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Lepesheva A, Grobarcikova M, Osickova A, Jurnecka D, Knoblochova S, Cizkova M, Osicka R, Sebo P, Masin J. Modification of the RTX domain cap by acyl chains of adapted length rules the formation of functional hemolysin pores. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184311. [PMID: 38570122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The acylated pore-forming Repeats in ToXin (RTX) cytolysins α-hemolysin (HlyA) and adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) preferentially bind to β2 integrins of myeloid leukocytes but can also promiscuously bind and permeabilize cells lacking the β2 integrins. We constructed a HlyA1-563/CyaA860-1706 chimera that was acylated either by the toxin-activating acyltransferase CyaC, using sixteen carbon-long (C16) acyls, or by the HlyC acyltransferase using fourteen carbon-long (C14) acyls. Cytolysin assays with the C16- or C14-acylated HlyA/CyaA chimeric toxin revealed that the RTX domain of CyaA can functionally replace the RTX domain of HlyA only if it is modified by C16-acyls on the Lys983 residue of CyaA. The C16-monoacylated HlyA/CyaA chimera was as pore-forming and cytolytic as native HlyA, whereas the C14-acylated chimera exhibited very low pore-forming activity. Hence, the capacity of the RTX domain of CyaA to support the insertion of the N-terminal pore-forming domain into the target cell membrane, and promote formation of toxin pores, strictly depends on the modification of the Lys983 residue by an acyl chain of adapted length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lepesheva
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Grobarcikova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Osickova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Jurnecka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Knoblochova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Cizkova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Masin
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Zhao X, Jiang Y, Wang H, Lu Z, Huang S, Luo Z, Zhang L, Lv T, Tang X, Zhang Y. Fus3/Kss1-MAP kinase and Ste12-like control distinct biocontrol-traits besides regulation of insect cuticle penetration via phosphorylation cascade in a filamentous fungal pathogen. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2611-2624. [PMID: 36890107 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homolog of the yeast Fus3/Kss1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and its target transcription factor, Ste12-like, are involved in penetration of host cuticle/pathogenicity in many ascomycete pathogens. However, details of their interaction during fungal infection, as well as their controlled other virulence-associated traits, are unclear. RESULTS Ste12-like (BbSte12) and Fus3/Kss1 MAPK homolog (Bbmpk1) interacted in nucleus, and phosphorylation of BbSte12 by Bbmpk1 was essential for penetration of insect cuticle in an insect fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. However, some distinct biocontrol-traits were found to be mediated by Ste12 and Bbmpk1. In contrast to ΔBbmpk1 colony that grew more rapid than wild-type strain, inactivation of BbSte12 resulted in the opposite phenotype, which was consistent with their different proliferation rates in insect hemocoel after direct injection of conidia bypass the cuticle. Reduced conidial yield with decreased hydrophobicity was examined in both mutants, however they displayed distinct conidiogenesis, accompanying with differently altered cell cycle, distinct hyphal branching and septum formation. Moreover, ΔBbmpk1 showed increased tolerance to oxidative agent, whereas the opposite phenotype was seen for ΔBbSte12 strain. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that Bbmpk1 controlled 356 genes depending on BbSte12 during cuticle penetration, but 1077 and 584 genes were independently controlled by Bbmpk1 and BbSte12. CONCLUSION BbSte12 and Bbmpk1 separately participate in additional pathways for control of conidiation, growth and hyphal differentiation, as well as oxidative stress response besides regulating cuticle penetration via phosphorylation cascade. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Jiang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyue Lu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ting Lv
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Tang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Rahman WU, Fiser R, Osicka R. Kingella kingae RtxA toxin interacts with sialylated gangliosides. Microb Pathog 2023:106200. [PMID: 37315629 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-damaging RTX family cytotoxin RtxA is a key virulence factor of the emerging pediatric pathogen Kingella kingae, but little is known about the mechanism of RtxA binding to host cells. While we have previously shown that RtxA binds cell surface glycoproteins, here we demonstrate that the toxin also binds different types of gangliosides. The recognition of gangliosides by RtxA depended on sialic acid side groups of ganglioside glycans. Moreover, binding of RtxA to epithelial cells was significantly decreased in the presence of free sialylated gangliosides, which inhibited cytotoxic activity of the toxin. These results suggest that RtxA utilizes sialylated gangliosides as ubiquitous cell membrane receptor molecules on host cells to exert its cytotoxic action and support K. kingae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Fiser
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Chacko FM, Schmitt L. Interaction of RTX toxins with the host cell plasma membrane. Biol Chem 2023:hsz-2022-0336. [PMID: 36907826 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Repeats in ToXins (RTX) protein family is a group of exoproteins secreted by Type 1 secretion system (T1SS) of several Gram-negative bacteria. The term RTX is derived from the characteristic nonapeptide sequence (GGxGxDxUx) present at the C-terminus of the protein. This RTX domain binds to calcium ions in the extracellular medium after being secreted out of the bacterial cells, and this facilitates folding of the entire protein. The secreted protein then binds to the host cell membrane and forms pores via a complex pathway, which eventually leads to the cell lysis. In this review, we summarize two different pathways in which RTX toxins interact with host cell membrane and discuss the possible reasons for specific and unspecific activity of RTX toxins to different types of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feby M Chacko
