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Cano I, Blaker E, Hartnell D, Farbos A, Moore KA, Cobb A, Santos EM, van Aerle R. Transcriptomic Responses to Koi Herpesvirus in Isolated Blood Leukocytes from Infected Common Carp. Viruses 2024; 16:380. [PMID: 38543746 PMCID: PMC10974277 DOI: 10.3390/v16030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV, CyHV-3) causes severe economic losses in carp farms. Its eradication is challenging due to the establishment of latency in blood leukocytes and other tissues. To understand the molecular mechanisms leading to KHV infection in leukocytes, common carp were bath-exposed to KHV at 17 °C. After confirming the presence of viral transcripts in blood leukocytes at ten days post infection, RNA-Seq was performed on peripheral blood leukocytes on the Illumina NovaSeq. KHV infection triggered a robust immune response mediated by pattern recognition receptors, mainly toll-like receptors (tlr2, tlr5, tlr7, and tlr13), urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor-like, galectin proteins, and lipid mediators such as leukotriene B4 receptor 1. Enriched pathways showed increased mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and the activation of signalling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). KHV-infected leukocytes showed low production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione metabolism, high iron export and phagocytosis activity, and low autophagy. Macrophage polarization was deduced from the up-regulation of genes such as arginase non-hepatic 1-like, macrophage mannose receptor-1, crem, il-10, and il-13 receptors, while markers for cytotoxic T cells were observed to be down-regulated. Further work is required to characterise these leukocyte subsets and the molecular events leading to KHV latency in blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
| | - Ellen Blaker
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - David Hartnell
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - Audrey Farbos
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Karen A. Moore
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Adele Cobb
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
| | - Eduarda M. Santos
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
- Biosciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK; (A.F.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Cefas Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (E.B.); (D.H.); (A.C.); (R.v.A.)
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK;
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Troszok A, Roszko M. Thyme essential oil inhibits intracellular replication of CyHV-3 and inactivates extracellular virus. An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:663-677. [PMID: 36916652 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) can induce up to 100% mortality among carp populations. To date, there has been no safe method to prevent the consequences of the activity of CyHV-3. Thyme is widely used in cooking due to its flavour. Both thyme and thyme essential oil (TEO) are used in traditional herbal medicine, mainly to treat respiratory system disorders. In this study, TEO containing predominantly cymene and thymol was applied to explore its antiviral effect. The toxicity of TEO was examined in MTT and crystal violet assays. The anti-CyHV-3 activity of TEO in the intracellular and extracellular stages of the viral replication cycle was explored in a plaque assay and TaqMan qPCR. TEO interfered with the intracellular stages of the CyHV-3 replication cycle with selectivity indexes (SI) of around 5. It also displayed virucidal activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Two-hour preincubation of CyHV-3 with TEO generated SI, ranging from 13.37 to 18.47 depending on cell line and method of examination. Preincubation of cells with TEO at a safe concentration did not decrease the intracellular viral DNA copy number, which suggests that TEO does not disturb the attachment of the virus to the cells. Further research regarding the antiviral activity of compounds of TEO is required in order to indicate the most potent molecules that could be considered candidates for application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Troszok
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Golysz, Chybie, Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Machat R, Pojezdal L, Gebauer J, Matiasovic J, Tesarik R, Minarova H, Hodkovicova N, Faldyna M. Early immune response of two common carp breeds to koi herpesvirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:206-215. [PMID: 35940535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Economic importance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) increases every year. Viral diseases are major threat for carp aquaculture and cause significant economic losses. Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is one of the most serious carp diseases. Current study is focused on confirmation of possible differences in early immune response to KHV depending on level of resistance. Class I interferon signalling, complement cascade and cell-mediated cytotoxicity are hypothesized as major mechanisms of early innate immune response against KHV. Different breeds of common carp show distinct level of resistance to KHV. Two breeds of common carp with completely different susceptibility to KHV were chosen for current research: amur wild carp (AS) as highly resistant and koi carp (KOI) as very susceptible breed. KHV infection caused no mortalities, but the viral load in selected tissues increased during infection. Levels of expressions of chosen genes was examined using qRT-PCR and overall change in protein expression profiles was analysed by mass spectrometry. Significant differences in immune response between AS and KOI were detected mostly at the level of protein expression. Although cell-mediated cytotoxicity showed minimal influence during KHV infection, many immune response parameters related to class I interferon signalling pathway and complement cascade were increased earlier during KHV infection in AS comparing to KOI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Machat
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Pojezdal
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Tesarik
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Minarova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology & Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infection Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.
