Tran
- Department of Anatomy Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Military Hospital 103, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy Hoang Nguyen
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, 10000, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Popovych LV, Shatillo AV, Zelinska NB, Tavokina LV, Gorodna OV, Livshits GB, Sirokha DA, Livshits LA. The Combination of Chromosomal Reorganization and Inherited Point Mutation Has Led to the Development of a Rare Clinical Phenotype in a Patient with Disorder of Sex Differentiation and Neuromuscular Pathology. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722050097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Johnson JL. Mutations in Hsp90 Cochaperones Result in a Wide Variety of Human Disorders. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:787260. [PMID: 34957217 PMCID: PMC8694271 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.787260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hsp90 molecular chaperone, along with a set of approximately 50 cochaperones, mediates the folding and activation of hundreds of cellular proteins in an ATP-dependent cycle. Cochaperones differ in how they interact with Hsp90 and their ability to modulate ATPase activity of Hsp90. Cochaperones often compete for the same binding site on Hsp90, and changes in levels of cochaperone expression that occur during neurodegeneration, cancer, or aging may result in altered Hsp90-cochaperone complexes and client activity. This review summarizes information about loss-of-function mutations of individual cochaperones and discusses the overall association of cochaperone alterations with a broad range of diseases. Cochaperone mutations result in ciliary or muscle defects, neurological development or degeneration disorders, and other disorders. In many cases, diseases were linked to defects in established cochaperone-client interactions. A better understanding of the functional consequences of defective cochaperones will provide new insights into their functions and may lead to specialized approaches to modulate Hsp90 functions and treat some of these human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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FKBP4 integrates FKBP4/Hsp90/IKK with FKBP4/Hsp70/RelA complex to promote lung adenocarcinoma progression via IKK/NF-κB signaling. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:602. [PMID: 34112753 PMCID: PMC8192522 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03857-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FKBP4 belongs to the family of immunophilins, which serve as a regulator for steroid receptor activity. Thus, FKBP4 has been recognized to play a critical role in several hormone-dependent cancers, including breast and prostate cancer. However, there is still no research to address the role of FKBP4 on lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression. We found that FKBP4 expression was elevated in LUAD samples and predicted significantly shorter overall survival based on TCGA and our cohort of LUAD patients. Furthermore, FKBP4 robustly increased the proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of LUAD in vitro and vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed the interaction between FKBP4 and IKK kinase complex. We found that FKBP4 potentiated IKK kinase activity by interacting with Hsp90 and IKK subunits and promoting Hsp90/IKK association. Also, FKBP4 promotes the binding of IKKγ to IKKβ, which supported the facilitation role in IKK complex assembly. We further identified that FKBP4 TPR domains are essential for FKBP4/IKK interaction since its association with Hsp90 is required. In addition, FKBP4 PPIase domains are involved in FKBP4/IKKγ interaction. Interestingly, the association between FKBP4 and Hsp70/RelA favors the transport of RelA toward the nucleus. Collectively, FKBP4 integrates FKBP4/Hsp90/IKK with FKBP4/Hsp70/RelA complex to potentiate the transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, thereby promoting LUAD progression. Our findings suggest that FKBP4 may function as a prognostic biomarker of LUAD and provide a newly mechanistic insight into modulating IKK/NF-κB signaling.
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