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Golshani M, Rahman WU, Osickova A, Holubova J, Lora J, Balashova N, Sebo P, Osicka R. Filamentous Hemagglutinin of Bordetella pertussis Does Not Interact with the β 2 Integrin CD11b/CD18. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12598. [PMID: 36293453 PMCID: PMC9604300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The pertussis agent Bordetella pertussis produces a number of virulence factors, of which the filamentous hemagglutinin (FhaB) plays a role in B. pertussis adhesion to epithelial and phagocytic cells. Moreover, FhaB was recently found to play a crucial role in nasal cavity infection and B. pertussis transmission to new hosts. The 367 kDa FhaB protein translocates through an FhaC pore to the outer bacterial surface and is eventually processed to a ~220 kDa N-terminal FHA fragment by the SphB1 protease. A fraction of the mature FHA then remains associated with bacterial cell surface, while most of FHA is shed into the bacterial environment. Previously reported indirect evidence suggested that FHA, or its precursor FhaB, may bind the β2 integrin CD11b/CD18 of human macrophages. Therefore, we assessed FHA binding to various cells producing or lacking the integrin and show that purified mature FHA does not bind CD11b/CD18. Further results then revealed that the adhesion of B. pertussis to cells does not involve an interaction between the bacterial surface-associated FhaB and/or mature FHA and the β2 integrin CD11b/CD18. In contrast, FHA binding was strongly inhibited at micromolar concentrations of heparin, corroborating that the cell binding of FHA is ruled by the interaction of its heparin-binding domain with sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Golshani
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Waheed Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Osickova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Holubova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jinery Lora
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nataliya Balashova
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Osicka
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Kingella kingae Virulence Factors and Insights into Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050997. [PMID: 35630439 PMCID: PMC9147705 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Kingella kingae as an important etiology of pediatric osteoarticular infections over the past three decades has led to significant research efforts focused on understanding the pathogenicity of this fastidious Gram-negative bacterium. This work has uncovered multiple virulence factors that likely play key roles in the ability of the organism to colonize the upper respiratory tract, breach the epithelial barrier, and disseminate to distal sites of infection. Herein the current body of knowledge about K. kingae virulence factors is reviewed in the context of K. kingae disease pathogenesis. The work summarized here has identified multiple targets for therapeutic intervention as well as potential vaccine antigens.
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Filipi K, Rahman WU, Osickova A, Osicka R. Kingella kingae RtxA Cytotoxin in the Context of Other RTX Toxins. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030518. [PMID: 35336094 PMCID: PMC8953716 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Kingella kingae is part of the commensal oropharyngeal flora of young children. As detection methods have improved, K. kingae has been increasingly recognized as an emerging invasive pathogen that frequently causes skeletal system infections, bacteremia, and severe forms of infective endocarditis. K. kingae secretes an RtxA cytotoxin, which is involved in the development of clinical infection and belongs to an ever-growing family of cytolytic RTX (Repeats in ToXin) toxins secreted by Gram-negative pathogens. All RTX cytolysins share several characteristic structural features: (i) a hydrophobic pore-forming domain in the N-terminal part of the molecule; (ii) an acylated segment where the activation of the inactive protoxin to the toxin occurs by a co-expressed toxin-activating acyltransferase; (iii) a typical calcium-binding RTX domain in the C-terminal portion of the molecule with the characteristic glycine- and aspartate-rich nonapeptide repeats; and (iv) a C-proximal secretion signal recognized by the type I secretion system. RTX toxins, including RtxA from K. kingae, have been shown to act as highly efficient ‘contact weapons’ that penetrate and permeabilize host cell membranes and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. RtxA was discovered relatively recently and the knowledge of its biological role remains limited. This review describes the structure and function of RtxA in the context of the most studied RTX toxins, the knowledge of which may contribute to a better understanding of the action of RtxA in the pathogenesis of K. kingae infections.
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Porsch EA, Hernandez KA, Morreale DP, Montoya NR, Yount TA, St Geme JW. Pathogenic determinants of Kingella kingae disease. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1018054. [PMID: 36304526 PMCID: PMC9592894 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1018054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Kingella kingae is an emerging pediatric pathogen and is increasingly recognized as a leading etiology of septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia and an occasional cause of endocarditis in young children. The pathogenesis of K. kingae disease begins with colonization of the upper respiratory tract followed by breach of the respiratory epithelial barrier and hematogenous spread to distant sites of infection, primarily the joints, bones, and endocardium. As recognition of K. kingae as a pathogen has increased, interest in defining the molecular determinants of K. kingae pathogenicity has grown. This effort has identified numerous bacterial surface factors that likely play key roles in the pathogenic process of K. kingae disease, including type IV pili and the Knh trimeric autotransporter (adherence to the host), a potent RTX-family toxin (epithelial barrier breach), and multiple surface polysaccharides (complement and neutrophil resistance). Herein, we review the current state of knowledge of each of these factors, providing insights into potential approaches to the prevention and/or treatment of K. kingae disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Porsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kevin A Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel P Morreale
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nina R Montoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taylor A Yount
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph W St Geme
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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