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Tolo IE, Bajer PG, Wolf TM, Mor SK, Phelps NBD. Investigation of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) Disease Periods and Factors Influencing CyHV-3 Transmission in A Low Stocking Density Infection Trial. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010002. [PMID: 35011108 PMCID: PMC8749781 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathogens are the primary limitation to aquaculture production of fish and a major issue in consideration of the interface between cultured and wild populations of fishes worldwide. While rapid spread of fish pathogens between populations (wild or farmed) is generally anthropogenic and the result of trade, the mechanisms of transmission once a pathogen has been introduced to a fish population are not well understood. The most widespread pathogen impacting both aquaculture and wild populations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) is Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). To understand how CyHV-3 is transmitted in a population we conducted a series of infection trials, designed to determine the kinetics CyHV-3 infections, identify the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, and to determine the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity, and contact type. We found that direct contact between fish was the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission rather than transmission through contaminated water. Additionally, CyHV-3 transmission occurred primarily during the incubation period of CyHV-3, prior to the appearance of disease signs and disease-associated reduction in contact rate. Abstract Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) and important pathogen of aquaculture and wild populations of common carp worldwide. Understanding the relative contributions of direct and indirect transmission of CyHV-3 as well as the factors that drive CyHV-3 transmission can clarify the importance of environmental disease vectors and is valuable for informing disease modeling efforts. To study the mechanisms and factors driving CyHV-3 transmission we conducted infection trials that determined the kinetics of KHVD and the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, as well as the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity and contact type. The incubation period of KHVD was 5.88 + 1.75 days and the symptomatic period was 5.31 + 0.87 days. Direct transmission was determined to be the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission (OR = 25.08, 95%CI = 10.73–99.99, p = 4.29 × 10−18) and transmission primarily occurred during the incubation period of KHVD. Direct transmission decreased in the symptomatic period of disease. Transmissibility of CyHV-3 and indirect transmission increased during the symptomatic period of disease, correlating with increased viral loads. Additionally, potential virulence-transmission tradeoffs and disease avoidance behaviors relevant to CyHV-3 transmission were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah E. Tolo
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Przemyslaw G. Bajer
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Nicholas B. D. Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence:
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A Seasonal Study of Koi Herpesvirus and Koi Sleepy Disease Outbreaks in the United Kingdom in 2018 Using a Pond-Side Test. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020459. [PMID: 33572469 PMCID: PMC7916346 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cyprinid herpesvirus (CyHV)-3 and carp edema virus (CEV), the causative agents of koi herpesvirus disease and koi sleepy disease, respectively, are emerging DNA viruses infecting koi and common carp. Similarities in their clinical presentation present difficulties for its on-site identification based on gross pathology. Fluorescence real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for detecting CyHV-3 and CEV DNA were designed to use border inspection posts and local testing by national authorities for outbreak control. The limit of these tests’ detection (102 and 103 viral copies for CyHV-3 and CEV, respectively) allows for the amplification of viral DNA in clinical samples in less than 20 min. The assays’ field performance was tested with 63 common carp mucus swabs taken during disease investigations in 2018, and the results validated with the reference laboratory analysis. Overall, the good performance, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness of these tests make them good candidates for a point of care test. However, further work is required to incorporate reliable internal controls and improve the sensitivity of these tests’ asymptomatic testing. Abstract Fluorescence real-time LAMP assays were designed for the orf43 gene of CyHV-3 European genotype and the p4a gene of the CEV genogroup I. A third LAMP assay to detect the ef1a gene of the host common carp was designed as an internal control. The limit of detection was 102 and 103 viral copies under 25 min for CyHV-3 and CEV, respectively. The specificity of the CyHV-3 LAMP assay was 95.6% of 72 fish herpesviruses tested. Sixty-three non-lethal common carp mucus swabs were collected across 16 sites during disease investigations. DNA extractions were performed in under 10 min using the QuickExtract™ digestion buffer. The LAMP amplification of CyHV-3 DNA in mucus swabs from clinical cases was detected from 4 to 13 min in 13 sites, while a co-infection of CyHV-3 and CEV was confirmed by LAMP in a single site. The LAMP results agreed with the results of the reference laboratory. The common carp ef1a was amplified only in 61% of the mucus swabs collected, preventing its use as a robust internal control to distinguish false negatives from invalid tests. After further optimization, these tests could be implemented for border inspection posts surveillance and decentralizing testing during disease outbreaks.
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